C_01 Introduction to C Language | C Programming Tutorials
Summary
TLDRThis introductory video on programming in C language explores the necessity of programming, explaining how computers execute tasks through sequences of instructions, or programs. It highlights the importance of programming languages as a means to communicate with machines, which understand only binary language. The video delves into the evolution from machine-level to high-level languages, emphasizing C language's role in system programming, its development by Dennis Ritchie in 1972, and its significance in creating software like UNIX. The speaker promises to cover the compilation process and the role of compilers, linkers, and loaders in future videos, providing a foundational understanding before delving deeper into programming concepts.
Takeaways
- 💡 Programming is essential for communicating with computers to perform tasks, as they only understand binary language (0s and 1s).
- 🔢 Computers are general-purpose machines that can perform any computational task, but require specific instructions to do so.
- 📝 A program is a sequence of instructions written to tell the computer what task to perform.
- 🌐 The need for programming languages arises because computers do not understand human languages like English or Hindi.
- 🛠️ Programming languages act as a bridge between human-readable code and the binary language that computers execute.
- 🖥️ Computers come with pre-installed programs, including system software that manages hardware resources and application software for specific tasks.
- 💻 Writing programs in simple English is not sufficient; they must be written in a programming language that the computer can understand and convert into machine code.
- 🔑 The C language, developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972, is a system programming language used for writing operating systems and other software.
- ⚙️ C is a compiled language, which means that a compiler converts the human-readable C code into machine code that the CPU can execute.
- 📚 The development of C was primarily to overcome limitations of the B language and to write the Unix operating system.
- 🔄 High-level languages like C make programming more portable and less machine-dependent compared to lower-level machine or assembly languages.
Q & A
What is the primary purpose of programming?
-The primary purpose of programming is to communicate with the computer by writing a sequence of instructions that the computer can execute to perform a specific task or computational process.
Why do we need to write programs for a computer to perform tasks?
-We need to write programs because computers can only understand binary language (0s and 1s), and they require a set of instructions to perform any task that we want them to do.
What are the two main types of programs found on a new computer?
-The two main types of programs found on a new computer are system programs, which manage system resources and hardware, and application programs, which are used to perform specific tasks for the user, like web browsers and text editors.
What is the difference between system software and application software?
-System software manages the computer's resources and hardware, while application software is designed to perform specific tasks for the user, such as word processing or browsing the internet.
Why do we need programming languages to write programs?
-We need programming languages because they provide a way for humans to communicate with computers. They are structured with characters, keywords, syntax, and rules that allow us to write programs that can be understood and executed by the computer.
What is the significance of C language in the history of programming languages?
-C language, developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972, is significant because it was used to write the UNIX operating system and is considered a system programming language. It was also the most widely used programming language during the 1980s and was standardized by ANSI in 1989.
What is the role of a compiler in programming?
-A compiler converts the high-level language code, such as C, into machine-level code or object code, which consists of zeros and ones that the computer's CPU can execute.
Why is the C language considered a compiled language?
-The C language is considered a compiled language because it requires a compiler to translate the code into machine-level instructions before it can be executed by the CPU.
What is the difference between high-level languages and machine-level languages?
-High-level languages, like C, are more abstract and human-readable, while machine-level languages consist of binary code (0s and 1s) that the CPU can directly execute. High-level languages require a compiler to convert them into machine-level code.
Why was the C language originally developed?
-The C language was originally developed to overcome the limitations of the B language and to write the UNIX operating system. It was designed to be more powerful and suitable for system programming tasks.
What are some examples of software that has been written in the C language?
-Examples of software written in C language include the UNIX operating system, Oracle, Android's core libraries, major parts of web browsers, and device drivers.
Outlines
💻 Introduction to Programming and C Language
The first paragraph introduces the concept of programming, explaining why programs are necessary and how they communicate with computers. It emphasizes that computers are general-purpose machines capable of performing any computational task but require specific instructions to do so. The speaker clarifies that computers understand binary language and that programs are sequences of instructions written in a language the computer can interpret. The paragraph also touches on the presence of system and application software on new computers and the need for users to write their own programs for specific tasks. It sets the stage for discussing programming languages and the C language in particular, which is the focus of the course.
🔧 Understanding Programming Languages and CPU's Role
This paragraph delves into the evolution of programming languages, starting from machine-level languages to high-level languages like C and Java. It highlights the difficulty of writing programs in machine language due to its dependence on specific CPU architectures, making it non-portable across different machines. The paragraph introduces the concept of assembly languages and the importance of high-level languages in enhancing portability. It also discusses the development of the C language by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Laboratories, its role in writing the UNIX operating system, and its prevalence in system programming. The speaker mentions that C is a compiled language, which requires a compiler to convert the code into machine code for execution by the CPU.
🛠 The Compilation Process and C Language's Legacy
The final paragraph focuses on the process of compiling a C program into an executable form that the CPU can understand and execute. It explains that the source code, typically with a '.c' extension, is compiled into an object file, which is then linked and loaded to form an executable file. The speaker promises to cover the complete process, including the roles of the compiler, linker, and loader, in a separate video. The paragraph also acknowledges the widespread use of C language in the 1980s and its standardization by ANSI in 1989. It concludes by setting expectations for the next video in the series.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Programming
💡Computer
💡Binary Language
💡Programming Languages
💡C Language
💡System Software
💡Application Software
💡Compiler
💡CPU (Central Processing Unit)
💡Machine Level Language
💡Portability
Highlights
Introduction to the course on programming in C language.
Discussion on the necessity of programming and why programs are written.
Explanation of how computers perform computational tasks through programs.
The importance of programming languages as a medium to communicate with computers.
Computers understand binary language, consisting only of 0s and 1s.
Programs are sequences of instructions for computers to perform tasks.
Differentiation between system programs and application programs.
The role of application software in performing user-specific tasks.
The need for programming languages to write programs comprehensible to humans.
Learning the basics of a programming language involves understanding its characters, keywords, syntax, and rules.
C language was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Laboratories.
C language was created as a successor to the B language for more powerful capabilities.
C language is widely used for system programming, including writing the Unix operating system.
C language was standardized by ANSI in 1989, becoming known as ANSI C.
The process of converting C language programs into machine code by a compiler.
C language is a compiled language, requiring a compiler to translate it into executable machine code.
The role of the CPU (Central Processing Unit) in executing machine code.
Introduction to the concept of machine level, assembly level, high level, and low level languages.
The historical context and evolution of programming languages from machine code to high-level languages.
The upcoming discussion on interpreters and the difference from compilers.
Conclusion of the first video with a teaser for the next video in the series.
Transcripts
so i'm going to start a course on
programming in c language and this is
the first video so i'm going to discuss
some basic things in this video
like what is need of programming why do
you write programs what is need of
writing these programs what is need of
programming languages and then we will
come to c language right so now let us
discuss what is need of programming why
do you write programs see
computer is what it's you can say
machine or you can say general purpose
machine the use of computer is what
which can be which can perform any task
any computational task not any task any
computational task it can perform right
but how do you communicate with computer
like suppose if you want to add two
numbers then it's not like that you will
say hey computer i want to add two
numbers four and five so tell me what is
the addition of four and five
no
computer will not understand your
language
so now what you will do
we will write some instructions you can
say sequence of instructions and we will
give those sequence or set of
instructions to computer
and then according to that computer will
perform your task right
so those set of instruction or what
program sequence of instructions are
what programs right that is why if you
want that your computer will perform
some task for you you have to write
programs right that is why we need to
write programs fine
but now see
the language of computer is what
binary language i hope everybody knows 0
and 1 computer can understand only
0 and 1 binary
so
if you write like if you write
instructions in english language in the
language or in any language computer
will not understand
then
what we will do that also will discuss
how that language how that program will
be converted into zero and when and then
computer will perform your task fine so
basically you can say what computer run
by programs computer is nothing without
programs it cannot do anything without
programs
when you purchase a new laptop or
computer that has already you know many
programs are already there in uh that
program so you can sorry in your
computer like some system programs
application programs or you must have
heard about system software's
application software software is what
definitely it is a set of programs right
so system programs means what they are
going to manage that system resources
they are going to manage the hardware
and application programs or application
softwares are what
they are basically used to perform your
task your favorite task like um web
browser is application software
and text editor in which you you can
edit you can write text you can edit
text ms office that is also a
application software right but suppose
if you want computer to perform
your task any specific task according to
that you have to write your own program
and you have to submit that program you
have to give that program to computer
and then computer will understand your
program or you can say those sequence of
instructions and according to that will
give you some output
right so now how do you write programs
like it's not like in simple english
language you will write programs and
submit to computer no it is not going to
understand
so for that thing we need programming
languages right see when we communicate
with each other
like if i want to communicate with you
then the languages may be english hindi
right
so and for communication what first of
all you need to understand the the
alphabets first we we uh
study what abcd and then words
then we frame sentences by using
grammars and all right and then we
communicate then we frame sentences and
then we communicate with each other
same thing in language also you need to
learn
something before before writing the
programs like
the characters
character set of that language keywords
and
some syntaxes and some rules right and
then we can write programs and then we
can interact with computers
right
but the point here is what computer can
understand only 0 and 1 and you are
writing programs in what
if suppose c language we take example of
c language then definitely we are not
going to write like 0 1 0 0 1 suppose i
write this one
this is a bunch of 0's and 1 but we are
not able to understand what is meaning
of this thing
right but maybe computer can understand
obviously commuter will understand
because it is language of computer
right
so we write what hash include studio dot
touch hash include corneo dot then word
main then
integer a b
a b then printf scanf and everything
so
that
program first of all have to be
converted into
this language machine language zero and
one form
and then computer will
execute your program or more
specifically i would say cpu
because it is what processor central
processing unit
this is processor this is you can say
heart of computer the calculation the
computation the task which you are going
you need to perform on computer that is
going to be performed by cpu more
specifically if i will say
then cpu will give you
output right so if you write
program in this format this is what
machine level language i hope you have
heard about machine level languages
assembly level languages then high level
languages or low level languages middle
level languages right but we will uh
generally prefer to call high level
languages right high level languages
means the c c plus plus java these are
understandable by human because if we
write this if we see at this code
then we are not going we will not
understand what is this so this is
machine level
language right but before invention of
these high level languages they used to
write programs in this format see you
can imagine how tough it was at that
time
to write program in this language
machine language because see
and this is what this is according to
you know
those uh cpu architecture some set of
specifications are there which some
architecture is there which cpu follows
uh i think you will you or maybe you
have studied the subject co a computer
organization and architecture in that
you must have studied those
architectures right
so according to those specification
those arc architecture of the cpu this
code will differ
it means it is machine dependent in one
computer
the same program like addition of two
numbers let us suppose uh
in at one cpu
right
suppose according to the cpu
architecture of the specifications the
instruction can be given in 20 bits like
20 bits right
and first 4 bit are for
operator i hope everybody know like i
suppose i am writing 1 plus 2
1 and 2 these are operands and plus is
operator here we write as op code
suppose these first 4 bits are for this
class to indicate this plus and
suppose here plus
i'll write like 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
so computer will understand
that this is for plus
that he has to perform plus operation
right and then next 8 bits are for 1
this operand and next eight bit are for
second operand we will write these two
operands into binary form right
like zero zero zero seven zeros and one
and two how you will write
this is two in binary form so that we
will write here and when we submit this
instruction then
the cpu will perform addition on one on
one and two and it will give you the
result right and suppose
the according to the specification of
cpu to second processor
may be there
plus
is 0 0 0 1
right or maybe the length of the
instruction is something else not 20
bits
so
it's not easy to write programs in
machine language because it is dependent
on
that machine to machine so it is not the
programs are not portable in one machine
if you are writing program for edition
then again you have to write rewrite
that program for second machine it's not
like that the same program will run on
second machine
that is very difficult then
assembly level languages come
these levels will discuss in a separate
video with more details and after that
high level languages come to overcome
these limitations to add portability
concept so that one program on one
machine we write and that program can
easily be ported to second machine means
we can
we can run that program same program on
second machine also without any
modification or maybe you can say with
few modifications
right so now let us discuss what is c
language
see it was developed by dennis ritchie
in 1972 where bell laboratories the
headquarter of these bell labs are where
in new jersey u.s right
and it is before c the language was
developed b language
so you can say c is what successor of b
language it was developed by uh
ken thompson right why c language was
developed at that time basically the
main purpose was
to uh you know uh
write operating system that is unix
operating system
that was already written in b language
but there was some limitations so to
overcome those limitations because c was
more powerful than b language right
so they used
to
write the kernel of unix operating
system they used this language c
language so c is basically you can say
it's a system programming languages
language many softwares have been
written in c language oracle android the
core libraries of android was written in
c language
major part of web browser is written in
c language device drivers written in c
language and unix operating system so c
is you can say the most popular
programming language and during 1980s c
was the most widely used programming
language
and in 1989 it was standardized by ansi
that is why uh after that it is called a
nsic
and see
how the computer is going to understand
what whatever we will write in c
language because here it is not machine
level language here we are not going to
write the bunch of zeros and ones right
so first of all the program that you
will write in c language that is to be
converted into that object uh file or
object code or you can say that machine
code zeros and ones and who is going to
convert it compiler
that is why it is known as compiled
language right and the program is ah
written like the name of the program is
abc suppose and the extension of c
program is
dot c right so uh the compiler is going
to convert it into that obj file object
code machine level code and then
the cpu will run this
program the whole process we are going
to discuss in a separate video like the
basic the execution how the program is
going to be executed when it is going to
be converted in object file by
whom and what is the role of that linker
and loader and executable file when
executable file will be
formed and
then
how you will get the output that also
will discuss in a separate video the
complete process one more ah thing is
interpreter and the main task of
interpreter is also
to convert this program high level
program into object code but the
difference will see in a separate video
so now that's it for this video now i'm
going to see in the next video till then
bye take
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