Lesson 4: Media and Information Sources | Media and Information Literacy

Summary

This video script delves into the world of information literacy, focusing on the types of information sources—primary, secondary, and tertiary—and how to identify them. It also guides viewers on finding and evaluating media information, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing facts from truths. The script highlights the role of libraries and the internet as rich sources of information and concludes with a practical framework for assessing the credibility and value of media content.

Takeaways

• 📚 Information is defined as processed data or knowledge derived from various sources, which can include ideas, thoughts, feelings, emotions, or learnings.
• 🔍 There are three main categories of information sources: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary sources are original, first-hand materials; secondary sources involve analysis of primary materials; tertiary sources summarize primary and secondary materials.
• 🏺 Examples of primary sources include artifacts, diaries, autobiographies, letters, manuscripts, music sheets, official documents, emails, journals, conference proceedings, artworks, architecture, patents, and audio/video recordings.
• 📰 Secondary sources like newspaper articles, literature reviews, textbooks, and biographies involve the interpretation and analysis of primary sources.
• 📚 Tertiary sources include encyclopedias, dictionaries, guidebooks, manuals, directories, and other compiled works that synthesize information from primary and secondary sources.
• 🌏 Indigenous media, such as folk tales, songs, and dances, serve as a form of communication for cultural preservation and expression, and can be a significant source of information.
• 🏢 Libraries are repositories of media and information, offering various services like user services, technical services, computer services, and administrative services, and can be classified into school, academic, public, and special libraries.
• 🌐 The internet is a global network that allows sharing of information for various purposes, making it a vast source of media and information that can be accessed quickly with a keyword or phrase.
• 🔑 Evaluation of information involves considering its factuality and truthfulness, distinguishing between facts based on empirical research and personal beliefs or philosophical ideas that may also be considered as truths.
• ❓ To assess information, questions to ask include the credibility of the source, the medium used for conveying the information, the purpose of the information, how it is presented, and its value to the audience.
• 📝 The CRAAP test (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose) is a useful method for evaluating the quality and reliability of information in media.

Q & A

What is the definition of information according to the script?

Information is described as processed data and/or knowledge derived from study, experience, instruction, signals, or symbols. It can be ideas, thoughts, feelings, emotions, or learnings that are communicated or have been communicated.

What are the three main categories of information sources mentioned in the script?

The three main categories of information sources are primary sources, secondary sources, and tertiary sources.

What is a primary source and what are some examples?

A primary source is an original, uninterpreted, or first-hand material created by a person or persons involved in a particular activity or event. Examples include artifacts, diaries, autobiographies, letters, manuscripts, music sheets, official documents, emails, journals, periodicals, conference proceedings, artworks, architecture, and patents.

What is a secondary source and how does it differ from a primary source?

A secondary source is information obtained through the analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of primary source materials. It differs from a primary source in that it is not a first-hand account but rather an interpretation or analysis of primary sources.

What is a tertiary source and why are encyclopedias and dictionaries considered as such?

A tertiary source involves information that collects, organizes, and summarizes primary and secondary source material. Encyclopedias and dictionaries are considered tertiary sources because they present a collection of different pieces of information that could have stemmed from primary and secondary sources.

What is an example of indigenous media and why is it important?

Indigenous media is a form of media conceptualized, produced, and circulated by indigenous people for cultural preservation, artistic expression, political self-determination, and cultural sovereignty. An example is folk songs like 'Harana' and 'Kundiman' in the Philippines, which are important as they represent the culture and can educate others about it.

Why are libraries considered a good source of media and information?

Libraries serve as repositories for media and information, offering a wide range of resources such as books, journals, and databases. They provide services that link people to the information they seek and offer technical, computer, and administrative services to support information access and management.

What is the role of the internet in accessing media and information?

The internet is a global network that allows users to share and access information quickly and easily. With a keyword or phrase, users can find a vast amount of information in a short time, making it an essential tool for media and information access.

What is the difference between facts and truths according to the script?

Facts are pieces of information based on empirical research and quantifiable measures, indisputable and proven. Truths may include facts but can also encompass personal beliefs or philosophical ideas. Truths are widely accepted norms or beliefs that apply to situations.

What are some questions to ask when evaluating information in media?

When evaluating information, ask about the source's credibility, the medium used to convey the information, the purpose of the information, how the information is presented, and whether the information is valuable to you as an audience.

What does the acronym CRAAP stand for and how can it be used to evaluate information?

CRAAP stands for Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose. It is a set of criteria to evaluate the quality and reliability of information, considering its timeliness, fit to needs, source credibility, correctness, and intention.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Information Literacy and Sources

This paragraph introduces the fourth lesson on information literacy, focusing on the types of information sources. It defines information as processed data or knowledge derived from various experiences and symbols. The main categories of information sources are primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. Primary sources are original materials like artifacts, diaries, and official documents. Secondary sources analyze and interpret primary materials, while tertiary sources summarize information from both. Examples of primary sources include personal artifacts, diaries, letters, manuscripts, and official documents like birth certificates. The paragraph emphasizes the importance of understanding these categories for effective information sourcing.

05:01

🌐 Exploring Indigenous and Library Media Sources

The second paragraph delves into the concept of indigenous media, which is media created by indigenous people for cultural preservation and expression. Examples include folk tales, songs, and dances, which are representative of a culture's way of life. The paragraph also highlights the role of libraries as repositories of information, offering various services such as user services, technical services, and administrative services. Libraries are categorized into school, academic, public, and special libraries, each serving different needs and audiences. The importance of libraries as sources of media and information is underscored, along with the various services they provide to facilitate access to knowledge.

10:01

🌐 The Internet as a Media and Information Source

This paragraph discusses the internet as a global network that facilitates the sharing of information. It emphasizes the ease and speed with which information can be accessed online, requiring only a keyword or phrase. The paragraph also introduces the concept of evaluating information and media, distinguishing between facts, which are based on empirical research, and truths, which may include personal beliefs or philosophical ideas. It stresses the importance of accessing information that is both factual and truthful, and the political nature of facts, which are established by witnesses and testimony. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the need for careful handling and processing of information and media.

15:02

🔍 Evaluating Media and Information: The CRAAP Test

The final paragraph provides a framework for evaluating media and information using the CRAAP test, which stands for Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose. It explains the importance of assessing the timeliness, fit with one's needs, credibility of the source, reliability and correctness of the information, and the intention behind the information. The paragraph encourages the audience to ask critical questions about the information they consume and to evaluate its value and benefit to their life and learning. The CRAAP test is presented as a useful tool for making informed judgments about the media and information encountered.

Keywords

💡Information Literacy

Information literacy refers to the ability to access, evaluate, and use information effectively, efficiently, and ethically. In the context of the video, it is the focus of the lesson, emphasizing the importance of understanding different types of information sources and evaluating media critically. The video aims to equip viewers with the skills to discern reliable information, which is crucial in a world saturated with various media inputs.

💡Primary Sources

Primary sources are original, uninterpreted, or first-hand materials created by individuals involved in a specific activity or event. They are the direct evidence of where the information originates. In the script, examples such as artifacts, diaries, and birth certificates are given to illustrate primary sources, highlighting their significance in providing authentic and direct evidence of historical events or personal experiences.

💡Secondary Sources

Secondary sources involve information that is derived from the analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of primary source materials. They are one step removed from the original event or creation and often provide commentary or synthesis of primary data. The video mentions newspaper articles, literature reviews, and biographies as examples, which are based on primary sources but offer additional perspectives and insights into the subject matter.

💡Tertiary Sources

Tertiary sources compile, organize, and summarize information from both primary and secondary sources. They are typically reference materials that distill information for easy consumption. Encyclopedias and dictionaries are cited in the script as examples of tertiary sources, which serve as valuable starting points for research but are not original sources of information themselves.

💡Indigenous Media

Indigenous media is a form of communication conceptualized, produced, and circulated by indigenous people for cultural preservation, artistic expression, and political self-determination. The video uses examples like folk tales, songs, and dances from the Philippines to illustrate how indigenous media serves as a rich source of cultural information and a means of preserving and sharing heritage.

💡Libraries

Libraries are described as places and means of access to information, ideas, and works of imagination. They serve as repositories for a wide range of media and information resources. The video emphasizes the role of libraries in offering various services, such as user services to connect people with the information they seek, technical services for managing library materials, and administrative services for the overall management of the library system.

💡Internet

The Internet is defined as the global network of computers that allows users worldwide to share information for various purposes. It is highlighted in the video as a powerful tool for accessing information quickly and easily. The script mentions the ease with which one can find information online using keywords or phrases, underscoring the Internet's role in the rapid dissemination of media and information.

💡Facts

Facts are pieces of information based on empirical research and quantifiable measures. They are indisputable and have occurred in the past, supported by evidence or witnesses. The video differentiates facts from truths, noting that while facts are concrete and verifiable, they can be interpreted differently based on context, which is important for understanding how information is presented in media.

💡Truths

Truths may include facts but can also encompass personal beliefs or philosophical ideas. They are described in the video as widely accepted norms or beliefs that apply to situations. The script emphasizes the distinction between facts and truths, noting that while facts are objective, truths can be subjective and influenced by personal reasoning or cultural context.

💡Evaluation of Information

The evaluation of information involves assessing its credibility, accuracy, and relevance. The video provides a framework for evaluating information using the acronym CRAAP (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose), which helps viewers to critically assess the information they encounter in media. This process is crucial for discerning reliable and valuable information from potentially misleading or biased sources.

Highlights

Information is defined as processed data or knowledge derived from various sources.

Three main categories of information sources: primary, secondary, and tertiary sources.

Primary sources are original, uninterpreted materials created by individuals involved in an event.

Examples of primary sources include artifacts, diaries, autobiographies, letters, manuscripts, and official documents.

Secondary sources involve analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of primary source materials.

Newspaper articles, literature reviews, textbooks, and biographies are considered secondary sources.

Tertiary sources summarize primary and secondary source materials, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries.

Indigenous media as a form of communication for cultural preservation and political self-determination.

Examples of indigenous media include folk tales, songs, dances, and other cultural expressions.

Libraries serve as repositories for media and information, offering various services to users.

Different types of libraries include school, academic, public, and special libraries.

The internet is a global network allowing users to share information for various purposes.

Importance of evaluating and assessing information in media for factuality and truthfulness.

Facts are based on empirical research and quantifiable measures, while truths may include personal beliefs.

Questions to ask when evaluating information: Who is the source? What is the medium? What is the purpose?

The CRAAP test for evaluating information: Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose.

The necessity to stand by facts and truth when accessing and processing information and media.

Transcripts

[Music]

good day everyone welcome back to median

information literacy for the fourth

lesson we will be talking about media

and information sources for today we

will discuss the following the first one

are the different types of information

sources we'll also talk about how to

find resources of information and last

but not the least we'll talk about how

we could evaluate information in media

let us first go back to the definition

of information if you could still recall

information is simply described as

process data and or knowledge derived

from study experience instruction

signals or symbols this could be ideas

thoughts feelings emotions or even

learnings that we want to communicate or

we have been communicated with in terms

of sourcing information there are three

main categories

from which we could derive it we have

what we call primary sources

secondary sources and tertiary sources

primary sources are simply described as

an original

uninterpreted or first-hand material

created by person or persons involved in

a particular activity or an event so

basically they are first-hand witnesses

to the particular event that could be a

source of import nation as for secondary

sources these are simply information

obtained through the analysis

interpretation and evaluation of primary

source materials therefore if you have

already in your hand primary references

and you analyze

interpret or evaluate those primary

resources your own interpretation

analysis and evaluation is already

considered a secondary source of

information tertiary sources on the

other hand involve information that

collects organizes and summarizes

primary and secondary source material so

it's basically the combination of the

use of primary and secondary sources one

example of a primary source is an

artifact an artifact is simply a

material object that has been used by

people from a long time ago so these are

material objects that are representative

of their way of life or their culture

artifacts may include personal

accessories jewelries tools and other

objects that they have used in their

everyday lives diaries and

autobiographies could also be considered

as another example of primary sources

diaries or personal recollections of a

person whereas autobiographies are

simply

stories of life written by that

particular person printed and

handwritten letters could also be

considered as primary sources of

information especially if they are

signed another example is manuscripts

which is simply the printed or

handwritten text format of a speech or a

dialogue for example music sheets or

compositions of songs could also be

considered as primary sources of

information official and original

documents that could be personal in

nature could also serve as primary

sources of information in fact your

birth certificate is considered to be a

primary source of your personal infor

may shot that is the reason why you

probably would have noticed that every

time that you apply for something

especially if it's something that is

related to government transactions they

would probably be looking for your birth

certificate or asking for a copy of your

birth certificate other examples of

primary sources also include emails

journals periodicals and conference

proceedings artworks and architecture

could also be considered as examples of

primary sources you probably might be

wondering why because these objects are

reflective of culture are reflected of

the time when it was first produced

patents are also considered to be an

example of primary sources similarly

audio and video recordings could also be

considered as primary sources of

information how about secondary sources

of information newspaper articles are

already considered secondary sources of

information because these have been

written by people who have gathered

information

from other sources or other people that

have witnessed the specific event that

they are talking about so it's not

necessarily them that have seen it

firsthand that's why we could consider

newspaper articles as secondary sources

of information they have already

included their analysis their

interpretation of that particular event

when writing or producing newspaper

articles another good secondary source

of information is literature reviews if

you would still remember literature

reviews are simply an analysis a

synthesis of different related

literature textbooks and biographies are

considered to be secondary sources so

please do take note of the difference

between autobiographies and biographies

biographies are stories of lives of one

particular person that has been written

by another person and like autobiography

wherein that particular person is

already talking about his or her own

life moving on encyclopedia in

dictionaries however are already

considered tertiary sources why remember

that encyclopedias already present a

collection of different pieces of

information that could have stemmed or

came from primary and secondary sources

similarly with dictionary as well so

these two reference materials unlike

textbooks could be considered as

tertiary sources guidebooks and manuals

are also considered tertiary sources

similarly directory such as the yellow

pages and

school year books could be considered as

tertiary sources you probably might be

wondering where can we even find media

and information sources first and

foremost indigenous knowledge could be a

great source of media and infor may show

according to wilson at all in 2015

indigenous media is a form of media that

is conceptualized produced and

circulated by indigenous people

as vehicles for communication

specifically for cultural preservation

cultural and artistic expression

political self-determination and

cultural sovereignty some examples of

indigenous media include folk tales folk

songs and folk dances so take for

example here in the philippines our

myths and legends could be considered as

folktales harana kundiman uyayi could

already be considered as folk songs and

are very good examples of indigenous

media because they are representative of

our own culture and other people outside

the philippines could learn about our

culture through these things folk dances

on the other hand could include

technically

etc you also have to remember that there

is also one very good place wherein you

could find a vast amount of information

and that is the library so for the

longest time libraries have already

served as a very good repository for

media and information which makes it a

very good source of media and

information as well

ifla in 2003 described libraries as

places

and means of access to information

ideas and works of imagination so this

is basically a place where you can find

lots and lots of ideas thoughts feelings

that have been expressed in written or

printed form the library does not simply

serve as a place wherein you could read

books or where you could stay if you

want some peace and quiet there are also

different kinds of library services

offered for example user services

include functions and linking people to

the information they are looking for so

if you need to look for a specific piece

of information the library could help

you out with that libraries also offer

technical services wherein they could

function in gathering cataloging and

preparing library materials recently

libraries also offer computer services

wherein they could maintain databases

software programming web design and

computer maintenance in the library

itself last but not the least libraries

also include administrative services

which includes managing the library and

services conveying contracts supervising

library employees and preparing budgets

necessary for the operations of the

library libraries could also be

classified into different times we have

the school libraries which would often

refer to small libraries that could be

found in the primary and secondary level

schools academic libraries on the other

hand are often found in universities or

colleges academic libraries more often

than not offer more advanced resources

compared to school libraries libraries

that are found in a local or in a city

could be considered as public libraries

now these libraries are accessible to

people living near or within that area

they're also what we refer to as special

libraries special libraries or libraries

that could be found in the most unusual

places so take for example in this

picture that i have presented this is a

library inside a mall another very good

source of media in information is of

course the internet shelly and campbell

in 2012 defined the internet as the

global network of computers

that allows computer users around the

world to share information for a variety

of purposes a click of a button or a

touch of a finger you could now access

so many pieces of information in a very

small amount of time so all you all you

need is a keyword or a key phrase and

the internet will show you where to get

more pieces of information about it

right now it is not very difficult for

us to access and acquire information in

media therefore it has become imperative

that we are aware of how to evaluate and

assess the information and media that we

are seeing or looking at what does it

mean it only means that we have to be

aware of how to properly distinguish

information in media remember that in

accessing information and media we

always need to stand by facts and the

truth these two words are often used

together but they are actually two

different things facts are pieces of

information that are based on empirical

research and quantifiable measures so

it's something that has been produced

because of research therefore it's

something that is indisputable it's

something that you cannot refute it

definitely occurred in the past it

really happened because there are

witnesses to it or it has been backed up

by science or governed by research facts

are also proven through calculation and

experience however facts are malleable

by context what does it mean it could be

interpreted in different ways depending

on the context wherein it is presented

truths on the other hand may include

fact but it can also include personal

beliefs or philosophical ideas other

people have simply described truth as a

fact that you believe applies to

situations truths are also kind of a

norm something that has been accepted

widely by many people to simply put it

fact and personal reason equal a basic

truth now why are we even discussing

these two things because it is very

important that when we access

information in media it is both factual

and truthful in fact according to hannah

aaron factual truth is always related to

other people it concerns events and

circumstances in which many are involved

it is established by witnesses and

depends upon testimony it's something

that could be proven and could be

supported by witnesses it exists only to

the extent that it is spoken about so if

people are not talking about it then

there might not be some factual truth to

it even if that particular thing occurs

in the domain of privacy it is political

by nature this is the reason why we have

to be very much concerned with how we

handle and process information and media

we always need to stand by what is

factual and what is truthful a good

combination of the two could result to a

very good evaluation of information in

media in the assessment of information

there are several questions that you

could ask yourself to help you evaluate

first question that you could ask is who

or what is the source of the information

where is it coming from are these

sources actually credible in

establishing the credibility of the

source of information you have to ensure

its validity

its accuracy and its reliability how

valid is the information presented or

how valid is the source of the

information how accurate is it and how

reliable they could be the second

question that you can ask is what is the

medium used to convey or to relay that

piece of information is it from the

television is it from the newspaper or

is it acquired or related with the use

of the internet or the computer third

question that you could ask is knowing

its purpose what is the purpose of the

information what does it intend to do is

it to inform people is this information

conveyed to persuade other people to

educate to gain profit to influence or

is this piece of information simply

propaganda another question that you

could ask is how is this specific

information made how is this information

presented to you is it in a form of a

text is it in a form of a multimedia is

it presented in an online platform last

but not the least as an audience as a

consumer of information and media you

also have to ask yourself is it valuable

to you how does it add to your life your

learning to your thoughts to your

beliefs simply put how does it benefit

you as an audience in short when you are

presented with information in media you

could simply just ask yourself is it

crap c-r-a-a-p

now what do these letters stand for

c-r-a-a-p stands for c currency the

timeliness of the information is this

piece of information even up-to-date

relevance means how does this

information fits into your needs again

how would it help you how does it

contribute to you and to what you

already know the first letter a stands

for authority or the source of the

information again establish credibility

of the source the next letter a stands

for accuracy basically it's the

reliability and correctness and the

concreteness of the information could it

be supported by evidence last but not

the least again evaluate its purpose

what is the reason why this information

exists in the first place what is the

intention of this piece of information

or media that's it for our discussion

here are my sources and references