Diabetes Type II Pathophysiology

Summary

This video delves into the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, a condition characterized by insulin resistance. It explains how normally, the pancreas releases insulin to regulate blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake and storage in various organs. However, in type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance prevents this process, leading to persistent high blood glucose levels. The video discusses the contributing factors, including genetics, diet, and obesity. It also highlights the consequences, such as dehydration, increased thirst and hunger, and potential renal failure, emphasizing the eventual need for insulin injections due to pancreatic beta cell atrophy.

Takeaways

• 😷 Type 2 diabetes is a condition where the hormone insulin, produced by the pancreas, does not work properly.
• 💉 Insulin's role is to decrease blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells and promoting glucose storage.
• 🔋 In type 2 diabetes, there is insulin resistance, where the cells do not respond effectively to insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.
• 🧬 Insulin resistance can be caused by factors such as genetics, poor diet, and obesity.
• 🚰 High blood glucose levels can lead to glucose being excreted in the urine (glucosuria), causing dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and increased thirst (polydipsia).
• 🍽️ Insulin resistance can also lead to increased hunger (polyphagia) due to cells not receiving enough glucose.
• ⚠️ Prolonged insulin resistance can cause damage to the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin, eventually requiring insulin injections.
• 🔄 In an attempt to supply glucose to organs, the liver may release more glucose, exacerbating high blood glucose levels.
• 🚽 Persistent high blood glucose and dehydration can lead to serious complications, such as renal failure.
• 🔬 Understanding the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes is crucial for effective management and treatment.

Q & A

What is the main focus of this video?

The main focus of this video is to provide an overview of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.

What is the role of insulin in the body?

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels. It facilitates the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells and promotes glucose storage in the liver, muscle, and fat cells.

What is insulin resistance, and how does it contribute to type 2 diabetes?

Insulin resistance is a condition where the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance causes the cells to be unable to effectively utilize glucose from the bloodstream, resulting in high blood glucose levels.

What are some of the factors that can contribute to insulin resistance?

Factors that can contribute to insulin resistance include genetics, family predisposition, poor eating habits, and obesity.

What are some of the consequences of prolonged high blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes?

Prolonged high blood glucose levels can lead to glucose spilling into the urine (glucosuria), causing osmotic diuresis, dehydration, and increased thirst (polydipsia). It can also contribute to an increased feeling of hunger (polyphagia) and, in severe cases, may lead to renal failure.

How does insulin resistance affect the liver's function in type 2 diabetes?

In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance can lead to the liver releasing more glucose into the bloodstream instead of storing it properly, further contributing to elevated blood glucose levels.

What happens to the pancreatic beta cells in prolonged insulin resistance?

With prolonged insulin resistance, the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin may atrophy or become dysfunctional, further exacerbating the condition and potentially leading to the need for insulin injections.

What is the purpose of insulin in regulating glucose storage and metabolism?

Insulin promotes glucose storage by stimulating glycogenesis (conversion of glucose to glycogen) in the liver and facilitating the conversion of glucose to fat in adipose tissue. It also enhances glucose uptake and metabolism in skeletal muscles.

How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels in a normal, non-diabetic state?

In a normal, non-diabetic state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to release insulin, which then facilitates glucose uptake and storage in various tissues, effectively lowering blood glucose levels.

What is the role of insulin receptors or insulin-sensitive proteins in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes?

Insulin receptors or insulin-sensitive proteins on the cells of various organs (such as liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle) play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. In insulin resistance, these receptors or proteins do not function properly, leading to impaired glucose uptake and metabolism.

Outlines

00:00

🔬 Diabetes Type 2: Insulin Resistance and Pathophysiology

This paragraph explains the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, where the hormone insulin, produced by the pancreas, does not work properly due to insulin resistance. It describes the normal process of insulin binding to receptors on organs like the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle to regulate glucose uptake, storage, and metabolism. In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance leads to persistent high blood glucose levels, which can result in glucose spilling into urine (glucosuria), causing osmotic diuresis, dehydration, and potentially hyperosmolar state.

05:01

🚨 Complications of Prolonged Insulin Resistance

This paragraph discusses the complications that can arise from prolonged insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Dehydration from excessive urination (polyuria) can stimulate increased thirst (polydipsia) and hunger (polyphagia) due to the body's attempt to compensate for the lack of glucose uptake by tissues. Prolonged dehydration can lead to renal failure. Insulin resistance also causes the liver to release more glucose, exacerbating the problem. Over time, the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin may atrophy, leading to the need for insulin injections to manage blood glucose levels.

Keywords

💡Insulin

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels. In the context of the video, insulin is described as the hormone responsible for facilitating the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells for energy or storage. The failure of insulin to work properly in the body is a central aspect of type 2 diabetes pathophysiology.

💡Pancreas

The pancreas is an organ located behind the stomach that is responsible for producing enzymes for digestion as well as hormones like insulin. In the video, the pancreas is highlighted as the source of insulin production, and its dysfunction in producing or responding to insulin is a key factor in the development of type 2 diabetes.

💡Insulin resistance

Insulin resistance is a condition where the body's cells become less responsive or resistant to the effects of insulin, leading to higher blood glucose levels. The video explains that in type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance causes the insulin receptors on cells to not function properly, preventing glucose from being taken up and utilized by the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscles.

💡Blood glucose

Blood glucose refers to the levels of glucose (sugar) present in the bloodstream. The video emphasizes that high blood glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to produce and release insulin. In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance leads to prolonged periods of high blood glucose, as the body is unable to effectively utilize and store the glucose.

💡Receptors

Receptors are proteins found on the surface of cells that bind to specific molecules, such as hormones like insulin, to initiate a cellular response. The video explains that in type 2 diabetes, the insulin receptors or insulin-sensitive proteins on cells do not function properly, leading to insulin resistance and impaired glucose uptake.

💡Glycogen

Glycogen is a form of glucose storage in the body, primarily found in the liver and muscles. The video mentions that insulin stimulates the liver to convert glucose into glycogen for storage, a process that is disrupted in type 2 diabetes due to insulin resistance.

💡Polyuria

Polyuria refers to the excessive production of urine, which is a symptom of type 2 diabetes discussed in the video. When insulin resistance leads to high blood glucose levels, the excess glucose is excreted through the kidneys, resulting in frequent urination and dehydration.

💡Polydipsia

Polydipsia is the excessive thirst or increased desire to drink fluids, which is a common symptom of type 2 diabetes mentioned in the video. It occurs as a response to the dehydration caused by polyuria, or excessive urination due to high blood glucose levels.

💡Beta cells

Beta cells are the cells within the pancreas that are responsible for producing and secreting insulin. The video explains that in cases of prolonged insulin resistance, the beta cells can eventually atrophy or deteriorate, leading to the need for external insulin injections to manage blood glucose levels.

💡Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology refers to the study of the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury. In the context of the video, the term is used to describe the mechanisms and physiological processes involved in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes.

Highlights

Diabetes type 2 is a problem where the hormone insulin, which is normally secreted by the pancreas, does not actually work properly.

High blood glucose stimulates insulin production and release from the pancreas.

Insulin targets different organs by binding to insulin receptors or insulin sensitive proteins with the purpose of decreasing blood glucose levels.

In type 2 diabetes, there is insulin resistance, meaning the receptors insulin works on do not work properly or effectively.

Insulin resistance occurs due to factors like genetics, family predisposition, bad eating habits, and obesity.

With insulin resistance, glucose cannot be taken up by organs, leading to high blood glucose levels for longer periods.

Persistent high blood glucose leads to glucose being secreted out through the kidneys (glucose urea), resulting in osmotic diuresis.

Osmotic diuresis leads to polyuria (excessive urination), dehydration, and hyperosmolar state (a medical emergency).

Dehydration stimulates the brain to increase thirst (polydipsia).

Insulin resistance can lead to polyphagia (constant hunger) due to organs not receiving enough glucose.

Prolonged dehydration can lead to renal failure due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys.

With insulin resistance, the liver may release more glucose instead of storing it properly.

Prolonged insulin resistance leads to atrophy of the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin.

Eventually, people with diabetes may need insulin injections to compensate for the lack of adequate insulin production.

The pancreas is an organ that produces insulin and other hormones important for metabolism.

Transcripts

hello in this video we're gonna talk

about diabetes pathophysiology this is

an overview specifically focusing on

diabetes type 2 diabetes type 2 is a

problem where the hormone insulin which

is normally secreted by the pancreas

does not actually work properly the

pancreas is an organ sitting behind the

stomach and secretes many things for

digestion but also it produces and

secretes hormones which are very

important for metabolism one of these

hormones is insulin which is produced in

response to high blood glucose an

example is after we eat glucose enters

our blood and then here it will

stimulate the pancreas to produce

insulin if we're continuing on with the

pathophysiology of diabetes we actually

need to understand what normally happens

and how insulin works in a normal

scenario so again here is the

circulation here is the liver and here

is the pancreas the pancreas is the

organ that produces insulin and here is

the adipose tissue fat basically and

here is the muscle cells skeletal

muscles and on these organs on these

cells of these organs there are

receptors for insulin so again high

blood glucose will stimulate insulin

production and insulin release from the

pancreas the insulin will then target

these different organs by binding onto

insulin receptors or insulin sensitive

proteins with the sole purpose of

decreasing blood glucose levels the

binding of insulin to its receptor or

protein triggers a cascade of events

within a cell leading to the increased

uptake of glucose from circulation in -

this is done for example by producing

more glucose channels or transporters on

the

surface of cells allowing glucose to

move from the blood into the cells of

the organs insulin also promotes glucose

storage

in the liver insulin stimulates

glycolysis and glyco Genesis to store

glucose as glycogen insulin also

stimulates glucose to be stored as fat

which will be subsequently transported

to adipose tissue so going back to our

first diagram remember high blood

glucose stimulates insulin release in

type 2 diabetes there is insulin

resistance which means that the

receptors insulin works on usually does

not actually work properly or as

effectively and so insulin essentially

does not work properly on liver adipose

tissue and skeletal muscle and as a

result there will be high blood glucose

levels for longer periods of time now

insulin resistance occurs because of a

number of variety of factors including

genetics family predisposition bad

eating habits and also obesity so

because of insulin resistance glucose

cannot be taken up by all these

different organs and so you have high

blood glucose because there is high

blood glucose the pancreas is told to

secrete more insulin despite not

changing the fact that insulin

sensitivity is present with persistent

high blood glucose the glucose will

travel to the kidneys and be secreted

out this is called glucose urea glucose

urea will result in osmotic diuresis

what does that mean well glucose will

essentially drag water with it because

it is a solute and so the person will

stop peeing more polyuria with constant

polyuria you get loss of water

and you get loss of electrolytes the

loss of water and the loss of

electrolyte leads to two main things one

dehydration because of the loss of water

and two hyperosmolar state hyperosmolar

state is a medical emergency which will

not be really discussed here the

dehydration will stimulate the brain to

drink more water so we get polydipsia

insulin resistance can actually lead to

polyphagia which means the urge to eat

more or the feeling of hunger and how

does this happen well if there is high

blood glucose and it doesn't go into the

tissues that need it though the organ

will say hey I'm not receiving enough

food feed me and so you get polyphagia

prolonged dehydration in serious cases

can lead to renal failure because of the

decrease of blood flow going to the

kidneys remember that insulin has many

functions in the liver and because of

insulin resistance glucose is not stored

properly instead you can get the

opposite you can get the liver actually

releasing more glucose in the attempt to

supply the organs that need it it is

important to know that with prolonged

insulin resistance eventually the cells

in the pancreas that produces insulin

called the beta cells these beta cells

will atrophy because the body is not

responding to the insulin properly and

so this will further cause problems and

the person the person who has diabetes

will eventually need to be on insulin

injections to compensate