Edmund Husserl e a fenomenologia - Brasil Escola

Summary

In this educational lecture, Francisco Porfírio introduces the philosophy of Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology. Husserl aimed to make philosophy more scientific by exploring how human consciousness perceives the world. The lecture covers key concepts such as the phenomenon, epoche (suspension), and intentionality, emphasizing how our consciousness always directs itself toward something. Husserl’s phenomenology challenges traditional metaphysics by focusing on universal human experiences and perception, aiming for a clearer, more objective understanding of reality. The speaker also encourages students to engage with the material through likes, subscriptions, and social media interaction.

Takeaways

• 😀 Edmund Husserl was a German philosopher and mathematician, considered the founder of phenomenology.
• 😀 Phenomenology aims to study human perception and experience of the world to understand philosophical problems.
• 😀 Husserl sought to make philosophy more scientific and rigorous, moving away from abstract theories.
• 😀 He proposed that philosophy should focus on the common elements shared by all humans in perceiving the world.
• 😀 The concept of 'epoché' refers to suspending personal biases and judgments to perceive the world objectively.
• 😀 Husserl believed that to truly understand the world, one must temporarily set aside subjective experiences.
• 😀 The idea of 'intentionality' means that consciousness is always directed toward something—it’s never empty.
• 😀 According to Husserl, when we think, speak, or imagine, we are always focused on an object or idea.
• 😀 Husserl's approach emphasizes understanding how humans engage with phenomena, rather than subjective personal experiences.
• 😀 Husserl’s phenomenology was highly influential and inspired later philosophers, including Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

Q & A

Who was Edmund Husserl and what is his significance in philosophy?

Edmund Husserl was a German philosopher and mathematician, considered the founder of phenomenology, a branch of philosophy that attempts to understand human perception and experience of the world. His work aimed to make philosophical study more rigorous and scientific.

What was the central goal of Husserl’s philosophy?

Husserl's central goal was to establish phenomenology as a rigorous science, focusing on how humans perceive and understand the world. He sought to move beyond individual subjectivity to identify common elements of human experience.

How did Husserl define the concept of 'phenomenon'?

Husserl defined 'phenomenon' as something that appears to a person, both externally and in the way the individual perceives and internalizes it. It refers to the objective and subjective aspects of an experience.

What role does 'subjectivity' play in Husserl’s philosophy?

Husserl sought to overcome the issue of subjectivity in philosophy, which arose from the fact that each person perceives the world in their own way. He aimed to understand phenomena from a universal perspective, focusing on what is common to all human experiences.

What is the 'epoché' in Husserl’s philosophy?

The 'epoché' is a concept borrowed from ancient Greek, meaning suspension. It refers to the process of suspending one’s preconceived beliefs or judgments about the world in order to better understand phenomena from a neutral standpoint.

How does Husserl's concept of 'epoché' relate to his understanding of knowledge?

The 'epoché' allows individuals to step back from personal biases and subjective interpretations. It is a method of philosophical inquiry that helps isolate the pure experience of phenomena, allowing for a more objective understanding of the world.

How does Husserl’s phenomenology relate to sensory experience?

Phenomenology, according to Husserl, is deeply connected to sensory experience. Understanding phenomena requires immersion in the world through the senses, as it is through sensory perception that humans comprehend their surroundings.

What is meant by the 'intentionality' of consciousness in Husserl’s philosophy?

Intentionality refers to the idea that consciousness is always directed toward something. In other words, humans always think, speak, or imagine something specific. Consciousness, for Husserl, cannot exist in a vacuum; it is always about something external.

How does Husserl’s concept of intentionality challenge the idea of thinking about 'nothing'?

Husserl argued that consciousness is always directed toward something, meaning that even when one claims to be thinking about 'nothing,' they are still engaging in a mental act directed at an idea or concept, such as the very idea of 'nothing.'

Why is Husserl’s approach to phenomenology considered scientific?

Husserl sought to approach philosophy with the precision and rigor of the sciences. His goal was to create a more structured and exact framework for studying human perception and experience, which he believed would yield universal insights into the nature of reality.