Девиантное поведение: преступность, самоубийства, аномия, стигма, девиация — СОЦИОЛОГИЯ 6 — ТЕЛОС

Summary

The script delves into the sociological perspective on deviant behavior, exploring the causes and societal reactions to crimes like suicide, prostitution, adultery, and cannibalism. It discusses how poverty, race, and nationality influence crime tendencies and questions the societal norms that label certain behaviors as deviant. The transcript examines various theories, including Durkheim's view on crime and suicide as normal societal functions and Merton's concept of anomie. The role of social institutions, the impact of labeling, and the emergence of deviant subcultures are also highlighted, offering a comprehensive look at the complexities of deviance in society.

Takeaways

• 🎭 Deviant behavior is viewed differently across cultures and contexts, such as how murder is perceived in warfare versus robbery.
• 📊 Emile Durkheim noted that crime and suicide occur at stable rates in societies, indicating their normalcy within societal structures.
• 🔄 Deviant behavior can lead to social change by challenging existing norms and promoting new alternatives.
• ⚖️ Robert Merton highlighted that deviant behavior can have both positive and negative impacts on society, distinguishing between social functions and dysfunctions.
• 👮 Deviance differs from delinquency; deviants often reject societal norms, sometimes to provoke change or make a statement.
• 🧠 Psychological theories, like those of Freud, often fail to comprehensively explain deviant behaviors such as tax evasion.
• 🌍 Durkheim emphasized that societal cohesion and regulation play crucial roles in preventing suicides.
• 🔍 Howard Becker's labeling theory suggests that society's reaction to behavior is what defines it as deviant.
• 🚪 Edwin Lemert differentiated between primary deviance (initial act) and secondary deviance (result of societal reaction).
• 🔗 Subcultures form their own norms and values, often in response to societal barriers, as noted by Albert Cohen and Richard Cloward.

Q & A

What are some examples of deviant behavior discussed in the transcript?

Examples include crime, suicide, prostitution, adultery, and cannibalism.

How do sociologists explain deviant behavior such as crime and suicide?

Sociologists explain deviant behavior through various theories, including the impact of social norms, the role of societal reaction, and the influence of external social factors on individuals.

What is the absolutist perspective on deviance mentioned in the transcript?

The absolutist perspective considers certain behaviors, like killing, universally bad. However, in specific societies like cannibalistic ones, behaviors such as cannibalism may be normalized and even encouraged as traditions.

What does Emile Durkheim say about the normality of deviant behavior?

Durkheim argues that deviant behaviors like crime and suicide are normal parts of society, occurring with some stability. However, when their rates increase sharply and threaten society, they are considered abnormal.

How does deviant behavior contribute to social change, according to Durkheim?

Deviant behavior can act as an alternative to the existing order and promote social change by challenging norms and highlighting issues within the current system.

What is Robert Merton's perspective on the functions of deviant behavior?

Merton distinguishes between functions and dysfunctions of social phenomena, recognizing that deviant behavior can have both positive and negative impacts on society.

What are some physiological theories of deviance mentioned in the transcript?

Cesare Lombroso in the 19th century and William Sheldon in the 20th century considered criminal tendencies to be innate characteristics that could be identified by physical traits such as skull shape or body type.

How do psychoanalysts like Sigmund Freud explain deviant behavior?

Freud and other psychoanalysts attribute deviant behavior to unconscious aggressive or sexual instincts that are not restrained by the individual's super-ego.

What role does social integration and regulation play in the occurrence of suicides, according to Durkheim?

Durkheim suggests that higher levels of social integration and regulation reduce the incidence of suicides by providing individuals with a sense of belonging and controlling destructive desires.

What is Howard Becker's theory on the social construction of deviance?

Becker argues that social groups create rules and enforce them, labeling those who break these rules as deviants. Deviance is thus a result of societal reaction rather than the behavior itself.

What is the concept of 'stigma' as explained by Erving Goffman in relation to deviance?

Goffman describes stigma as a discrediting attribute that can be bodily deformity, individual character flaws, or social group membership, which leads to discrimination and exclusion by society.

How do different theories explain the learning of criminal behavior?

Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association posits that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others, where individuals adopt the methods, motives, and attitudes of criminals.