THE SUN - Giver Of Life & Death Star | SPACETIME - SCIENCE SHOW

Summary

Скрипт видео раскрывает загадки космоса, начиная с рождения Солнца и его роли в жизни на Земле. Оно поднимается вопросами о происхождении Вселенной и будущем собственного солнца, открывая путь к пониманию его важности для формирования планет и поддержания жизни. Также скрипт освещает научные исследования и технические достижения, которые помогли нам узнать больше о Солнце и его влиянии на нашу планету, включая грозы солнечной активности и их потенциальные последствия для Земли.

Takeaways

• 🌌 С начала времен человечество смотрит на звезды, и Вселенная всегда была источником увлечения и загадок.
• ☀️ Солнце находится в центре нашей планетарной системы и является космическим источником энергии, превращая 600 миллионов тонн водорода в гелий каждую секунду.
• 🌍 В конечном итоге Солнце уничтожит Землю, жизнь, возникшая благодаря Солнцу, будет уничтожена неизбежно и безвозвратно.
• 💥 Солнце медленно становится более жарким, и в один прекрасный день температуры на Земле вырвутся на 100 градусов Цельсия, океаны испарятся, а Солнце расширится до тех пор, пока его внешние слои не достигнут и не поглотят Землю.
• 🚀 История нашего Солнца начинается с Большого Взрыва, который произошел почти 14 миллиардов лет назад, и из которого родился сам Вселенная.
• 🌟 Первые звезды были огромными и горячими, они существовали всего несколько десятков миллионов лет, после чего упали, рассеяв элементы, которые стали основой для следующего поколения звезд.
• 🔬 Солнце - это звезда, которую мы можем изучать подробно, и многие физические процессы, происходящие на других звездах, также происходят на Солнце.
• 🌌 Наша солнечная система была создана благодаря космическому катастрофе, которая дала рождение нашей звезде, а также великому количеству материи, включая тяжелые элементы, необходимые для формирования планет.
• 🌌 Млечный Путь - это огромная галактика, в которой находится наша солнечная система, и его образование связано с движением тьмы материи, привлекая видимую материю и формированием диска.
• 🌐 Солнце находится на окраине Млечного Пути в так называемой зоне пригодности для жизни, где не так много сверхновой взрывов, и где могут появляться планеты, способные удерживать жизнь.
• 🔭 Современные телескопы и космические зондировки помогают нам изучать Солнце и предотвращать возможные негативные последствия его активности, такие как солнечные бури и полярные световые явления.

Q & A

Чем всегда увлекался человеческий род, глядя на звезды?

Человечество всегда увлекалось загадками и тайнами Вселенной, такими как происхождение космоса, его содержание и наши корни.

Какова основная функция Солнца в нашей планetary системе?

Солнце является источником космической энергии и является массивным реактором ядерного сливания, поддерживающим жизнь на Земле.

Какова судьба Земли в связи с изменением Солнца?

В конечном итоге Солнце уничтожит Землю, так как его тепло и размеры будут расти, что приведет к исчезновению жизни, созданной Солнцем.

Каков возраст нашего Солнца?

Наша Солнца возраст составляет примерно 4,7 миллиарда лет.

Каковы основные элементы, из которых состоит молодая Вселенная после Большого взрыва?

В молодой Вселенной после Большого взрыва основными элементами были водород и гелий - самые легкие элементы.

Каковы основные этапы формирования звезды?

Звезды формируются из обширных облаков молекулярного газа, которые увеличиваются в плотности и под влиянием гравитации трансформируются в первые галактики и звезды.

Что такое сверхновые и как они связаны с формированием звезд?

Сверхновые - это взрывы очень больших и горячих первых звезд, которые после своего краткого существования рассеивают элементы, которые становятся основой для следующего поколения звезд.

Каково место Солнца в нашей Млечном Пути?

Солнце находится где-то на внешнем крае Млечного Пути, в так называемой зоне обитаемости, где нет множества сверхновых взрывов и где могут появляться планеты, способные удерживать жизнь.

Чему приводит солнечный цикл, обнаруженный Хинрихом Шварбом?

Солнечный цикл, или 11-летний солнечный цикл, связан с изменением количества солнечных пятен, что указывает на изменяющуюся активность Солнца.

Какие последствия может вызвать солнечный ветер на Землю?

Солнечный ветер может вызвать магнитные бури на Земле, что может привести к зрелищем аурор, а также может повлиять на электромагнитные поля и инфраструктуру Земли.

Какие наблюдательные миссии помогут лучше понять Солнце?

Миссии, такие как SOHO, солнечный орбитер и Sunrise, помогут исследователям изучить внутреннее состояние Солнца, его влияние на Землю и другие планеты нашей планетарной системы.

Каковы основные этапы жизненного цикла звезды?

Жизненный цикл звезды включает в себя стадии формирования из газовых облаков, ядерного сливания в ядре звезды, сверхновых взрывов и, в случае Солнца, превращения в белую карликову.

Чему приводит изучение звездных систем с двумя звездами?

Изучение звездных систем с двумя звездами помогает понять, что в таких системах сложно предположить стабильность условий для возникновения высокой формы жизни из-за изменяющихся гравитационных сил.

Какова судьба нашей Солнечной системы в дальнем будущем?

В дальнем будущем, после того как Солнце иссякнет, его внешние слои будут выброшены, и останется белая карликовая звезда, в то время как облака газа, содержащиеся в нашей системе, могут стать основой для новых звезд и планет.

Outlines

00:00

🌌 Звездное небо и солнце

В первом параграфе скрипта подводятся итоги о том, что с древности люди мечтали о звездах и Вселенной, которая всегда была источником удивления и загадок. Рассматривается вопрос о происхождении космоса, его содержимом и происхождении человечества. Солнце, как центр нашей планетарной системы, обладает огромным влиянием на нашу планету, предоставляя тепло и свет, которые необходимы для жизни. Однако, солнце также является источником уничтожения Земли в дальнем будущем, когда его тепло уничтожит океаны и жизнь на планете. История солнца начинается с Большого взрыва, после которого формировались первые элементы, которые стали основой для формирования первых звезд. Эти звезды умирали молодыми, и их взрывы распространяли элементы, необходимые для формирования следующего поколения звезд, включая нашу солнце.

05:02

🚀 Рождение звезд и Солнечной системы

Второй параграф описывает процесс рождения звезд и планетарных систем. Звезды рождаются из星际云, которые могут коллапсировать под своим собственным весом или под влиянием внешних шоков. При расширении и утяжении газовых и пылевых облаков происходит формирование звезд, включая нашу солнечную систему, которая возникла около 4,5 миллиардов лет назад. Рассматривается также вопрос о том, где находится солнце в Млечном Пути и как его местоположение влияет на возможность возникновения жизни. Также описывается процесс образования звезд и планет, включая образование ядер звезд и начало термонуклярных реакций, которые дают звездам энергию.

10:03

🔬 Исследование Солнца и его влияние на Землю

Третий параграф посвящён изучению Солнца и его влиянию на Землю. Описывается визуализация солнечной активности, включая солнечныеacula и другие явления, а также их измерение через телескопы. Рассказчик делится своими размышлениями о том, почему Солнце так интересно, и как оно влияет на нашу планету, формирует климат и условия жизни. Также упоминается история изучения Солнца, включая теории геоцентризма и гелиоцентризма, а также вклад Галилео Галилей в астрономию и изучение Солнца.

15:03

☄️ Солнечные бури и их последствия

В четвёртом параграфе рассматривается, как Солнце, выглядывающее мирным, может генерировать мощные солнечные бури, которые могут влиять на Землю. Описывается процесс образования солнечных ветров и их воздействия на нашу планету, включая возникновение аурор. Также рассматривается история солнечных бурь и их влияние на технологии, такие как телеграфные системы, и современные опасения, связанные с потенциальным воздействием на современную инфраструктуру, включая электросети и спутники.

20:04

🛰️ Наблюдение и изучение Солнца с космоса

Пятой параграф фокусируется на космических миссиях, направленных на изучение Солнца. Упоминается миссия SOHO, которая предоставляет данные о солнечных извержениях в реальном времени, а также предстоящая миссия солнечного орбитера, которая будет изучать солнечный ветер и косMICU. Также описывается важность наблюдения Солнца с точки L1 - первого Лагранжевого места, которое обеспечивает идеальное расположение для космических аппаратов.

25:06

🌐 Исследование магнитного поля и влияния Солнца на Солнечную систему

В шестом параграфе обсуждается, как данные, получаемые от миссий, помогают ученым лучше понимать внутренние процессы Солнца и его влияние на Землю и другие планеты Солнечной системы. Рассматривается проект Sunrise - высоковысокий солнечный обсерватор на воздушном шаре, который позволяет получать изображения с высокой разрешением. Также упоминается важность изучения старых звезд для понимания историй и будущего нашей солнечной системы.

30:06

🔭 Развитие солнечных телескопов и их вклад в астрофизику

В седьмом параграфе описывается исторический и современный прогресс в области изучения Солнца с помощью телескопов, включая Эйнштейн-башню и Грегор. Также обсуждается важность размещения солнечных телескопов в районах с хорошими атмосферными условиями и разработка новых поколений солнечных телескопов для более точного исследования Солнца.

35:09

🌌 Поиск идеальной звезды для жизни

Восьмой параграф посвящён поиску идеальной звезды, способной поддерживать биологическую жизнь. Рассматривается тип звезды G, такой как наша Солнце, который предоставляет стабильные условия для жизни на планете. Также обсуждается проблема существования планет в двойных звездных системах и их возможных непригодностей для жизни из-за изменчивых условий.

40:11

🌌 Рождение звезд и их влияние на образование планет

Девятый параграф рассматривает процесс рождения звезд в небесных туманностях, таких как Орион Nebula, и их влияние на образование новых планет. Обсуждается, как смерть массивных звезд способствует рождению новой поколении звезд и планет, возвращая частичку своей массы в межзвездное пространство.

45:14

🌠 Конечный цикл Солнца и Вселенной

В десятом параграфе описывается окончательный цикл жизни Солнца и его влияние на Вселенную. Предсказывается, что Солнце продолжит расширяться и нагреваться, что приведёт к исчезновению жизни на Земле и, в конечном итоге, к поглощению Земли. После этого Солнце откинет свои внешние слои, оставив за собой белую дыру, и внесёт свой вклад в вечное обновление Вселенной, возвращая свои элементы в межзвездный материал для формирования новых звезд и планет.

Keywords

💡космос

Космос в видео описывается как источник увлечения и загадок для человечества с древности. Он является основой для понимания рождения и развития вселенной, включая звезды и планеты. В видео космос также связан с загадками о происхождении жизни и будущем солнца и Земли.

💡солнце

Солнце в видео представлено как центр нашей планетарной системы, являющееся источником энергии и тепла, необходимых для жизни на Земле. Оно также обсуждается как уничтожитель планеты в дальнем будущем, когда его расширение приведет к гибели жизни на Земле.

💡космическая катастрофа

В видео космическая катастрофа относится к сверхновой взрыву, который является смертельным событием для звезд, но источником рождения новых звезд и планет. Такой взрыв был причиной рождения нашей солнечной системы.

💡галактика

Галактики, такие как Млечный Путь, представлены в видео как огромные коллекции звезд и материи, которые образуют структуры Вселенной. Млечный Путь, в частности, содержит огромное количество звезд и является местом рождения и смерти звезд.

💡сверхновая

Сверхновая в видео описывается как взрыв очень большой и горячей звезды, который рассеивает элементы во Вселенную и служит отправной точкой для формирования следующего поколения звезд и планет, включая нашу солнечную систему.

💡солнечный цикл

Солнечный цикл, или 11-летний цикл солнечной активности, обсуждается в контексте изменяющегося количества солнечных пятен, что указывает на внутренние процессы солнца и его влияние на Солнечную систему.

💡солнечный ветер

Солнечный ветер в видео определяется как поток заряженных частиц, исходящих с поверхности Солнца и влияющих на Солнечную систему и нашу планету. Он связан с солнечной активностью и может вызывать ауроры на Земле.

💡солнечная активность

Солнечная активность включает в себя солнечные вспышки, солнечные пятна и солнечный ветер, которые влияют на космическую среду и могут вызывать технологические разрушения на Земле, например, сбои в телеграфной связи.

💡солнечный телескоп

Солнечные телескопы, такие как Einstein Tower и Gregor, используются для наблюдения и изучения Солнца с высокой точностью. Они позволяют ученым изучать химический состав, структуру и процессы на поверхности Солнца.

💡белый дvärf

Белые дvärфы в видео представлены как конечные продукты эволюции звезд с аналогичной массы нашего Солнца. Они образуются после того, как звезда сбросит свои внешние слои и останется лишь ядро, состоящее в основном из углерода.

Highlights

Human fascination with the cosmos and its mysteries, including the birth of the universe and the contents it may hold.

The Sun, a massive nuclear fusion reactor, is the energy source at the center of our planetary system.

The Sun's eventual expansion and destruction of Earth due to its increasing heat.

The birth of the universe and the formation of the first galaxies from the cooling and expansion of the universe.

The life cycle of stars, from their birth in supernova explosions to their contribution to the next generation of stars.

The Sun's formation from the matter of a dying star, highlighting its connection to the broader cosmos.

The importance of studying the Sun to understand other stars and the physical processes occurring within them.

The role of the Sun in shaping Earth's climate and seasons over billions of years.

The process of star formation from the collapse of interstellar clouds under their own weight.

The structure of the Milky Way and the conditions that led to its formation.

The location of the Sun within the Milky Way and its significance for the emergence of life.

The prerequisites and processes involved in the birth of a star, including the formation of a protostellar core.

The internal processes of the Sun, including the fusion reactor at its core and the production of sunlight.

The observation of sunspots and the discovery of the solar cycle by Heinrich Schwab.

The impact of solar activity on Earth, including the potential dangers of solar storms and geomagnetic storms.

The importance of early warning systems for solar activity and the potential vulnerabilities of our technological infrastructure.

The role of satellites in monitoring the Sun and the importance of the SOHO observatory.

The use of balloon-borne observatories like Sunrise to study the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.

The development of new solar telescopes and the planning of the European Solar Telescope.

The study of other stars like Trappist-1 and the search for habitable exoplanets.

The challenges of life emerging in binary star systems due to unstable orbits and climate conditions.

The future of the Sun and its eventual transformation into a white dwarf, contributing to the cosmic cycle.

Transcripts

since time immemorial humankind has

looked to the stars the universe has

always been a source of fascination and

of mystery how was the cosmos born what

else might the universe contain and

where do we come from

the Sun lies at the center of our

planetary system it is a cosmic source

of energy a massive nuclear fusion

reactor some four point seven billion

years old beneath its surface 600

million tons of hydrogen are converted

to helium each second at a temperature

of 15 million degrees Celsius from the

surface of the Sun light and heat travel

into outer space and to earth

welcome to space time featuring

astronaut and scientist Ulrich Volta and

an expert on surprises

the universe has in store for us

the Sun without it there would be no

life on earth the Sun is the star that

sustains us supplying our planet with

warmth and light

but in the end the Sun will destroy the

earth

the life made possible by the Sun will

be wiped out inexorably and irrevocably

[Music]

[Music]

Wynn's was on our son we needed to

survive we need its energy all right the

Sun this is slowly growing hotter and

eventually it will destroy us

heat em temperatures here on earth will

soar to over 100 degrees Celsius against

the Earth's oceans will evaporate the

Sun will swell growing ever larger until

the outer layers finally reach and then

envelop the earth it will explode and

die that of course will spell not only

the end of our solar system a lot of

humankind in charge the history of our

Sun begins with the big bang nearly 14

billion years ago in this cosmic dawn

space time and matter the universe

itself was born just fractions of a

second after this creation tiny

elementary particles were formed these

became the building blocks for hydrogen

and helium the lightest elements

the young universe continued to expand

the cooling of the universe along with

gravity helped transform this matter

into the first galaxies as vast clouds

of molecular gas continue to increase in

density the first generation of stars

was born very large and very hot the

first stars died young they existed only

tens of millions of years before they

collapsed these supernova explosions

then dispersed the elements that would

become the next generation of stars

born about 8 billion years after the Big

Bang our son was also formed out of

matter that a dying star had held into

the universe defend his honor same

fasting and thus for she son fascinates

me for various reasons listen for one

it's a key to understanding the many

billions of other stars in our cosmos

they're all similar to our Sun and DVDs

on its on this event some are so does an

ordinary star signs that the only stars

we can unlock the only one we can study

and understand in detail many of the

physical processes that also take place

in other stars and of course the Sun is

our star the star of our own solar

system which has given us life leading

spend on the energy of our Sun shaped

our planet over billions of years it

determined our climate and our seasons

[Music]

for me it's a very interesting star it's

right at our front door you can see its

diameter unlike the other stars you can

see it's not just a little speck you can

see the disc the sunspots and the Sun

shines onto earth that's Keith it's the

source of our energy without the Sun all

life here would perish the earth was

also formed out of the same material

that created our Sun dust and small

particles clumped together to form new

celestial bodies which continue to grow

the heaviest elements became planets

let's give the author in there are

places in outer space that are somewhat

denser than average one should have more

gas and dust English tender certain

circumstances interstellar clouds as

their quality can collapse under their

own weight that's how stars are born or

HD and then one of them is our Sun which

words some 4.5 billion years ago

caffeine had million yonder sonam our

planetary system was created by the same

cosmic catastrophe that gave rise to our

Sun a supernova such explosions ensue

when a massive star collapses and

explodes these brilliant bursts of light

in outer space mark the death of a star

and the birth of new celestial bodies

the explosion sends an enormous amount

of matter

hurling into outer space along with

hydrogen and helium the expanding cloud

of gas and dust is comprised mainly of

oxygen carbon silicon and iron the basic

building blocks of planetary formation

such clouds of gas and dust can collapse

under their own weight sometimes they

are compressed by a new shock wave at

the center of the cloud an area of high

density begins to form it attracts even

more matter becoming the cradle from

which a new star is born movie and how

did our solar system come into being

it's part of an enormous galaxy that we

call the Milky Way so let's take a look

at the Milky Way there it is well that's

not entirely correct that's what we call

galaxy m31 but we know it looks pretty

much exactly like our Milky Way which by

the way contains about 100 billion stars

and has a diameter of approximately

100,000 light-years how was this Milky

Way born we know that in the beginning

there was an enormous cloud of gas that

was far larger than what we see here

when at some point dark matter moved

into this area drawing this visible

matter in its way noxee

as a result this cloud of gas condensed

into this area we see here at the same

time the gas cloud began to rotate and

collapsed to form a disc that's exactly

what we see here there are no stars yet

it's covering once in a while though

there was a supernova which generated an

explosion I'm keen on the ensuing shock

wave then caused certain areas of the

gas to condense that's where the stars

were born one of which was our Sun so

where's our Sun located in the Milky Way

very roughly speaking on the outer edge

about here in our Milky Way

awesome is this is it a coincidence that

this spot is where life emerged no

absolutely not had our Sun been situated

closer to the center for example we know

that life wouldn't have emerged there

are so many supernova explosions in that

region that any life would have been

extinguished right away we wouldn't have

lived very long on the other hand if our

Sun had emerged outside over here and

that's an area where there are no heavy

elements meaning elements such as carbon

and iron which make up our bodies and

indeed the earth itself there would be

no planets over there so there couldn't

be any life there's just a very narrow

strip the so-called habitable zone where

there aren't many supernova explosions

and where planets could emerge that

could sustain life

so you could say that we got very very

lucky reason recapped

the first prerequisite for the birth of

a star is a random conglomeration of

matter in outer space the cloud of

interstellar matter collapses under its

own gravitational force the initial

rotation causes the smaller area to move

outward where the orbiting planets will

form the much larger part of the cloud

gradually moves to the center where its

mass and density continues to increase

until it becomes a priest stellar core

as its density increases the temperature

inside this nascent star rises to

pressure and temperature continue to

rise a process that takes about 100

million years as millisecond the reason

for Zeus reactor an enormous fusion

reactor is formed is in a fusion reactor

hydrogen atoms collide with such force

that they fuse together that's the

freshman as soon as this nuclear

reaction is triggered in the core we can

say a star is born the star has ignited

and burns with cool temperatures of up

to 15 million degrees Celsius hydrogen

fuses to become helium the Sun then

emits this energy into space in the form

of sunlight when energy is produced

inside the Sun it takes 1 million years

to reach the surface in some of the

smaller spots you might not notice

anything for one or two hundred thousand

years so this ignition is actually a

very mysterious and silent process which

takes many years to become apparent

the photosphere is the visible surface

of the Sun it is about 400 kilometers

thick and just under 6000 degrees

Celsius comparatively cool the next two

layers of the sun's atmosphere are the

chromosphere

and the corona inside the corona the

temperature rises once again to several

million degrees Celsius a phenomenon

that scientists still don't fully

understand but they do know a great deal

about the spots on the surface of the

Sun Sun flak and quantum and other

things with them telescope sunspots in

fact are relatively easy to observe

through the telescope was unfortunate

then one very significant advance came

when Heinrich Schwab an amateur

astronomer had a telescope set up in his

apartment 15 hata he ran a pharmacy

which was on the ground floor and every

free moment when it was light outside he

ran upstairs and observed the Sun he

diligently recorded the sunspots day

after day after 40 years of painstaking

work he plotted them out on a diagram

that's what he noticed Oh the number of

sunspots isn't always the same sometimes

there were more sometimes less that's

how he discovered the solar cycle the

famous 11-year solar cycle which was a

major advance sunspots appear and

disappear again they're an indicator of

the activity of the Sun

these dark spots were first observed

more than 2,000 years ago the Sun

countless generations have revered or

even feared it many believed a solar

eclipse was an ill omen heralding the

plague death or the end of the world

the Sun was worshipped venerated as a

deity humans were sacrificed in its

honor in some cultures the Sun was

regarded as the creator of the world its

path across the heavens was carefully

measured and observed the Sun determines

the cycle of day and night and

influences our climate its light and

warmth is what allowed human life to

emerge

dementia - yeehaw fast The Sun has

always fascinated us DD's all about the

first people who observe the Sun or

observed it more carefully for often

astrologers vytas worked hard from they

wanted to predict the future based on

the position of celestial bodies least

against it wasn't until the invention of

the telescope that people embarked on

rigorous observation of the Sun their

famous telescopes humankind has a

primordial desire to explore and explain

our world the philosopher and scientist

Aristotle propagated a geocentric theory

of the universe under which the earth

constituted the origin and center of all

existence

the ancient Greek philosopher Ptolemy

also believed that the earth was at the

center of the universe that believed

held sway for nearly 1500 years then

Nicholas Copernicus realized that the

Sun was the central point around which

the earth and the other planets in our

solar system revolved his theories were

not confirmed until a revolutionary

invention arrived on the scene the

telescope Galileo Galilei was the first

scientist to turn a telescope to the

heavens

he discovered the four largest moons of

Jupiter and he was the one who realized

that the Milky Way was not simply a

nebula a cloudy mass but a cluster of

stars

Galileo also described the spots on the

Sun this marked the birth of modern

astronomy and the beginnings of

scientific research on the Sun these

honest and to gross because Sun is

simply too large I can't bring him to my

laboratory it's too hot I can't go there

and bring back a piece it would burn our

probes to a crisp but we can't carry out

direct investigations on one part of the

Sun by going to outer space and

capturing a piece of solar wind that's

being done the solar wind is a stream of

charged particles released from the Sun

surface this wind can become a veritable

storm the surface of the Sun is a

seething cauldron whose matter is in

constant motion much is here on earth

the rotation of the molten Sun generates

enormous magnetic fields which form

tangled loops when these loops break

away from the sun's surface they release

intense bursts of energy which can

result in the ejection of huge

quantities of matter from here on earth

the Sun looks quite harmless but it

really packs a punch it generates gag

antek eruptions you can see it clearly

here an enormous mass is just being torn

out of the Sun by the way of comparison

the Earth's diameter is only about this

big so this is huge

these ejections emit a huge amount of

gas it's comprised mainly of protons or

subatomic particles with a positive

electric charge they're ejected from the

Sun at an enormous speed several hundred

kilometers per second toward Earth for

example if the Earth's in the way it

will be hit by this radiation but if

it's somewhere else say here or over

here it will be spared let's just

imagine all this mass is ploughing

toward Earth at an enormous speed the

blast of the energy can be a thousand

times higher than normal it hits the

earth at the North and South Poles

because that's where the planets

magnetic field directs

those geomagnetic storms that's why we

see those spectacular northern and

southern lights they're depending on its

intensity this solar wind can affect the

Earth's magnetic field the floods of

electrically charged particles head

towards the Earth's magnetic poles where

they can give rise to a stunning natural

spectacle called the Aurora's the

northern and southern lights

electromagnetic radiation is dangerous

here on earth we don't notice it in our

day-to-day lives because it's fairly

infrequent but in 1869 a powerful solar

storm hit the United States

back then they had nothing like today's

high-tech infrastructures with the

internet the electric grid and so forth

but they did have Telegraph systems

which failed as a result of these solar

flares as they're called guns the

Aurora's were visible across the entire

United States when many billions of tons

of plasma gas are ejected into the solar

system these electrically charged

particles can trigger a powerful

geomagnetic storm experts now worry that

our hyper networked world makes us

vulnerable to these extreme fluctuations

in solar activity in the future we might

want to pay attention to what the Sun is

up to in the worst case scenario a solar

storm could cause power surges that

would blow out the electrical grid the

American gets tough we've now realized

that our entire infrastructure is

vulnerable or we rely on the Internet

and networks

the more vulnerable we are at those

points there's nothing we can do about

it we can't switch off the Sun but we

could devise an early warning system

much like a weather forecast

satellites have a major impact on our

daily lives we live in a digital world

our communication systems and our entire

infrastructure have become dependent on

a continuous stream of data much of

which is transmitted by satellite the

satellites would be the first things to

suffer a hit we need to make sure our

navigation satellites aren't affected a

fan in to prevent the image we might

need to take these systems offline till

it's over

of course we'll also try to build more

stable systems which are less vulnerable

to these events we can't control but if

we realize something's headed our way we

need to shut down these systems and when

it's over we can restart them I mean

David our office of fun nowadays the Sun

is observed and monitored around the

clock both from the earth and from

probes in outer space

in 1995 Issa and NASA launched the Soho

scientific observatory the spacecraft

delivers images of solar eruptions in

real time the Soho satellite carries a

large range of instruments onboard which

can be used to study everything from the

inner core of the Sun to its outer

corona the data gathered by the

satellite is also exceptionally high in

quality for Zoho bodies on engrossment

and dance before Soho the Sun was around

the boring static store was the sea but

we knew that it had several layers and

we knew it had occasional eruptions

our thanks to Soho and the instruments

that followed we know that the Sun is

constantly bubbling

egon vas email explode yet there's

always something exploding somewhere on

the Sun it's never quiet and ever

God says we've been forced to completely

overturn our understanding of the Sun

it's all thanks to Soho thanks

the Soho mission is now more than 20

years old but it's still one of the most

important satellite observatories

providing data about the Sun

so where does this probe need to be to

have the best possible view of the Sun

well it needs to have the same angle of

view as the earth and to be able to

communicate easily with the earth

community and come as it happens there's

an excellent spot for that between the

Earth and the Sun Dean Sean woods yet to

take a look this in the middle is the

Sun I'm here in the moon's wasana

150 kilometers away is the earth to have

the same angle of view the Sun needs to

be near the earth and it needs to be

able to communicate easily with earth

and for them it will need to be located

at a specific point if I draw a line of

connection from the Sun and the earth

that point will have to be situated on

this line on sight about this point

right here it can't be too far from the

earth so cosine

it's about 1.5 million kilometers away

when this point has other beneficial

characteristics it's called the l1 point

for the first Lagrange point from Earth

the goulds was an old French physicist

who demonstrated some important aspects

of this point for example when I

position a probe there it stays there we

won't keep moving that's nice

because I won't need fuel to maintain

the probe in that position but this

point also has a major disadvantage

which we'll examine from a different

perspective

he finally toward the Sun from a

position on earth the probe would be

visible right in the middle of the Sun

to DES on it Susan Ozzie sure I'm

standing on the earth here looking

toward the Sun this is an enormous

disadvantage because whenever the probe

communicates with me the signal would be

drowned out by the sun's radiation

I wouldn't be able to hear or see

anything coming from that probe so the

probe needs to be moved slightly

off-center this l1 point has another

lovely aspect to

has what is called a halo orbit meaning

an orbit that circles this point yes my

mouse sketch that right here positioning

it not in the middle of the Sun but

outside it if I direct my antenna at

this orbit I can communicate with the

probe the probe will still have a very

good view of the Sun that's what's so

wonderful about this l1 point and that's

why Soho is positioned there and is

important

[Music]

the European Space Agency's new solar

orbiter mission will also study the Sun

ISA satellite will also help us better

understand the impact of the Sun here on

earth

one of the solar orbiters tasks will be

observing solar wind and space weather

let's go to August have it the solar

orbiter will leave the Earth's orbit

methane will then follow its Boeing very

elliptical orbit around the Sun on one

side it will be quite close to the Sun

and on the opposite side will be further

away and it will leave the Earth's

elliptical orbit the Earth's orbit level

as the solar orbiter will be able to

observe the poles of the Sun through its

telescopes which will also be a first

the mission has been designed to deliver

new data about the star at the center of

our planetary system for the first time

ever observations will be carried out of

the rear of the Sun the instruments

onboard the solar orbiter will generate

a 360-degree image of the sun's magnetic

field it's hoped that the data provided

by the mission will help scientists

better understand the inner workings of

the Sun and the impact it has on the

earth and other planets in our solar

system

[Music]

the Max Planck Institute for solar

system research in gutting in Germany is

taking part in the mission the Institute

conducts research on a range of topics

involving the Sun the heliosphere and

solar winds this research isn't only

being conducted by satellites with their

sunrise project the gutting and

researchers are breaking new ground

sunrise is a balloon borne solar

observatory many of the sun's secrets

are contained within the ultraviolet

radiation that it emits into outer space

on earth however our atmosphere absorbs

the majority of this ultraviolet

radiation as a result precise

observations of this UV radiation cannot

be carried out from here on earth the

sunrise observatory floats at a height

of 35 kilometers in the Earth's

stratosphere from that unique vantage

point the observatory's telescope

provides researchers with

high-resolution images of the surface of

the Sun in deserts man over at that

altitude would send the 99% of the air

was below the observatory when it's fast

you're almost in a vacuum it's very

close to outer space and blow the sky is

black not blue and there's almost no

atmospheric turbulence Ithaca Dustin the

common you can take very high-resolution

images our goal was to achieve a special

resolution of less than 50 kilometers of

the solar surface and we succeeded

that's a fedora you could compare that

to being able to discern a 1 or 2 euro

coin from a distance of about 100

kilometers and family of yours and

sunrise thus provides the scientists

with a view of the Sun undisturbed by

the Earth's atmosphere

at a fraction of the cost of a space

mission by the way the death of a star

can take many different forms it depends

on its final mass when the final mass is

more than three times that of our Sun

you get a gigantic explosion a famous

supernova we're all familiar with that's

blood is what remains well a small black

hole that can't be seen thank you in

spite of next you have stars with a mass

somewhere between 1.5 and 3 times that

of our Sun also get a gigantic explosion

but that will leave behind what's called

a neutron star that's visible through a

telescope it's very small only about 15

kilometers in diameter it's very bright

and as dense as an atomic nucleus then

there's the third possibility which is

what will happen with our Sun the Sun

will shed its outer layers leaving

behind a white dwarf fruit which glows

with a bright light fast and what's it

made of almost entirely of carbon

basically like a diamond but it doesn't

sparkle like a gemstone it's just a

clump of carbon atoms stuff that told me

based on their observations of the Stars

researchers have also drawn conclusions

about the history and the future of our

Sun

[Music]

the study of aging stars can serve as a

blueprint to better understand the Sun

these will be Samia den Sophie how do we

know so much about the birth of the Sun

we know it from our observations of

other stars or things we can observe

them in various places and not just one

star but many of them you can observe

places where stars are being formed but

we also see stars that are dying that

are bloated that are the red giants you

can observe the moment that they shed

their outer layers which is very

beautiful viewed through the telescopes

and that is cool because you can see the

planetary nebula as well as the core

which is the white dwarf device and sag

a BC first it's enclosed in layers these

a later the layers are shed and only the

white dwarf remains and you also see

ones that have run their course that are

nearly extinguished the faster notion

the researchers are on a never-ending

journey to the limits of human knowledge

they are searching for the blueprint of

the universe the pace of research is

accelerated as have the insights it

offers us the more deeply scientists

venture into space the more information

they gather about our planetary system

to carry out direct observations of the

Sun researchers have also been

developing ever more precise and

specialized instruments

[Music]

einstein tower is an observatory on a

hill in the city of Potsdam just outside

Berlin built by architect Eric Mendel's

own in 1920 it houses what was once

Europe's most important solar telescope

[Music]

the telescope was designed by

astrophysicist Arvind Finley finally to

test Albert Einstein's recently

developed theory of general relativity

that accounts for the structures named

Einstein tower while researchers at the

observatory did not succeed in proving

the theory of general relativity Albert

Einstein received a lifetime appointment

as chair of the board of trustees of the

observatory Foundation

let's list them from 50 kopecks laws now

we basically have to move the dome so

that sunlight strikes the mirror these

are speaker faint a suddenly this mirror

catches the sunlight you can see an axis

here parallel to the Earth's rotational

axis so when the Sun moves across the

firmament we can retrace that movement

with this mirror it sends the light to

the second mirror whose only purpose is

to direct the light vertically downward

into the telescope the light then

strikes a lens that's 60 centimeters in

diameter it has a focal length of 14

meters and produces a solar image that's

about this size 14 centimeters down in

the optical laboratory the laboratory in

the basement of the Einstein Tower

the mirror under the dome directs the

sunlight into the telescope located

inside the tower the height of the tower

in turn determines the focal length of

the telescope

Duncan as endless sunlight can pass into

the basement laboratory the telescope

rests on its own foundation

to protect it from vibration it's

surrounded by the tower which serves as

a protective shell the sunlight passes

through the tower down to the basement

a thief left on all the light then hits

this mirror which redirects it over this

optical bench where we can carry out

tests on instruments then the light

strikes this wall this is the

spectrograph gap the basement of the

tower is where the actual research

laboratory is located once the light

arrives here it is diverted again the

spectrograph lies at the heart of the

observatory

it's where sunlight is separated into

its individual wavelengths by analyzing

the spectral lines scientists can

determine the chemical composition of

the Sun

the Einstein tower and its soda

telescope belonged to the light knits

Institute for Astrophysics in Potsdam

researchers here are still working with

a data that has been collected over

decades of observation here you see the

times of day and which cameras were

observed these are basically the

Einstein towers laboratory reports we

can still use the data recorded here and

analyze it Audino all these here are the

photographic plates every day weather

permitting photographs were taken of the

entire solar disk so here you can see

sunspots extending in a row along the

equator from east to west and here are

similar groups that extend from the edge

of the Sun here to the middle of the Sun

the telescope in Einstein tower is still

fully operational even today instruments

to observe the Sun are developed and

tested here nowadays though solar

observations are conducted with far more

modern instruments and they have moved

to areas that are more remote far from

any city

Gregor Europe's largest solar telescope

is situated on a volcano on the Spanish

island of Tenerife high above the cloud

cover the calm and clear air offers

perfect conditions for a solar

observatory Gregor was co-developed by

researchers from the Institute for

Astrophysics in Potsdam the telescope's

large main mirror can obtain solar

images of unprecedented quality and

resolution in a solar telescope a large

mirror is key

this one is 1.5 metres in diameter you

need a large mirror to collect a lot of

light which we need to carry out in our

precise measurements the larger the

mirror more high-res your solar image

will be Gregor first set its sights on

the Sun in 2012 since then it's been

supplying images that would be

impossible to obtain in Germany

oh Sh lucky atmospheric conditions are

the most important criteria for deciding

where to build a solar telescope I

figure as he shined this first the Sun

has to shine more often it shines the

better that suggests it's best to go

south where you have sunnier weather

conditions then in our northerly

latitudes

a mountaintop is also good the higher

you are in the Earth's atmosphere the

better and clearer your view

a new generation of solar telescopes are

already in planning one is est the new

European solar telescope its main mirror

will be four meters in diameter making

it Europe's largest solar telescope

this high-resolution telescope will

allow scientists to investigate

fundamental processes of the Sun in

greater detail the researchers hope to

obtain new insights into the Sun from

its deep photosphere to the upper

chromosphere by the way did you know

that our Sun vibrates that's because our

Sun at about 5,000 degrees Celsius is

molten a liquid all the way through

imagine our Sun is an enormous droplet

of water like any drop of water it can

vibrate under conditions of zero gravity

of course these vibrations are so small

that we can't see them from here on

earth they can only be seen using very

special instruments that observe the Sun

in great detail since other stars are

about as hot as our Sun they vibrate in

much the same way in carrying out their

research astrophysicists have embarked

on a journey into infinity our own Milky

Way contains more than 100 billion stars

and our solar system is just one among

many but it is the study of our own Sun

that lies at the foundation of

Astrophysical research our Sun forms the

basis for understanding other stars is

there such a thing as the perfect stars

the store that makes biological life

possible yes there is but to understand

why we first have to look at a

completely ordinary star for example

Trappist one that's the star we see here

on the far left which was discovered

quite recently it's a red dwarf star and

what's also interesting is that it has

many planets seven planets as you can

see here but only two are located in

just the right spot these ones here

which as you can see are blue that's

because they have

liquid water on them in other words

their surface temperatures somewhere

between zero and a hundred degrees

Celsius which is where life can arise

other planets which are further out or

already too cold

they've only got ice and the ones that

are further in are too hot they're

already more than a hundred degrees

Celsius so life can't emerge there what

we need are planets in the habitable

zone the big problem with Trappist one

and indeed all red dwarf stars is that

they emit huge blasts of radiation that

radiation reaches the planets and would

extinguish the basis for life there so

what we need is a good natured star in

the middle what's called a g-type star

our own Sun is a G star a very happy and

content star that's been burbling away

without any outbursts for many billions

of years plus the earth is situated

right in the middle of the habitable

zone in that sense the earth and Sun are

perfectly situated for the emergence of

biological life

for many years scientists were puzzled

by the dark spots in our Milky Way and

in other galaxies a dark band divides

the Milky Way into two clouds of such

density that the light of the stars

can't pass through it but it is these

clouds that contain the matter from

which new stars can emerge these star

factories can give rise to thousands of

new stars the Orion Nebula in the Milky

Way is the closest such star Factory to

earth this stellar nursery gives birth

to very massive stars the enormous

hydrogen nebula is 1344 light-years from

Earth just around the corner in galactic

terms the Orion Nebula is about three

million years old

in its center lies a collection of young

stars

[Music]

using infrared and x-ray telescopes

astronomers have been observing the

birth of new stars in this galactic

nursery in what is almost a live

performance

our galaxy the Milky Way contains about

1,500 such nebula they are all regions

in which stars are born the basic

principle is always the same the death

of massive stars promotes the birth of a

new generation down when a star dies

that gives back a part of its mass to

the interstellar medium medium confined

in the case of the Sun that would be the

entire outer layer that would be half

perhaps more than half that will return

to the interstellar medium nothing stood

out immediately even death know these

stars that are even more massive return

more of their mass for example stars

that are 10 or 20 times heavier than the

Sun kind of team media those stars don't

live ten billion years they live only

around 100 million years or ten million

years or even less what's the latest and

they're very short-lived stars explode

the energy in the end they explode

they're torn to bits that just a small

bit remains at the core the outer layers

are thrown off at enormous speed

dying stars return part of their mass to

the interstellar medium ever since the

Big Bang

this dust comprised of what were once

stars gives rise to new celestial bodies

in particular planets that bear a

resemblance to earth

in our all-stars only children I know

definitely not many stars have siblings

most have one sibling in fact let me

explain yes Liam it all begins with that

enormous cloud of gas which collapses on

itself it begins to rotate laws of

physics have to maintain that angular

momentum

despite this gravitational collapse

that's accomplished most easily with two

stars let's sketch this out on the one

side we have one star they don't have to

be the same size this one is for example

smaller to maintain the angular momentum

the two stars need to revolve around

each other like this so now the question

is where did the planets emerge and

where do they revolve well there are two

very different possibilities the first

is a planet revolving in the direct

vicinity of the star as I'll sketch here

or you could have a planet emerge

further away which revolves around both

stars as you can see here I've drawn a

somewhat wobbly line why is that well

while the planet revolves here on the

outside the two stars move here at the

center so the planet is constantly

subjected to slightly variable

gravitational forces that's why the

orbit isn't a perfect circle the same

thing is happening here this planet

revolving here subjected to the

gravitational pull of the other star

from here and here or here so it's orbit

also has bumps and bulges over the

orbits such as these are very unsuited

to life since they mean that climate

conditions will be highly variable in

other words small bacterial life forms

might arise that aren't terribly

bothered by climate conditions but

higher forms of life such as human life

need a very stable climate over millions

of years that's exactly what all these

planetary orbits don't provide and

that's the reason why it's very unlikely

that life would emerge in these binary

star systems

one of the most famous scenes in Star

Wars also drew inspiration from a binary

sunset

in the past scientists believed that

planets did not exist in binary star

systems meanwhile however their

existence is well documented

both offense is famous binary star

systems are relatively common system

there are also systems with more than

two stars three or even more I have

that's because when stars are formed

it's usually not just a single star

understand that could be that's that's

and then when one of those enormous

clouds collapse in interstellar space

great many stars are formed an entire

group of stars I understand and if two

stars happen to be near enough to one

another and if they're not moving

terribly fast so gravity will draw them

closer together and then they'll begin

to revolve around one another unfun an

omen under two cries no astronomers

estimate that up to 70 percent of all

stars in our galaxy are part of a binary

or multi star system most probably have

their own planetary system and it could

well be that some of these systems

contain exoplanets revolving in a stable

orbit a planetary system such as ours

with just one central star might be an

exception within the Infinity that is

our universe our Sun an enormous ball of

fire a nuclear reactor brimming with

seemingly endless energy a star that we

experience directly here on earth and an

object whose characteristics and

peculiarities we continue to investigate

and explore and yet our Sun is just one

star among billions in our galaxy it is

nothing but a blip in the endless

expanse of the universe and like every

star in the cosmos the Sun will one day

be extinguished

easy what will the end of our son look

like well for the next 20 30 40 maybe 50

million years nothing at all will happen

he's on the son will just continue to

burble along as it does now but as it

does it will expand very very slowly and

it will grow warmer very slowly

temperatures on the earth will continue

to rise until they reach about 100

degrees Celsius about a billion years

from now by then our oceans will have

evaporated and that will spell the end

of human life as I said that's a billion

years from now so that's nothing to

worry about but that won't be the end of

our Sun it will continue to expand and

grow hotter until it finally consumes

the earth in the first limit and that

will be the end of our earth eventually

the Sun will cast off its outer layers

and collapse and a small white dwarf

will remain those outer layers will be

incorporated into other clouds of gas a

great distance away they'll also contain

elements that make up our bodies these

these clouds of gas will eventually

collapse to giving rise to new stars and

new planets and a new cosmic cycle will

begin cosmic shot sucrose

we are surrounded by infinity that is

beyond human comprehension a universe in

which the Sun and our solar system

are nothing but specks of sand in an

enormous ocean just like our Sun once

emerged from a nebula of matter in the

end it will cast off its outer layers

and be reabsorbed into this strange

cosmic landscape a landscape of light

gas and Stardust formed and shaped by

cosmic wind and radiation some six

billion years from now when our Sun

finally runs out of fuel when its

hydrogen supplies have run dry in its

celestial fire has been extinguished

then it too will contribute to the

eternal renewal of the universe

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