Independencia del Perú: Corriente Libertadora del Sur | Bicentenario del Perú | 1/3
Summary
TLDREl video 'La Independencia de Perú: La Corriente Liberadora del Sur' narra la historia del desafío de la aristocracia criolla y el proceso de independencia del virreinato del Perú, desencadenado por eventos como la invasión napoleónica a España y las rebeliones indígenas. Seguidamente, se describe la lucha de líderes como San Martín y Bolívar, y las expediciones fallidas contra la corona española. El video destaca la estrategia de San Martín por la liberación de Perú, su victoria en Chacabuco y Maipú, y la posterior proclamación de la independencia en Lima. Finalmente, se menciona la renuncia de San Martín y su entrega del poder a un nuevo congreso, dejando una legado de libertad y un mensaje de esperanza para el futuro de Perú.
Takeaways
- 👑 La virreinato del Perú era una posesión muy importante de la Corona española en América.
- 💥 La crisis del virreinato fue causada por la independencia de las 13 colonias en el norte, la revolución francesa y las invasiones napoleónicas de España.
- 🏛 La aristocracia criolla vio en la crisis una oportunidad para terminar con la opresiva monarquía española.
- 🇪🇸 La invasión napoleónica llevó al nombramiento de José I como nuevo emperador de España, lo cual fue rechazado por los liberales españoles.
- 📜 La promulgación de la primera constitución americana en 1812 estableció la igualdad legal entre peninsulares y criollos y extendió derechos a estos últimos.
- 🛡️ El virrey Fernando de Abascal se opuso a las juntas de gobierno establecidas en América, excepto en Buenos Aires.
- 🗺️ A pesar de los intentos de independencia en Perú, la falta de unidad y recursos, junto con traiciones, hicieron que los esfuerzos por la independencia fracasaran inicialmente.
- 🏞️ José de San Martín, tras ser testigo de derrotas en expediciones anteriores, decide liberar al Perú para consolidar la independencia de Sudamérica.
- ⚔️ San Martín forma el 'Ejército de los Andes' y logra importantes victorias en Chile, lo que le permite planificar la liberación del Perú.
- 🏳️🌟 El 28 de julio de 1821, San Martín proclama la independencia de Perú en la Plaza Mayor de Lima, aunque la independencia no era completa hasta la rendición del último fuerte realista.
- 🌟 San Martín, como protector de Perú, establece la estructura del nuevo estado, emancipa a los indígenas, crea la primera biblioteca nacional y funda la 'Orden del Sol'.
Q & A
¿Qué evento significativo llevó a la crisis del virreinato del Perú y cómo influyó en la aristocracia criolla?
-La crisis del virreinato del Perú fue causada por la independencia de las 13 colonias del norte de América, la revolución francesa en Europa, la invasión napoleónica de España y las rebeliones indígenas dentro del territorio nacional. Esto proporcionó la oportunidad para que la aristocracia criolla pusiera fin al poder monárquico que pesaba sobre ella y el territorio que ocupaba.
¿Quién fue José Napoleón y cómo se relaciona con la historia del virreinato del Perú?
-José Napoleón, también conocido como Pepe Botella, fue designado como el nuevo emperador de España con el título de José I después de la invasión napoleónica en 1808. Sin embargo, los liberales españoles rechazaron su liderazgo y decidieron apoyar al rey Fernando VII, asumiendo el control político de España y sus colonias.
¿Cuál fue el primer acto de rebelión en el Perú en busca de independencia?
-El primer acto de rebelión en busca de independencia fue el 'primer grito de Tacna' en 1811, liderado por Francisco de Zela, quien buscó abrir la senda a la primera expedición argentina bajo el mando de José Castelli.
¿Qué rol jugó Fernando de Abascal como Virrey del Perú durante la lucha por la independencia?
-Fernando de Abascal, como Virrey del Perú, se enfrentó a las juntas de gobierno instaladas en América, luchando para destruirlas y rechazando la nueva constitución que establecía la igualdad legal entre peninsulares y criollos, y extendía derechos a los últimos.
¿Quién fue José de San Martín y cómo contribuyó a la independencia del Perú?
-José de San Martín fue un líder clave en la lucha por la independencia del Perú. Aceptó las intenciones libertarias peruanas y creó el 'Ejército de los Andes', que cruzó el rango andino desde Argentina hacia el norte de Santiago, Chile, con el objetivo de atacar el virreinato del Perú por mar desde Chile.
¿Qué aconteció en la Batalla de Chacabuco y cómo influenció en la independencia de Chile?
-En la Batalla de Chacabuco, que tuvo lugar el 12 de febrero de 1817, San Martín derrotó al ejército realista, lo que permitió la entrada a Santiago de Chile y posteriormente selló la independencia chilena con su victoria en la Batalla de Maipú el 5 de abril del mismo año.
¿Cuál fue el propósito de la expedición naval contratada por San Martín?
-El propósito de la expedición naval contratada por San Martín fue asegurar el bloqueo a Callao y dejar el camino libre para la llegada del ejército liberador, con Lord Thomas Cochrane a cargo de la marina chilena.
¿Qué sucedió en la conferencia de Miraflores y por qué falló la negociación entre San Martín y la Pezuela?
-En la conferencia de Miraflores, celebrada el 24 de septiembre de 1820, se intentó una negociación diplomática entre San Martín y la Pezuela. Sin embargo, la negociación falló ya que San Martín quería implementar una monarquía constitucional, mientras que la Pezuela ofreció aceptar la constitución de Cádiz a cambio del retiro de las fuerzas liberadoras, lo que no fue aceptable para San Martín.
¿Cómo contribuyó la victoria en la Batalla de la Serena a la causa de la independencia?
-La Batalla de la Serena, que tuvo lugar el 6 de diciembre de 1820, significó una victoria esplendorosa para los patriotas y un profundo desengaño en la opinión española, lo que contribuyó significativamente a la causa de la independencia.
¿Qué simboliza la bandera que creó San Martín para la nueva nación peruana y cuáles fueron sus colores?
-La bandera que creó San Martín simbolizaba la nueva nación peruana y tomó los colores rojo y blanco de las banderas de Chile y Argentina, respectivamente, ya que estas naciones ayudaron a la independencia con sus armas.
¿Qué aconteció en la reunión entre San Martín y Simón Bolívar y qué implicaciones tuvo para la independencia del Perú?
-En la reunión entre San Martín y Simón Bolívar, se discutieron asuntos decisivos para la libertad definitiva de Sudamérica. Aunque no se alcanzó un acuerdo sobre la forma de gobierno que deberían adoptar las nuevas naciones, se decidió que Guayaquil permanecería en el territorio de Gran Colombia y que Bolívar enviaría tres batallones, pero no lucharía personalmente en la guerra en el Perú. Esto llevó a San Martín a renunciar a su posición y abandonar el Perú.
¿Qué medidas tomó San Martín para organizar el nuevo estado peruano durante su protectorado?
-Durante su protectorado, San Martín estableció departamentos y provincias, confiscó bienes de españoles que no se sometieron al nuevo gobierno, liberó a los indígenas de tributos y servicios forzados, y emitió la ley de 'libres vientres', estableciendo que a partir del 28 de julio de 1821 nadie nacería esclavo en el Perú. Además, estableció la libertad de imprenta y comercio, eligió el himno nacional del Perú, creó la primera biblioteca nacional, fundó la guardia civil y estableció la escuela normal para hombres para entrenar maestros con nuevos métodos pedagógicos.
¿Qué papel jugó el batallón Numancia en la lucha por la independencia del Perú y cómo se unió a la causa patriota?
-El batallón Numancia, enviado por la virreinato de Nueva Granada para reforzar al ejército realista, se unió a la causa patriota después de que uno de sus líderes principales, Tomás Heres, fuera convencido por San Martín de abandonar las filas del rey. Este hecho se comunicó a Simón Bolívar, y aunque el Numancia pertenecía a Colombia por origen, continuaría sirviendo en el Perú durante la campaña.
¿Qué sucedió con la expedición de San Martín en el valle de Jauja y cómo afectó a sus planes?
-La expedición enviada por San Martín al valle de Jauja, con el objetivo de atacar o contener a Canterac y evitar que llegara a Ica o la costa, resultó en un desastre. La división comandada por Domingo Tristán y Agustín Gamarra fue emboscada y casi completamente aniquilada por los realistas en la hacienda de Macacona, a media legua de Ica, el 7 de abril de 1822.
¿Cómo se llevó a cabo la renuncia de San Martín y cuál fue su mensaje final a los peruanos?
-San Martín renunció a su posición el 20 de septiembre de 1822, en la instalación del primer congreso. Después de jurar a los diputados, se despojó de su banda bicolor y expresó su deseo de que el congreso hiciera felices a los peruanos. Aceptó únicamente el título de Generalísimo de las tropas terrestres y marítimas de la nación, rechazando otros honores y beneficios, y dejó un mensaje final instando a los peruanos a confiar en su representación nacional y advirtiendo que la anarquía los devoraría si no lo hacían.
Outlines
🏛 La Independencia de Perú y el Desafío de la Aristocracia Creole
El texto narra la importancia del virreinato del Perú para la Corona Española y cómo los eventos políticos en Europa y América del Norte, incluyendo la independencia de las 13 colonias, la Revolución Francesa, la invasión napoleónica a España y las rebeliones indígenas, crearon una oportunidad para la aristocracia creole de deshacerse del poder monárquico. Se describe la resistencia del virrey Fernando de Abascal y las frustradas intentos de independencia, como el primer grito de Tacna en 1811 y la rebelión de Huánuco en 1812, hasta la formación del 'Ejército de los Andes' por José de San Martín, quien después de derrotar a las fuerzas realistas en Chile, proclamó la independencia de Perú en 1820.
🛡️ Negociaciones y Estrategias durante la Lucha por la Independencia
Este párrafo relata las intentos de diplomacia y estrategias militares durante la lucha por la independencia del Perú. Se menciona la conferencia de Miraflores, donde se intentó negociar la retirada de las fuerzas liberadoras a cambio de la aceptación de la Constitución de Cádiz, lo que resultó en un fracaso. Además, se narra la campaña de San Martín hacia los Andes, la victoria en la Batalla del Cerro, y la creación del estandarte de la nueva nación peruana. También se habla de la captura de la batalla Numancia para la causa patriota y la proclamación de la independencia en diversas ciudades de Perú.
🏙️ Proclamación de la Independencia y Desarrollo del Nuevo Estado
Describe la entrada triunfal de San Martín en Lima y la proclamación formal de la independencia del Perú el 28 de julio de 1821. Se resaltan las acciones de San Martín para establecer el nuevo régimen, como la creación de la 'Orden del Sol', la liberación de los indígenas de tributos, y la promulgación de la ley 'de la grata voluntad'. También se menciona el conflicto con el almirante Cochrane y la organización del nuevo estado, con la creación de departamentos y provincias, y la implementación de la libertad de prensa y comercio.
🛣️ La Consolidación de la Independencia y las Relaciones con Colombia
Este párrafo cubre la lucha continua por la independencia en el norte del continente y la relación entre Perú y Colombia. Se narra la misión de Antonio José de Sucre en Guayaquil y la victoria en la Batalla de Pichincha, que selló la independencia de Colombia. También se menciona el intercambio de correspondencia entre San Martín y Simón Bolívar, y la reunión de los dos líderes para discutir la forma de gobierno para las nuevas naciones, sin llegar a un acuerdo definitivo sobre la monarquía constitucional propuesta por San Martín o la república centralista preferida por Bolívar.
🛫 Resignación de San Martín y la Continuidad de la Lucha por la Independencia
Finalmente, se narra el acto de renuncia de San Martín como protector de Perú el 20 de septiembre de 1822, estableciendo un congreso y delegando sus funciones. Se describe su despedida emotiva y las palabras de esperanza para el futuro de Perú. Además, se menciona la llegada de Simón Bolívar a Perú con la intención de luchar contra las fuerzas realistas y consolidar la independencia del territorio peruano.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Viceroyalty of Peru
💡Independencia del Perú
💡José de San Martín
💡Ejército de los Andes
💡Batalla de Chacabuco
💡Cortes de Cádiz
💡Real Felipe
💡Congreso de Lima
💡Simón Bolívar
💡Guayaquil
Highlights
La crisis del virreinato del Perú fue causada por varios factores, incluyendo la independencia de las 13 colonias del norte, la revolución francesa y las invasiones napoleónicas de España.
El virrey Fernando de Abascal fue un defensor de la corona española y luchó contra las juntas de gobierno instaladas en América.
La independencia de Perú se vio frustrada por la falta de unidad, escasez de recursos bélicos y traiciones, como en los casos de Francisco de Zela y otros líderes.
José de San Martín formó el 'Ejército de los Andes' con el objetivo de liberar Perú por el sur, lo que resultó en una nueva estrategia de liberación.
La Batalla de Chacabuco, en 1817, fue una victoria decisiva para las fuerzas lideradas por San Martín y marcó el inicio de la independencia de Chile.
La proclamación de independencia de Perú por San Martín en 1820 fue un acto simbólico, ya que la autoridad real todavía se mantenía en las montañas.
San Martín estableció una serie de reformas en Perú, incluyendo la liberación de los indígenas de tributos y el establecimiento de la libertad de prensa y comercio.
La Batalla de Pichincha en 1822 selló la independencia de Colombia y reforzó la causa de la independencia en Sudamérica.
San Martín y Simón Bolívar no pudieron llegar a un acuerdo sobre la forma de gobierno para las nuevas naciones, con San Martín prefiriendo una monarquía constitucional y Bolívar una república.
San Martín decidió renunciar a su posición como protector de Perú y convocó a un congreso constituyente, dejando la dirección del país en manos de sus representantes.
El congreso elegido por San Martín nombró a Francisco Javier de Luna Pizarro como su primer presidente.
San Martín se retiró de la política y abandonó Perú incógnito, cumpliendo con su promesa de dejar la elección del gobierno a la voluntad del pueblo peruano.
La independencia de Perú estuvo marcada por el sacrificio de líderes y soldados, incluyendo la masacre de indígenas que lucharon por su libertad.
El congreso de Perú otorgó títulos y beneficios a San Martín, quienes los rechazó, excepto el título de Generalísimo de las tropas terrestres y marítimas de la nación.
San Martín dejó un legado de libertad y democracia en Perú, instaurando una serie de reformas que cambiaron la estructura social y política del país.
La lucha por la independencia de Perú también implicó la participación de fuerzas extranjeras, como la ayuda de la marina chilena comandada por Lord Thomas Cochrane.
La renuncia de San Martín y su partida de Perú permitieron que Bolívar continuara la lucha por la independencia sin la sombra de la competencia por el liderazgo.
Transcripts
The viceroyalty of Peru was one of the most important possessions of the Spanish crown
in America, its crisis, caused by the independence of the 13 colonies in the north
of the continent, the French revolution in Europe, the Napoleonic invasion of Spain
and the indigenous rebellions Within the national territory, it brought with it the opportunity for
the Creole aristocracy to put an end to the monarchical power that weighed on it and the territory
it occupied. Panaca Project presents in this video, THE
INDEPENDENCE OF PERU: The Liberating Current of the South
The Napoleonic invasion carried out on Spain in 1808, determined, among other things,
the designation of José Napoleon (also known as Pepe Botella) as its new
emperor with the title of José I. However, the Spanish liberals refused to accept it
and decided to support the dismissed King Fernando VII, assuming political control of Spain
and its colonies through a General Government Board, convening the famous Cortes
de Cádiz during the years 1810 to 1813. Thus, in 1812, the first constitution
of America was promulgated, the same one that established in the first place, the legal equality between peninsulars
and Creoles, favoring the latter with the extension of their rights and accepting,
for example, who can access public office. However, the viceroys would not delay in
showing their rejection, being the Viceroy of Peru, Fernando de Abascal, the one called to fight
and destroy the governing boards installed throughout America, fighting all of them,
except the one in Buenos Aires, from where the liberating stream from the south would depart.
Although Peru had already shown its desire for independence, the lack of unity, the
few elements of war and the successive betrayals made the efforts
of Francisco de Zela useless and his "first cry of Tacna", who in 1811 sought to open the way
to the first Argentine expedition, under the command of José Castelli; of Juan José Crespo y
Castillo who in 1812 led the Huánuco rebellion; of Enrique Paillardell, who in
1913 carried out the "second cry of Tacna", which coincided with the second Argentine expedition
under the command of Manuel Belgrano; and that of the Angulo brothers, who together with Mateo
Pumacahua and the poet Mariano Melgar, rose up in Cuzco, Arequipa and Puno in 1814,
all of them being executed. The following year, in 1815, the third expedition
from Argentina would take place, under the command of General Rondeau, the same one that would also end in failure
like the previous two. Being the viceroyalty of Peru the heart
of Spain in South America, the capacity to plan uprisings or separatist actions
was practically nil, on the contrary, the other viceroyalties began to proclaim
their independence, defending them with blood and fire: Simón Bolívar in the north and José
of San Martín in the south; the latter being the object of requests for help by
Peruvian patriots. San Martín, witness of the defeats suffered
in the three previous expeditions carried out by his compatriots, and convinced that the
independence of all the South American countries would never be consolidated if
Peru was not freed from the Spanish yoke, decides to accept the Peruvian libertarian intentions, changing
the path followed by its predecessors by the southern Andean mountain range, thus giving birth
to the "army of the Andes", the same one that was deployed from the province of Mendoza,
in Argentina. With the intention of attacking the viceroyalty
of Peru by sea from Chile, he crosses the Andes mountain range towards the
north of Santiago, while the viceroy of Peru, learning of
San Martín's journey, decides to stop him, sending an army under the command of the Spaniard Mariano
Osorio to recover the Chilean captaincy. However, on February 12, 1817, San
Martín defeated the royalist army at the Battle of Chacabuco, entering
Santiago de Chile and later sealing Chilean independence on April 5 of the
same year with his victory at the Battle of Maipú. .
On November 13 of that same year, San Martín would make the first proclamation "To
the people of Lima and inhabitants of all of Peru", announcing his plans and the need
to undertake a liberating campaign. Thus, a naval expedition was contracted to ensure
the blockade of Callao and leave the way clear for the arrival of the liberating army,
arriving for this purpose the English Lord Thomas Cochrane in order to take
charge of the Chilean navy, with which the maritime campaign would begin with
two naval expeditions. On January 16, 1819, during the first
expedition, the squad under Cochrane's command would be in charge of spreading the independence preaching
from Supe to Paita, harassing the royalist squad and seizing valuable
treasures that had been shipped to Spain. (Map and ships). The second expedition sailed
on September 12, 1819, achieving the blockade of the port of Callao and the capture
of the Spanish ship Esmeralda, thus leaving the way clear for the arrival of San
Martín. On August 20, 1820, after being appointed
in Chile, Generalissimo of the Liberation Army, which generated a certain distrust in Cochrane
who yearned for said title; San Martín would leave Valparaíso for Pisco (Paracas Bay)
with 4,000 men, between Argentines and Chileans, landing on September 8 and establishing
his first headquarters there. Having become aware of the presence
of San Martín in the south, and of the continuous communications that the patriots maintained
with him, Viceroy Joaquín de la Pezuela made the decision to attempt a
diplomatic negotiation. Thus, on September 24 of the same year, the Miraflores conference was held,
where representatives of both forces attended, including, among others
: Dionicio Cápaz and Hipólito Unanue on behalf of the Viceroy and Tomás Guido and Juan García
del Río on behalf of the Viceroy. San Martin side. La Pezuela's proposal was to accept the
Cádiz constitution in exchange for the withdrawal of the entire liberating army, while
San Martín's intention was the implementation of a constitutional monarchy, that is, the existence
of a king who governs in based on a constitution and a congress. As could be expected, this
negotiation failed and both forces continued with their war strategies.
On October 5, San Martín orders General Arenales to ignite the patriotic spirit in the
provinces of the interior of Peru and recruit soldiers for the liberating forces, managing
to incorporate thousands of indigenous people who joined the call for independence, thus beginning
the campaign towards the mountains . , crossing at a forced march through snow, rocks and high
mountain ranges, reaching the towns of Huamanga, Huanta, Huancayo and continuing towards Pasco,
where Arenales knew that the royalist general O'Reilly had been sent. Thus, on
December 6, 1820, the "battle of the serro" would take place, which meant
a splendid victory for the patriots and a deep disappointment in Spanish opinion,
the same one that still had not recovered from the loss of "La Emerald".
San Martín, meanwhile, believed it necessary to create a banner that symbolizes
the new Peruvian nation, and three days before starting the campaign, he pointed out the flag
that the patriots had to defend, taking, according to the historian Paz Soldán, the
colors red and white of the Chilean and Argentine flags, respectively, for being nations
that helped their independence with their weapons. The designs underwent 3 variations, until
in February 1825 the last modification was made, remaining as we know it
today. On November 12 of that same year, the liberator
would disembark in Huacho, occupying the immediate town of Huaura, where he would establish his
second headquarters, learning here of the independence of Guayaquil, a fact that
constituted a severe blow to the crown, deeply indenting the the spirit of the
Spaniards and especially in the viceroy, since he lost the only arsenal that existed in
South America with abundant supplies and weapons.
On the other hand, in Lima, they sought to get the Numancia Battalion to go over to the patriot side,
which arrived sent by the viceroyalty of Nueva Granada or Santa Fe to reinforce the royalist
army . Said battalion enjoyed credit for its number and discipline, achieving the task
of returning them to the patriot cause when one of its main leaders was convinced:
Tomás Heres to abandon the ranks of the king, a fact that was communicated by San Martín to
Simón Bolívar, explaining that although the Numancia belonged to Colombia by origin, it
would continue to serve in Peru for the duration of the campaign. The passage of this
distinguished battalion to the liberating army caused such enthusiasm that without fear of danger,
the national flag was placed on the summit of Cerro San Cristóbal as a symbol of
freedom. On November 27, 1820, San Martín made
the first proclamation of independence on Peruvian soil in Huaura, followed a month later
by the city of Trujillo, where the declaration was solemnly made, and continuing in the
cities of Piura, Cajamarca, Chachapoyas, Jaen and Maynas. Meanwhile, Cangallo, Huánuco
and other towns occupied by Arenales expressed their enthusiasm for these events.
At the same time, Viceroy La Pezuela began to suffer the intrigues and disagreements of his
peers, as well as the conspiracy of his general in chief José La Serna.
On January 29, 1821, the so-called "Aznapuquio mutiny" took place, where several heads
of the Spanish army demanded the resignation of Viceroy Joaquín de la Pezuela, who
had no other option than to resign in favor of La Serna, becoming the viceroy. new
viceroy of Peru. La Serna did not believe that the
occupation of Lima was of great importance; on the contrary, he preferred to place his center of operations in the interior
of the country, awaiting the arrival of the aid that he had requested from Spain.
Meanwhile, his colonel, José Carratalá, reduced to blood and ashes all people
who sympathized with the patriot cause, committing acts of cruelty that would remain recorded,
above all, in the provinces of Lucanas, Parinacochas, Cangallo, among others. Such was
the barbarity caused to the town of Cangallo, that in 1822 San Martín ordered
the rebuilding of the heroic town of Cangallo, and the next day the government of Buenos Aires
decided that one of the best streets in that city should also bear that name.
The news of the upheavals in Peru and America made the
Spanish crown send the Frigate Captain, Manuel Abreu, to meet with San Martín, arriving
at his headquarters in Huaura, on March 25, 1821, immediately forming a
peacekeeping board and urging Viceroy La Serna to begin negotiations with the liberator
in order to end the armed conflict. On June 2, the meeting
between San Martin and La Serna took place at the Punchauca hacienda, five leagues from Lima. The
patriots expressed the desire to ask Spain for a prince of the royal family to
govern Peru independently but constitutionally, this proposal being
rejected by the viceroy, with which no agreement was reached. San Martin
sincerely entertained the idea of a constitutional monarchy because the anarchy to which Buenos Aires was prey
and the horrors of the civil war that followed impressed him deeply
against the republican system. La Serna was clear that he had to move
to the interior of the country since San Martín was becoming stronger on the coast, but it was
possible to overcome it in the Andes. Thus, on July 6, he undertook the march with the army
from Lima to Cusco, where he established his center of operations, leaving the capital
in the midst of disorganization, consternation and chaos, carrying out violent demonstrations
such as looting and harassment. On July 7 and 8, parliamentarians and the first
patriot division entered the capital with a white flag and bugle, being
received with applause and joy as order and security were restored. Finally,
on July 9, José de San Martín himself would enter the city of Lima, establishing
his camp in the city of Mirones. In order to demonstrate the fall of the old
regime, busts and royal arms were destroyed and replaced with symbols of the homeland
and with the inscription of “independent Lima”. On July 15, the "oath
of independence" was carried out with the approval of the notable residents of the city and almost
a week later, it was announced that on Saturday the 28th, the independence of Peru would be proclaimed,
thus occupying a place among free nations.
When that day arrived, José de San Martín stood on a platform placed in the middle of the Plaza
Mayor, together with the Marquis of Montemira, the General Staff and other Generals of the
Liberation Army, as well as a delegation from the National University of San Marcos. ,
received the flag of Peru from the governor and pronounced the words that would remain engraved
for posterity and in the memory of the people he was addressing: “Peru from this
moment is free and independent by the general will of the peoples and by justice of
his cause that God defends.” And waving the flag he continued: Long live the homeland! Long live
freedom! Live the independence! The next day,
the “Te Deum” music was sung in the Cathedral of Lima and a solemn thanksgiving mass was celebrated. However
, royalist power was still concentrated in the mountains, with the viceroy and his army,
so the proclamation of independence was, until then, only an act of formality.
With La Serna in Cuzco, and the patriots: Miller in the south and Arenales in the mountains, the
army chiefs demanded that San Martín put himself at the head of the administration
of the nascent nation, a fact that he accepted despite not liking him. political command
but leaving it established that he would resign from office when Peru was free. Thus, on
August 3, he declared himself "protector" of Peru, naming Juan García
del Río as ministers in the Foreign Relations office, Colonel Bernardo Monteagudo in War and
Navy, and Hipólito Unanue in Finance. On September 21, the patriotic cause would achieve
a new victory, since San Martín achieved the surrender and delivery of the Castillo
del Real Felipe, after an unsuccessful attempt by the viceroy to help the royalists
entrenched there and led by General La Mar. the castle waved, for the first
time, the bicolor pavilion. Cochrane, who did not agree with the
new investiture of "protector" of San Martín, led to discussions and disagreements
with the liberator, even seizing by force the public treasures, both
of the State and of individuals, that San Martín had placed in safeguard of a possible
Spanish attack, in a schooner anchored in the port of Ancón. Cochrane justified his
actions by alleging that with that money he would make the late payments of the crew members of
his squad. This attack would be the breaking point between San Martín and the Admiral,
for which, in his capacity as General in Chief of the Liberating Expedition of Peru, he ordered
the sailor to leave immediately for Chile. Cochrane did so, but not before seizing
6 frigates, replacing the Peruvian flags with Chilean ones, leaving
Peruvian waters on October 6 after that. Already in his protectorate, San Martín undertook
the difficult task of organizing the new State: he established the departments and provinces
based on the former intendancies, confiscated the goods and properties of the Spaniards who
did not submit to the new government, freed the indigenous from tributes and
forced services to which they were forced since the Spanish invasion, and issued the
"free wombs" law, by which it was established that no one would be born a slave in
Peru as of July 28, 1821. All these measures they were enshrined in
the Provisional Government Statute, a document considered the legal basis of the protectorate. The
same day that the Statute was signed, "The Order of the Sun" was created as a decoration
for the best servants of the country, those who became the new nobility or
privileged class, since said decoration was nothing more than the substitution of the
titles of Castile. Likewise, he established the freedom of printing
and trade, chose the national anthem of Peru, created the first national library,
convinced that knowledge was more powerful than an army; he created the Civic Guard
and founded the normal school for men to train teachers with new
pedagogical methods. However, in northern South
America there were still royalist strongholds to fight, such as in Quito and Pasto. General Antonio
José de Sucre had the mission of adding the important city of Guayaquil to Colombia,
but having to finish off the Spanish army first, he requested the help of General San
Martín and the return of the Numancia battalion. In response, San Martín sends a division
under the command of Colonel Andrés Santa Cruz, the same one that seized the provinces
of Cuenca and Loja, 23 days after leaving Piura.
On October 29, 1821, after the victory in Carabobo, Simón Bolívar would write to
San Martín informing him of his plans to end Spanish power in all of
South America. However, he did not pronounce on the fate of the province
of Guayaquil, the same province that had close ties with Lima since since colonial times
it had belonged politically to the Viceroyalty of Peru, but it was known that without Guayaquil,
Colombia would be left without the option of a port on the Pacific, so Bolívar would not allow
that province to cease to belong to Colombia, since in his own words: There was no
human power in America that would make Colombia lose an inch of its territory. Under this thought,
Bolívar also tried to annex the Peruvian provinces of Jaén, Maynas and Quijos.
San Martín, then, knowing the real desire of the citizens of Guayaquil to remain
independent or annex Peru, decides to request an interview with Bolívar.
On January 10, 1822, San Martín created the Patriotic Society of Lima in order to
get the support of the enlightened class to establish a constitutional monarchy
in Peru. Together with him, his minister Bernardo de Monteagudo, the priest Ignacio Moreno and Hipólito Unanue supported this system
, while Manuel Pérez de Tudela and Mariano José de Arce
advocated the republican cause . Likewise, José Faustino Sánchez Carrión
, under the pseudonym of “El Solitario de Sayán”, refuted the monarchist ideas in the newspaper
La Abeja Republicana. Despite this, San Martín sent
the commissioners Juan García del Río and Diego Paroissién to Europe, with the intention of negotiating
loans that would allow the war against Viceroy La Serna to continue successfully, and with
the main purpose of asking the English government that the Prince of Sussex Cobourg,
or failing that, an heir of the reigning dynasty in Great Britain, should be crowned
Emperor of Peru. Meanwhile, determined to prepare a campaign
against Viceroy La Serna, and pending the interview with Simón Bolívar; San Martín
appoints Marshal Marqués de Torre Tagle as supreme delegate, investing him with his powers
as protector. Thus, and according to his plans, the liberator sent
a division under the command of Domingo Tristán and Agustín Gamarra, with the aim of attacking
or containing Canterac in the Jauja valley, in order to prevent him from reaching Ica or
the coast, without However, on April 7, 1822, said division was ambushed and annihilated
almost entirely by the royalists, in the Macacona hacienda, half a league from
Ica. The same fate befell Huamanga: the guerrilla
Cayetano Quirós, in command of a group of indigenous people who actively fought for the
patriot cause, confronting the royalist forces of Colonel Rodil and Brigadier
Carratalá, was taken prisoner and shot with his companions on May 5. of 1822.
Days before, the indigenous informant María Parado de Bellido had also been arrested
and shot by Carratalá. The cause of independence also meant
the sacrifice of thousands of indigenous people, who were massacred and beheaded without the opportunity
to defend themselves on equal terms, since they fought only with slingshots and stones,
seeking to end the oppression, exploitation and abuse suffered for three hundred years.
of viceroyalty. Despite the defeats suffered, the
Peruvian division that under the command of Colonel Santa Cruz left for Quito to help the Colombian troops, would
victoriously participate in the great battle of Pichincha on April 24,
with the royalist Aymerich capitulating the following day with the consequent delivery of the city of Quito.
This victory would seal the independence of Colombia.
The victory of the Colombian-Peruvian army originated the renewal of the conversations
between the two liberators of America, Bolívar thanking the Peruvian help and San Martín,
in turn, requesting the help of the Colombian army for the struggles that were still being maintained
for the independence of the Peru. Thus, they agreed to hold their long-awaited meeting,
where they had to address decisive issues for the definitive freedom of South America. Generalissimo
Protector of Peru The conference was held in strict private,
on July 26 and 27, 1822, not reaching an agreement on the form of government that
the new nations should adopt, since while San Martín embraced the idea
of a monarchy constitutional, Bolívar preferred the centralist republic in principle
and later federalist. On the other hand, it was established that Guayaquil would remain in the
territory of Gran Colombia and that Bolívar would not personally come to fight in the war
in Peru, despite the efforts of San Martín, who assured him that he would place himself
under his orders, leaving aside their degrees and titles. However, this offer
was rejected by the Venezuelan liberator, who only promised to send three
battalions and return the division of Santa Cruz.
On August 29, after resuming his position as protector after dismissing
Torre Tagle for ineptitude, San Martín, convinced that it was his presence that prevented Bolívar from
traveling to Peru, would write him a letter informing him that he would travel to Chile, abandoning him forever.
to Peru after resigning from his post and calling the first congress.
Determined to keep his word, San Martín designated
September 20, 1822 as the day for the installation of the congress and cessation of its functions. That day, after having sworn
in the deputies, the protector, standing, stripped off his bicolor band, symbol of the
supreme command, and pointed out: “with this act I do nothing but fulfill my duties and the
votes of my heart... Today, when I happily resign, I ask the Supreme Being to grant
this congress the right and skill you need to make your clients happy.
Peruvians! From this moment the sovereign congress is installed. Having said this, he retired
to prepare his trip, while the congress elected its first president: Francisco
Javier de Luna Pizarro. The congress, representing the will and
national gratitude, endowed the liberator with titles and benefits, being accepted by him only
the title of Generalissimo of the nation's sea and land troops, refusing
to receive the other investiture and economic benefits, stating that everything he
did was in fulfillment of a sacred promise, and that, if the freedom of Peru were ever to be attacked
, he would not hesitate to dispute the glory of defending it, as a Peruvian citizen,
thus leaving a last and immortal proclamation: “I witnessed the declaration of independence
of the states of Chile and Peru, I have in my possession the banner that Pizarro brought
to enslave the empire of the Incas... My promises to the peoples, in which
I have waged war, have been fulfilled: make their independence and leave the
election of their governments to their will... Peruvians, I leave you established national representation,
if you place complete trust in it, sing triumph; otherwise, anarchy
will devour them. May success preside over your destinies, and may they fill you with happiness
and peace.” That same night, the founder of the freedom
of Peru, would embark incognito, leaving Peru and its shores forever.
A year later, with the path clear, a liberator with the intention of becoming
a dictator would arrive to fight with La Serna, the domain of Peruvian territory.
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