Nobel Lecture: Emmanuelle Charpentier, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020

Summary

このスクリプトは、2012年に発見された革命的な遺伝子編集技術、CRISPR-Cas9について語っています。この技術は、特定の遺伝子を認識し、修正することができるシンプルで多様性に富んだ方法です。スティープトコキュスピデス菌の研究を通じて発見され、病原菌と人体の相互作用を理解するのに役立ちました。ノーベル化学賞を受賞したこの技術は、科学コミュニティに広く採用され、遺伝子治療や作物改良など多岐にわたる応用が期待されています。

Takeaways

• 🎓 スピーカーは1968年にフランスのシュベ・セザロスで生まれ、1995年にパリのインスティテュート・パスツールから博士号を取得しました。
• 🔬 スウェーデンのウメオ大学で研究を行った後、現在はドイツベルリンのマックス・プランク病原体科学ユニットのディレクターを務めています。
• 🏆 2020年のノーベル化学賞を共有し、ゲノム編集方法の開発に貢献したことで称賛されています。
• 🧬 CRISPR-Cas9技術は、ゲノムの特定のDNAサイトを認識し、修正することができる革新的な方法です。
• 🔍 CRISPR-Cas9は、カス9蛋白とRNAコンポーネントから構成され、RNAのガイドで特定のDNAサイトに結びつき、DNAを切断することができます。
• 📈 この技術は科学界で広く採用されており、2012年に発見されてから急速に人気を得ています。
• 🧬 ゲノム編集は、細菌やウイルスからの研究を通じて開発された多くの技術の中で、CRISPR-Cas9はそのうち最もプログラム可能で簡単で多用途であると評価されています。
• 🔬 スピーカーの研究は、細菌の病原性とそれに関連する遺伝子表現を理解することに焦点を当てられており、CRISPR-Cas9技術はこの研究を促進する重要なツールとなっています。
• 🌐 CRISPR-Cas9は、遺伝子の修正、新しい遺伝子の導入、特定の遺伝子の削除や置換など、多様なゲノム編集を可能にします。
• 🌱 この技術は、医学、植物生物学、基礎研究など、幅広い分野で応用されており、生命科学の研究と治療に変革をもたらしています。
• 🔬 CRISPR-Cas9は、細菌とウイルスから派生した研究に基づくもので、その他にも細菌やウイルスからの研究が新しい生物科技の開発に寄与すると示唆しています。

Q & A

エマニュエル・シャルポンジュはどこで生まれましたか？

エマニュエル・シャルポンジュは1968年にフランスのシュベー・セザロスで生まれました。

シャルポンジュ博士はどこでPhDを取得しましたか？

シャルポンジュ博士は1995年にパリのインスティテュト・パスツールでPhDを取得しました。

チャープリー・カス9技術とは何ですか？

チャープリー・カス9技術はゲノム編集のための新しい方法で、特定のDNAのサイトを認識し、遺伝子を修正する能力を持つ技術です。

チャープリー・カス9技術の特長は何ですか？

チャープリー・カス9技術は複雑でシンプルで、非常に効率的で多様な用途に使われることができます。

チャープリー・カス9技術はどのように機能しますか？

チャープリー・カス9技術はカス9タンパク質とRNAコンポーネントから成り立ち、RNAが特定のDNAサイトにカス9を誘導してDNAを切断します。

チャープリー・カス9技術が開発された背景は何ですか？

チャープリー・カス9技術は、細菌とウイルスの研究を通じて開発され、遺伝子の機能を理解するために必要な正確な遺伝学技術を提供する目的で開発されました。

チャープリー・カス9技術はどのように科学界に影響を与えていますか？

チャープリー・カス9技術は科学界に広く採用され、細胞や生物の研究において難しくあった遺伝子編集が可能になりました。

チャープリー・カス9技術はどのような種類の研究に使われていますか？

チャープリー・カス9技術は基礎研究や臨床研究、植物生物学、遺伝子療法など、多岐にわたる研究分野で使われています。

チャープリー・カス9技術の進化はどのように進んでいますか？

チャープリー・カス9技術は継続的に進化しており、新しいチャープリー・カスシステムが発見され、遺伝子編集のツールボックスが拡大しています。

チャープリー・カス9技術の未来的な展望は何ですか？

チャープリー・カス9技術は、基礎研究や臨床研究、植物生物学などにおいて、さらに多くの応用が期待されており、将来的にはさらに多くの遺伝子技術が開発されるでしょう。

Outlines

00:00

🏆 CRISPR-Cas9技術の受賞とその意義

この段落では、講演者は1995年にパリのインスティテュート・パステュールから博士号を取得し、後にスウェーデンのウメオ大学で研究を行ったエマニュエル・カルパンテ博士が、2020年のノーベル化学賞を受賞したことを紹介しています。受賞理由は、ゲノム編集のための新しい方法であるCRISPR-Cas9技術の開発です。この技術は、特定の遺伝子を特定し、DNAを正確に編集できるシンプルで多様性に富んだものであると説明されています。

05:02

🔬 細菌とホストの相互作用とCRISPR-Cas9の発見

第2段落では、細菌がどのように環境と相互作用し、特に人体内で疾病を引き起こし、適応し、生存するかを研究した経緯が語られています。また、細菌とホストの相互作用に関する研究を通じて、CRISPR-Cas9技術の前身となった小RNAの研究が進展した経緯が紹介されています。この研究は、細菌の変異因子の表現を制御する小RNAを発見し、後にCRISPR関連蛋白を含む遺伝子と関連する小RNAであるtracer RNAを特定しました。

10:03

🛡️ CRISPR-Cas9の免疫系由来と機能

第3段落では、CRISPR-Cas9技術が細菌と古菌が進化させて病毒などの遺伝子要素の侵入に対抗する免疫系として由来するものであることが強調されています。CRISPR-Cas9は、細菌が感染を認識し、記憶し、2回目の感染時に特定のDNAを認識して切断する機能を持つアダプティブな免疫系です。この段落では、CRISPR-Cas9の仕組みと、その科学的な背景について詳しく説明しています。

15:04

🧬 CRISPR-Cas9の科学的な進化と応用

第4段落では、CRISPR-Cas9技術がどのように科学界で進化し、多様な応用へと発展したかが語られています。この技術は、遺伝子の修正、新しい変異の導入、遺伝子の削除や入れ替えなど、多岐にわたるゲノム編集が可能であると紹介されています。また、この技術がどのように科学者たちによって迅速に採用され、多様な細胞や生物で効率的に機能するかについても触れられています。

20:06

🌐 CRISPR-Cas9技術の未来展望と科学コミュニティへのメッセージ

第5段落では、CRISPR-Cas9技術の未来の展望と、細菌やウイルスに関する研究の重要性が強調されています。この技術は、基礎研究から医療、植物生物学、遺伝子医薬品開発などへの応用が期待されています。また、研究者は新しいCRISPR関連システムを発見し、この分野をさらに発展させていくことができました。講演者は、若い科学者たちにこの分野の研究を続けることを励ましています。

25:07

🙌 CRISPR-Cas9研究への感謝の言葉

最後の段落では、CRISPR-Cas9技術の研究に貢献した人々への感謝の言葉が述べられています。講演者は、研究を進める上での協力者、学生、そして自分の家族や友人に感謝しています。また、この技術がどのように科学コミュニティによって迅速に採用され、発展してきたかについても触れられています。

Keywords

💡CRISPR-Cas9

CRISPR-Cas9は、ゲノム編集のための革新的な技術であり、このビデオの中心となるテーマです。CRISPRは、細菌と古菌が進化させて病毒などの外來的な遺伝子要素に対する免疫系を形成したものであり、Cas9はその一種の核酸酸酵素で、特定のDNAの部位を認識し切断することができます。ビデオでは、この技術がどのように開発され、ゲノム編集にどのように役立つかが説明されています。

💡ゲノム編集

ゲノム編集は、生物のDNAの特定の部分を変更するプロセスで、CRISPR-Cas9技術によって可能になりました。ビデオでは、ゲノム編集が遺伝子を修正したり、新しい遺伝子を導入したり、特定の遺伝子を削除することができると説明されています。これは、医学研究や治療、そして農業生物技術の分野で重要な突破をもたらしました。

💡ノーベル賞

ビデオでは、講演者が2020年の化学ノーベル賞を受賞し、CRISPR-Cas9技術の開発に貢献したと述べています。ノーベル賞は、物理学、化学、生理学・医学、文学、平和の6つの分野で、その分野において最も優れた業績を残した個人や集団に贈られる国際的な賞です。

💡細菌

細菌は、このビデオの重要な要素で、CRISPR-Cas9技術の起源を説明する上で欠かせません。細菌は、CRISPR-Cas9システムを通じて、自己の遺伝子組に対する病毒の侵害から防御する能力を発展させました。ビデオでは、細菌がどのようにこのシステムを利用して遺伝子情報を保存し、病原体に対する免疫を獲得するかが議論されています。

💡遺伝子変異

遺伝子変異は、遺伝子のDNAの変化であり、CRISPR-Cas9技術によって意図的に誘導することができるとビデオで説明されています。この技術は、遺伝子変異を通じて特定の遺伝病や癌の治療に役立つ可能性があります。

💡RNA

RNAは、CRISPR-Cas9システムの重要な部分であり、ビデオでは、RNAがどのようにCas9蛋白と結びつき、特定のDNAの部位を見つける手引きとして機能するかが説明されています。RNAは、遺伝子の表現を調節するだけでなく、CRISPR-Cas9技術でDNAの特定部位を認識する鍵となる役割を果たします。

💡免疫系

免疫系は、生物が病原体や外來的な要素に対する防御機構を形成するメカニズムであり、ビデオでは、CRISPR-Cas9が細菌や古菌の免疫系の一部であることが強調されています。このシステムは、細菌が過去の病原体に対する免疫を獲得し、再感染に対して迅速に対応するのに役立ちます。

💡プログラム性

CRISPR-Cas9技術のプログラム性は、特定のRNA分子を設計して、Cas9蛋白を特定のDNAの部位に誘導することができるという点にあります。ビデオでは、このプログラム性がどのように技術の柔軟性と多様性を高め、特定の遺伝子ターゲットを効率的に編集可能にするかが説明されています。

💡遺伝子治療

遺伝子治療は、遺伝子レベルでの治療法であり、CRISPR-Cas9技術を通じて特定の遺伝子を修正することで、遺伝性疾病や癌などの治療が可能になるという期待があります。ビデオでは、この技術が将来の医学的応用において、どのように重要な役割を果たす可能性があるかが議論されています。

💡多能性

CRISPR-Cas9技術の多能性は、さまざまなタイプの細胞や生物において、遺伝子を編集できる柔軟性があることを指します。ビデオでは、この技術が哺乳類、昆虫、魚、植物など多様な生物において応用されており、医学研究や農業生物技術の分野で革新的な進展をもたらしていると説明されています。

Highlights

1968年出生于法国Chevy Cesaros，1995年在巴黎巴斯德研究所获得博士学位。

曾在瑞典于默奥大学工作，现为德国柏林马克斯普朗克病原体科学单位的主任。

与Jennifer Darner共同获得2020年诺贝尔化学奖，以表彰CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术的发展。

CRISPR-Cas9技术是一种新颖的基因组编辑方法，具有高度的精确性和简单性。

CRISPR-Cas9技术由Cas9蛋白和RNA组成，Cas9蛋白具有特异性识别和切割DNA的能力。

CRISPR-Cas9技术自2012年发现以来，已被科学界广泛采用。

CRISPR技术是细菌和古菌为抵御病毒等遗传元素入侵而演化出的适应性免疫系统。

CRISPR-Cas9系统通过RNA引导Cas9蛋白至目标DNA序列进行特异性切割。

CRISPR-Cas9技术的可编程性使其在基因组编辑方面具有独特的优势。

CRISPR-Cas9技术的发展为研究难以研究的细胞和生物体提供了可能。

CRISPR-Cas9技术在医学、植物生物学和其他领域具有广泛的应用前景。

CRISPR-Cas9技术可以用于纠正突变、引入新突变、删除或替换基因等。

CRISPR-Cas9技术的发展得益于多个科学家的先驱工作和持续研究。

CRISPR-Cas9技术为年轻科学家提供了强大的工具，以研究他们感兴趣的细胞和生物体。

CRISPR-Cas9技术与其他基因技术相结合，为疾病治疗提供了新的可能性。

CRISPR-Cas9技术的发展强调了微生物研究在新型生物技术发展中的重要性。

CRISPR-Cas9技术的发现和应用是跨学科合作和创新的典范。

CRISPR-Cas9技术为基因编辑提供了前所未有的精确性和灵活性。

Transcripts

was born

in 1968 in chevy cesaros

in france she obtained her phd

in 1995 from institute pasteur

in paris and for part of her career she

worked

at umeo university in sweden

she is now director of the max planck

unit

for the science of pathogens in berlin

germany

i now welcome you onto the stage we are

very much looking forward to hearing

your lecture

dear ladies and gentlemen i am delighted

to welcome you to my

nobel lecture it is the greatest

honor to be awarded together with

jennifer darner the nobel prize in

chemistry for the year 2020 for the

development of a method for genome

editing i would like to warmly

thank the members of the royal swedish

academy

of sciences the members of the nobel

committee and all scientists

who have supported our nomination

i wish we'll be able to give the lecture

live

unfortunately it is a recorded lecture

but i hope you will

enjoy the recording

i would like to start with explaining

you the crispr cas9 technology that

is this novel method for genome editing

so over the years all biologists have

been

extremely interested in always using

genetics to understand the functions of

genes and

we're always in need of precise genetics

that allows to recognize sites

specifically

dna of genomes of cells and organisms

and allows to modify genes and their

expression and this is what the crispr

cas9 technology does

the particularity of this technology is

that it's a

sophisticated technology yet very simple

versatile it works very efficiently and

it is composed of

an protein component called cas9 that is

represented on this slide as scissors

this protein casino

has the ability to recognize such

specifically a certain sequence

on the dna certain sequence of interest

has the ability to cleave

the dna and this cas9 protein is

programmed by the help of an

rna component that allows to bring

kas9 to the site of interest so this is

a technology that has

largely been adopted by the scientific

community

and has become very popular since the

start of its

discovery in 2012. so i would like to

actually explain you also

why this technology is transformative

so the field of genetics started in the

19th century up to the

mid-20th century whereby rules for

fundamental genetics

were established with the dna that was

isolated the dna that was shown to be

the carrier of information

and then the genetic code that was

deciphered

over the last years in the 60s

the last 50 years have witnessed the

large development of

of a number of technologies actually

all originating from research done on

bacteria

and and viruses and this started in the

70s

with different types of enzymes and

technologies that would allow to

recombine dna to clone dna to sequence

dna amplified dna

target genes and their expression

the zinc finger and tannin nucleuses

that were discovered

over the last 20 years allowing precise

genetics the same that what chris

barcas9 does

except that chris parkas9 brings a level

of programmability and a level of

of simplicity and versatility that is

quite unique

so we are all very happy because we can

now

study cells and organisms that were

difficult to study prior to chris

barcas9

the research on chris pakistan

originates in

in my love from our interest in

understanding

how streptococcus powderiness causes

diseases in humans so streptococcus

biogenes belongs to the class of

gram-positive

bacteria such as listeria and

staphylococci

this bacteria have been the main focus

of my

research during my career

i have always been interested in

understanding

how bacteria interact with their

environment so in principle the human

host

how they can cause diseases how they can

adapt to their environment

survive in the human host and also to a

certain extent how the human host can

defend itself against bacterial

infections

so the focus was always on regulatory

mechanisms

that use proteins and small rnas

the family of small rnas it's an

interesting

family of regulatory elements

which we started to work on at the

beginning of

2000 so about 20 years ago

and this research always was

mixed with always a

need to develop gene technologies along

the way

just to be able to study better those

mechanisms in bacteria

specifically in the context of their

interactions with the human host

and during my my years as a phds and

postdocs i was

certainly and decapped by the

the the non-possibility to perform

genetics in human cells which

is really the are the hosts for this

strict human pathogens so i have

developed genetic tools in bacteria i

have also worked on transgenic mice

coming back to understanding the

interaction between bacteria and the

human host and understanding as well

that there was a

lack of tools that would allow to

perform precise genetics in

in human cells for example in this this

is what chris park castleman can

can do the

the field of of small rnas has largely

evolved the last 30 years and this was a

discovery that

rna molecules in addition to b messenger

rna

or transfer rna or ribosomal rnas and

being involved in

in the transcription of the dna into a

translation into

proteins that rnas had also regulatory

functions and would be able to interact

with messenger rna molecules and also

with proteins

and regulate the expression of genes

what was not identified at the let's say

about 10-15 years ago

these were small rnas that would have

the ability to

to change gene expression by interacting

directly

with dna we were working on some small

regulatory rnas

we published some data showing that

some of these small regulatory rnas had

the ability to

change the expression of virulence

factors in bacteria so contributed a lot

to the adaptation of bacteria to their

environment

and we decided in about 15 years ago

to start a search for additional

regulatory

rnas we found a number of those rnas and

we particularly picked an rna and that

is

known as tracer rna because this rna was

very well

expressed in in bacterial cells and you

can see the gel that is a northern blood

analysis showing the

the expression of these rnas as

different forms

in in streptococcus biogenes

we had found a target for this small

regulatory rna so initially we thought

that it would have a role in

regulating the expression of the

variance factor and we had difficulties

to make sense of this

interaction but what was clear is that

at least this

rna was encoded in the vicinity of a

gene that was annotated to be a gene

including a protein that is uh

was crispr related protein containing

two nucleus domains so

a crispr protein that would have the

ability to cleave

nucleic acids so this was the start of

none nevertheless continuing our

research on tracer rna

but also working on crispr

so crispr is to be

seen and and considered as part of

of different systems which bacteria and

archaea

have evolved over millions of years

so back then archaea can be infected by

viruses as we can be

infected by viruses and bacteria and

have evolved

diverse immune systems that allow them

to cope with

the invasion of genetic elements

such as viral elements but also other

elements such as plasmins and

transposons

and this really actually is important

and to be seen in the context of of the

fitness of the bacteria with their

environment and the evolution

of of the microorganisms so here on this

slide you can see

a phage that is infecting a bacterial

cell

with the genomic component of

of the phage that is injected into the

bacterial cell

the genomes of of the virus that can

replicate

and then you have the formation of our

particles

that can uh lies back to our cells and

propagate

to lies further back to ourselves so

here we deal with phages viruses that

can kill bacterial cells and surely

the the the need for bacteria to have

evolved system that

allow to uh to defend themselves

against deaths so what is interesting is

that some of these

immune systems have been developed over

the years

as genetic tools so for example

restriction enzymes are

originally actually

different systems existing in in

bacteria

crispr is is unique in the sense that

it is an adaptive immune system there is

a first step of

of recognition that leads to the to the

immunity and it is composed of

protein components the cast proteins and

rna components the crispr

rna so i do not have the time to

go very deeply into the history of

of the chris parkas research however i

would like to mention

that uh this has involved a number of

scientists who have really performed

a pioneer work on chris barcas i have

read

all the the publications on chris parkas

when we started to work on

on the crisper cast 9 system in my lab

and this has

this is really by reading all those

articles that

that it allowed me to to really

understand what would be different of

the chris

cas9 system compared to other krispaka

systems that were

studied by my colleagues but in brief

the the crispr components are

such that the first identification where

the repeats of the crispr array so

the crispr array is formed by very short

sequences

that are identical to one another that

forms

repeats and that are interspaced by

sequences

that have as origin mobile genetic

elements this crispr array was shown to

be able to

be transcribed into rna molecules of

different sizes so probably

maturation events taking place to

activate

those crispr rna molecules in the

vicinity of the crispr array

you have the crispr associated genes

that encode the crispr associated

proteins and and very fast as well there

was

the observation that these crispr

associated proteins

contain domains that are homologous

to domains contained in proteins that

have the ability to

target dna target rna and also cleave

dna

and cleave rna so all together the idea

was that

these crispr systems would be obviously

adaptive immune systems in bacteria and

archaea

that was shown experimentally later on

in streptococcustomophilus

but that also those those

systems were identified as prokaryotic

rna interference systems by analogy to

rna interference systems

so when we started uh the research

the dogma was that there would be a

crisp complex of crispr associated

proteins that will be formed

and that will associate to the crispr

rna

to act as a machinery that would allow

to target the dna or the rna

so the way it works is as follows

the system is adaptive in the sense that

the bacteria are

first to recognize the virus and

will have the ability to memorize the

infection

by the virus and this is the way it is

done

so the virus will inject its its dna

into the bacterial cell

the chris parker system will be able to

recognize

the invading dna cleave

a certain sequence of of the invading

dna and insert

this sequence into the crispr array and

this is working as a kind of

memorization

of the virus and then you will have

expression

at the rna level of these memorized

elements of viral infections

the crispr rnas will associate with a

complex of crispr associated

proteins and those rnas allowing to

guide the crispr associated proteins

to the the invading dna of the virus

upon a second infection

and this is the way it works and there

will be recognition of the virus and one

protein of the chris barkas system will

ultimately cleave the invading dna

and the dna cannot replicate and this is

a dead end for for the virus

so this is globally uh how it works

um in streptococcus pargenes we were

lucky enough

to uh have on on on the genome of

streptococcus pyrogenes

genes that were belonging to a certain

type of chris parker system that was not

studied yet at least at the molecular

level

what the the groups of of of

the crisper casing system was really uh

in streptococcus

thermophilus uh implying uh

involving one crispr associated protein

cas9 that will be involved in

in the recognition of the virus upon

second infection but the molecular

mechanism

was not described and this is what we

started in in our lab so

we and decided to look at

the the question whether tracer rna

would actually have a regulatory role on

the chris parker system

and this is what we found what we found

is that tracer rna

contains an anti-repeat sequence that

allows it

to base pair with the repeats

of the crispr rnas and this duplex of

rna

is actually stabilized by the protein

cas9

then following this this

is going to be maturated by enzymes and

in the bacter specifically the the rnas

three and further are rnases that will

lead to the mature form

of the duplex of rna still bound to the

protein casino

then this complex of cas9

guided by the duplex of rna will be able

to recognize

specifically the dna and cleave the dna

using two nuclease domains and cleave

the dna in

a sequence specific manner so this is

what we have shown

uh seeing right away that the system

from streptococcus biogenes was

working very efficiently with cleavages

that were

as those we were expecting

and now with regard to the

programmability of

of the system the idea was to simplify

this duplex of rna and fuse those two

rnas to have a single guard rna

that would be the programmable element

of the crispr casting system so bringing

simplicity

for the design of the technology one

thing that is important to mention is

that

the the mechanism is very sophisticated

in the sense that

the ability to use two nucleus domains

to cleave the dna

and this programmability allowed to

develop

the cas9 technology further into a

technology

that can really perform multiple

modifications

on on the genome so it can

correct mutations introduce

new mutations on the dna it can allow to

delete genes delete certain sequences of

dna

add new sequences of dna at the site of

interest

replace genes by other genes and over

the last

eight years a number of scientists and

developers

have really put forward the technology

to really have the technology

evolving in multiple versions that allow

to do some multiplexing

and that really allow to perform precise

genetics in an unprecedented

manner very fast actually scientists

adopted this this technology and showed

in a very very short amount of time that

the technology was efficient

to act on on the dna and modify genes

and their expression

in a variety of cells including human

cells

in organoids in modal organisms such as

mice fish

fly and also plants so a very

transformative

technology i do not have for sure the

time to explain you all the details of

the science beyond

behind the crispr castline system but

chris parkas is a largely evolving

system

all the chris barker systems including

crisper cas9

and this is early on the diversity

of this system that we understood

what would be conserved and what will be

the basis of the mechanism so release

this cas9 protein

guided by a duplex of rna and that could

be

among all the different crispr systems

existing

that will be the system minimal enough

to

harness as a powerful gene technology

and this is quite amazing how the

the systems have evolved they have

evolved surely in multiple

other systems than the crispr castline

system now we have

two classes identified and within

each of the class multiple systems and

subsystems so since chris parkas9

other minimal systems have been

identified

further developed also as chris parkas

technologies so enlarging the chris

podcast toolbox

you have large applications for this

genome editing

technology so for sure for to understand

better mechanisms of of life so it's

very useful for fundamental research

to unravel novel molecules novel

pathways

to be able to really work with the

the cells and organisms that are of

interest

for clinical purposes the technology has

been also

uh very well developed with regard to

the applications in understanding better

the mechanisms of of life sciences in

modern organisms

such as mice drosophila and and fish

it has also been a game changer for

allowing precise genetics in plants

and it has large applications in

medicine either directly

or indirectly by

allowing to develop better models of

diseases

and also by allowing to develop the

crispr cas9 technology as a direct

tool for really

to work as a gene medicine and

use the technology directly to treat

certain types of

of diseases such as human genetic

disorders

or certain cancers by combining

the crispr cas9 technology with

immunotherapy it's also

very transformative in the field of

plant biology

with the production of plant crops

surely with ethical considerations

that have to be taken into account

what next so surely the crispr

biologists continued to to work on this

field

continue to identify novel chris parker

systems

thanks to the sequencing of novel

genomes of

of bacterial species and rkr species

recently novel defense systems in

bacteria and

archaea have been identified and and

this will continue so

we can expect from research on on

microbes

to have further genetic technologies to

be

identified in the future it is an

exciting research for young scientists

because

now the the young scientists have have

a really powerful tool to study their

cells and organisms of interest and

and do genetics in a way that was not

possible 20 25 years ago

what is very or also interesting with

the timeline of all those technologies

that the

the impact of chris parkas makes

even more sense with regard to all the

technologies that have developed over

the last 15

20 years such as high throughput

technologies to sequence

genomes high throughput technologies for

screening

for screening all the the technologies

of

imaging and and all the technologies

that have largely

evolved delivering technologies to

deliver

gene technologies such as crispr cas9 in

cells and organisms

and also new technologies that allow to

culture

cells and organisms that were not

possible to culture

15 20 years ago so this makes

global sense and that's why i think it's

really an

exciting time to be able to study the

evolution and the diversity

of the world another message that i

would like to

to provide as well is that as a matter

of fact

uh chris parkas9 originates from

research done on bacteria and viruses

and we do know in our days how

important it is to really maintain the

research

in macrobiology to maintain the

expertise and to study more

bacteria and viruses not only because

they can cause diseases and

and and we need to find new treatments

for those infectious diseases but also

because

the last 50 years have shown to which

extent bacterium viruses are

really a valuable source for the

development of novel

biotechnologies i would like to

thank surely the people who have done

the work

this work would not have been possible

without

young scientists being extremely

committed

and extremely enthusiastic the work from

my

side started in vienna

at the max birds labs at the university

of vienna

the main part was don when i was a

principal investigator at the

laboratory for molecular infection

medicine in sweden at umeo

university i would like to thank a

number of people but i would like to

mention maya eckert who

was a postdoc in my lab in vienna

identifying

tracer rna christoph schielinski and

eliza delcheva

who have been key students driving the

project forward

i would like to thank my collaborators

eugenie kunin

makarova cynthia sharma jorg vogel

martin inec

and charlie jennifer donna my

co-laureate

this was a great time this research

developed within

five years of time at least from my lab

and i

really enjoy this exciting time working

with

wonderful collaborators i would like

also to take the opportunity to thank

all my former and lab

members who have worked with me

the last 18 years in australia sweden

and germany

it has always been a pleasure to work

with young scientists and this is also

the reason why i like to do

science and last but not least i would

like to thank

my family my friends rodger novak

and all my colleagues who have supported

my work and who have helped me during my

career and i would like to thank you for

your attention

you