Plant Pathogen Interaction | Signalling
Summary
TLDRThis video delves into the intricate dynamics of plant-pathogen interactions, highlighting the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in triggering plant immunity. It explains two immunity responses: effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and pattern/PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). The script details how pathogen effectors are detected by resistance proteins, leading to hypersensitive response (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). It also covers the hormonal signaling pathways activated by different pathogens, resulting in the production of defense genes and proteins to combat infection.
Takeaways
- đż The interaction between plant cells and pathogens involves the recognition of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) by the plant's Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs).
- đĄïž Plant cells have a defense mechanism known as Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) and Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) to combat pathogens.
- đ PTI is initiated when the plant's PRRs bind to PAMPs on the pathogen, activating a signaling cascade that leads to the expression of defense genes.
- đ The defense response can also be triggered by the detection of pathogen effectors by the plant's Resistance (R) proteins, which leads to a Hypersensitive Response (HR).
- đ„ HR results in an oxidative burst and the production of callose, lignin, and phytoalexins, which help to contain the infection and prevent its spread to neighboring cells.
- đ± Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) is an advanced form of immunity where the plant produces proteins like PR-1 and chitinases to degrade the pathogen's cell wall and exoskeleton.
- đ± Hormonal signaling pathways are activated in response to different types of pathogens, with biotrophic pathogens inducing the SA pathway and necrotrophic pathogens inducing the JA pathway.
- đ The activation of these hormonal pathways leads to the transcription of Pathogenesis-Related (PR) genes, which in turn express PR proteins to combat the infection.
- đ± The production of PR proteins is part of the plant's immune response to contain and prevent the spread of pathogen infection.
- đ The video script provides an overview of the complex mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions and the plant's immune system's strategies to defend against infections.
Q & A
What is the role of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in plant-pathogen interactions?
-PAMPs are molecules found on the surface of pathogens that are recognized by the plant's pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), initiating the plant's immune response.
What are the two types of immunity discussed in the script related to plant-pathogen interactions?
-The two types of immunity discussed are effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and pattern or PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI).
How do pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on a plant cell interact with pathogens?
-PRRs on the plant cell surface bind to PAMPs of the pathogen, which triggers the PTI and initiates the plant's immune response.
What is the function of resistance proteins (R proteins) in the context of plant immunity?
-Resistance proteins are part of the plant's immune system that detect pathogen effectors, leading to the activation of defense mechanisms such as the hypersensitive response (HR).
What is the significance of the hypersensitive response (HR) in plant defense?
-The HR is a rapid response to pathogen invasion that results in localized cell death to prevent the spread of the pathogen, and it also triggers systemic acquired resistance (SAR).
How does the plant cell combat pathogen effectors that are injected to hijack the plant's cellular system?
-The plant cell uses nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins that act as sensor proteins to detect pathogen effectors, leading to the activation of R genes and the subsequent defense response.
What is the role of the MAPK cascade in the plant's immune response?
-The MAPK cascade is activated by PTI and leads to the activation of defense genes in the plant cell, which helps in combating the pathogen.
What are the two types of hormonal signaling pathways that are activated by different types of pathogens?
-The two types of hormonal signaling pathways are the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, induced by biotrophic pathogens, and the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway, induced by necrotrophic pathogens.
How do PR genes contribute to the plant's defense against pathogens?
-PR genes encode for pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, which are part of the plant's defense mechanism and help combat pathogen infection in various ways.
What is the purpose of the lignin and callose deposition in the cell walls of surrounding cells during the hypersensitive response?
-The deposition of lignin and callose strengthens the cell walls of surrounding cells, preventing the spread of infection to other cells and thus containing the pathogen.
How does the plant's immune system respond to different types of pathogens, such as necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens?
-Different types of pathogens activate different hormonal pathways. Biotrophic pathogens induce the SA pathway, while necrotrophic pathogens induce the JA pathway, leading to the transcription of PR genes and the production of defense proteins.
Outlines
đż Plant-Pathogen Interaction Dynamics
This paragraph delves into the intricate dance of interaction between plants and pathogens. It begins by setting the stage for the discussion, introducing the key players: plant cells with their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and pathogens with their pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). The script explains the initial recognition process where PAMPs are identified by PRRs, triggering a cascade of immune responses. Two types of immunity are highlighted: effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and pattern/PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). The paragraph further explores the mechanisms of PTI, including the activation of the MAPK cascade and the expression of defense genes. It also touches on ETI, where pathogen effectors are detected by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins, leading to a hypersensitive response (HR) that isolates the infection. The HR is described as a short-term response that also triggers systemic acquired resistance (SAR), an advanced form of immunity. The paragraph concludes with a look at how different types of pathogensânecrotrophic and biotrophicâinduce different hormonal signaling pathways, ultimately leading to the production of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins that combat infection.
đ Conclusion and Call to Action
The final paragraph serves as a conclusion to the video, summarizing the complex process of plant immunity against pathogens. It wraps up the discussion by emphasizing the plant's ability to encounter and combat pathogens effectively. The script invites viewers to engage with the content, encouraging them to like the video if they found it informative and to subscribe to the channel for more such insightful content. This paragraph acts as a bridge between the educational material presented and the viewer's experience, fostering a sense of community and continued learning.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄPlant Pathogen Interaction
đĄPattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
đĄPathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)/Microbe-Associated Molecular Pattern (MAMP)
đĄResistance Protein
đĄPathogen Effectors
đĄEffector-Triggered Immunity (ETI)
đĄPattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI)
đĄHypersensitive Response (HR)
đĄSystemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
đĄHormonal Signaling Pathway
đĄPathogenesis-Related (PR) Proteins
Highlights
Plant pathogen interaction involves the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by plant cells.
Plant cells possess pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that interact with PAMPs on the pathogen surface.
Pathogens have effector molecules that can hijack the plant cellular system.
Plant immunity includes two types: effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and pattern-triggered immunity (PTI).
PTI is initiated when PRRs bind to PAMPs, triggering a defense response in the plant cell.
The MAPK cascade is activated by PTI, leading to the expression of defense genes.
Pathogen effectors are detected by NB-LRR proteins, which act as sensor proteins in the plant.
Detection of pathogen effectors by NB-LRR proteins leads to a hypersensitive response (HR).
HR causes an oxidative burst and the production of callose, which helps contain the infection.
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an advanced form of immunity triggered by HR.
SAR involves the transcription of proteins like PR1 and chitinases, which degrade pathogen cell walls.
Different pathogens activate different hormonal signaling pathways in plants.
Biotrophic pathogens induce the SA pathway, while necrotrophic pathogens induce the JA pathway.
Hormonal pathways activate the transcription of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, which express defense proteins.
Defense proteins like chitinases combat pathogen infection by degrading their cell walls.
The video provides an overview of how the plant immune system works against pathogens.
The video concludes with an invitation for viewers to like, subscribe, and support the channel.
Transcripts
in this video we'll be discussing about
plant pathogen interaction what we will
see how pathogen interacts with the
plant cell before getting into the
interaction pathway first of all we will
see what are the proteins and petals
involved in the process of interaction
in plant cell we see it has got PR all
on its surface
that's pattern recognition receptors and
in pathogen we see it has got PMP or ma
MP pathogen associated molecular pattern
or microbe associated molecular pattern
and it's this PMP molecule which
recognizes PR or of the plant cell then
we see plant cell has got a gene which
expresses our protein terminus
resistance protein and in pathogens they
have got effector molecules called
pathogen effectors and these are
detected by our protein in the plant
cell now in plant immunity we come
across with two types of immunity one is
ETA that's effector triggered immunity
and other being the PGI thats pattern or
PMP trigger immunity for the pathogen
effectors evokes the EDI Wireless PMP or
ma MP evokes the PTI now let's get into
the detail of plant pathogen interaction
we see in this diagram we have a plant
cell which is getting in controlled by a
pathogen on the pathogen it has got
small molecules what we called as PMP or
ma MP Wireless on plant cell it has got
PR or molecules as shown in the diagram
and these PR or molecules will bind to
the PMP molecules of pathogen after PR R
recognizes and receives the PMP molecule
the signal is mediated and this signal
mediates or we can say triggers the PGI
that's pattern or PMP triggered immunity
and furthermore this PTI will initiate
the MAPK cascade which would eventually
activate the expression of defense genes
in plant cell this is one type of
immunity and its basic one but there is
another way how plant cell combats the
pathogen we see in the meantime pathogen
also secretes some molecules called
effector molecules or pathogen effect
doors and when these molecules are
injected into the cell by pathogen in
order to hijack the plant cellular
system these pathogen effectors are
detected by NB LR are proteins that's
nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat
this n BL are are acts as a sensor
protein and this protein is a class of
our protein remember it that's
resistance protein so upon detection of
pathogen effectors
the our genes are activated which causes
ion flux while there is a flux of
hydroxide and potassium ions and influx
of calcium and hydrogen ions and this
ultimately causes HR that's
hypersensitive response the HR in turn
causes oxidative burst by producing
always with which the cell gets
distracted and it must be noted that
always also triggers the deep ocean of
lignin and Kalos to the walls of
surrounding cells with which infection
is not dispersed to the other cells so
in this way pathogen infection is
contained and nearby cells are not
getting infected
this is short-term response by plant but
not only this is a way to stop the
infection but there are other ways also
the hypersensitive response also
triggers other types of ETI with which
HR induces SAR that systemic occur your
resistance is a more advanced or
immunity in the plants in systemic
acquired resistance hypersensitive
response activates the transcription of
certain proteins like pi to alexander
and chitin eases both these compounds
degrades the cell wall of NJ and even
effects the exoskeleton of some
orthopods
so now the question is how these
defensive proteins are getting produced
within the plant cell when
hypersensitive response fails to
eradicate the infection it activates the
hormonal signaling pathway and different
pathogens activate different pathways
because we have two types of pathogens
one is necrotic pathogen which
completely destroyed the plant cell and
other is their bio tropic pathogen which
does not instantly caused much
destruction of the plant tissue so we
see here
Bell tropic pathogen induces the si
pathway that's silly silicic acid
pathway while a neurotropic pathogen
induces their J a pathway that's J's
monic pathway so both these different
types of pathogens initiate different
types of hormonal pathways and
furthermore these pathways activates the
transcription of PR gene pathogenesis
related to gene which are defense genes
in plant
so finally PR gene will Express PR
protein like chitin ASIS which will
combat the pathogen infection in several
ways so this is hop plant immune system
works when they encounter the pathogen I
hope you liked the video if you liked it
give it a thumbs up and make sure to
subscribe this channel
Thanks
Voir Plus de Vidéos Connexes
Pathogen Recognition Receptors & Innate immune Response || Toll-like Receptors
GCSE Biology - Immune System (Defences Against Pathogens) #38
Chapter 11.1b - Maturation and Activation of B Lymphocytes | Cambridge A-Level 9700 Biology
Types of immune responses: Innate and adaptive, humoral vs. cell-mediated | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Basics of IMMUNOLOGY I Lecture 1 I Immune system I Immunity I CSIRNET I UPSC I NEET I GATE I IITJAM
Aula: Imunologia - Sistema Complemento | Imunologia #8
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)