Diabetes Complication and Pathophysiology of the complication

Summary

This video explores Type 2 Diabetes, a progressive disorder characterized by deficits in insulin secretion and action, leading to high blood glucose levels. It details the role of insulin, produced by the pancreas, in glucose uptake and energy storage. The video explains the pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes, including insulin resistance and beta cell failure. It also covers the signs, symptoms, and complications of untreated diabetes, such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular issues. The video concludes with the mechanisms behind these complications, emphasizing the importance of understanding and managing diabetes.

Takeaways

• 💉 Diabetes Type 2 is a progressive disorder characterized by deficits in insulin secretion and action, resulting in insulin resistance and high blood glucose.
• 🔬 Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, specifically by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, and it plays a crucial role in energy storage and glucose uptake.
• 🍽️ After a meal, increased blood glucose levels stimulate insulin release from beta cells, which helps lower blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake in cells.
• 🧬 In Diabetes Type 2, insufficient insulin secretion and insulin resistance prevent normal glucose uptake, leading to persistent high blood glucose levels.
• 👁️ Microvascular complications of diabetes include retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy, which affect the eyes, nerves, and kidneys, respectively.
• ❤️ Macrovascular complications involve coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease, impacting the heart, brain, and limbs.
• 🔄 The vascular changes in diabetes, such as atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, are driven by high blood glucose and result in increased oxidative stress and inflammation.
• 🦠 Chronic high blood glucose levels lead to endothelial dysfunction, increased production of inflammatory cytokines, and vascular permeability, contributing to atherosclerosis.
• 🦵 Regular foot examinations are crucial for diabetes patients due to the risk of infections, ulcers, and gangrene resulting from poor vascular supply and loss of sensation.
• ⚠️ Severe outcomes of insulin deficiency include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar state, and hyperglycemia, which can have life-threatening consequences.

Q & A

What is Diabetes Type 2 and what are its main characteristics?

Diabetes Type 2 is a progressive disorder defined by deficits in insulin secretion and action, characterized by insulin resistance and decreased insulin levels in the plasma, leading to high blood glucose levels.

What is the role of insulin in the body?

Insulin is a hormone that helps store energy by increasing glucose uptake and glycolysis in skeletal muscles and adipose tissue, promoting energy storage, and inhibiting the release of glucose into the blood.

Where is insulin produced in the body?

Insulin is produced in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas.

What are the risk factors for developing Diabetes Type 2?

Risk factors for Diabetes Type 2 include older age, obesity, family history, cardiovascular disease, gestational diabetes, and polycystic ovary syndrome.

What are some common signs and symptoms of Diabetes Type 2?

Common signs and symptoms include frequent infections, fatigue, blurred vision, and the four Ps: paresthesia, polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia.

What are the microvascular complications of Diabetes Type 2?

Microvascular complications include retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy.

What are the macrovascular complications of Diabetes Type 2?

Macrovascular complications include coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease.

How does high blood glucose affect endothelial cells in blood vessels?

High blood glucose leads to the uptake of glucose by endothelial cells, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which triggers a series of events causing endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.

What is the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diabetic vascular changes?

ROS leads to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and activates protein kinase C (PKC), promoting inflammation, increased vascular permeability, and the development of atherosclerosis.

What are the potential serious outcomes of insulin deficiency in Diabetes Type 2?

Serious outcomes of insulin deficiency include diabetic ketoacidosis, a hyperosmolar state, and hyperglycemia, each leading to different but severe complications if untreated.