BAB 3 INOVASI TEKNOLOGI BIOLOGI KELAS X BIOLOGI KURIKULUM MERDEKA

Summary

This video introduces various biological technologies, focusing on cloning in animals, genetic engineering, and biotechnology innovations. It explains two types of cloning: embryo cloning and somatic cell nuclear transfer, highlighting their methods and risks. The video explores genetic engineering techniques like hybridoma technology for monoclonal antibodies, DNA recombination, and genetic modification in plants and animals. It also discusses the applications of biotechnology in gene therapy, vaccine development, and the creation of transgenic organisms. The video concludes with the potential negative impacts of biotechnology, such as ecological disruption and biosecurity risks.

Takeaways

• 😀 Cloning in animals is categorized into two types: embryo cloning and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
• 😀 Embryo cloning aims to produce genetically identical animals without natural reproduction, which can result in high-quality animals in a short time.
• 😀 Somatic cell nuclear transfer involves transferring the nucleus from a somatic cell into an egg cell to create a genetically identical organism.
• 😀 Genetic engineering, including techniques like hybridoma and DNA recombination, allows manipulation of organisms to achieve desired traits.
• 😀 Hybridoma technology is used to produce monoclonal antibodies, which target specific antigens for medical purposes.
• 😀 DNA recombination involves cutting and joining DNA from different organisms to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
• 😀 Recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce hormones like insulin by inserting genes into bacterial plasmids.
• 😀 Gene therapy aims to treat genetic disorders by altering the genetic material in a patient’s cells, such as correcting immunodeficiencies.
• 😀 Genetic engineering also contributes to the development of new vaccines and transgenic crops with enhanced traits like pest resistance or better nutrition.
• 😀 While biotechnology offers significant benefits, it also poses potential risks, including the creation of new pathogens, ecological imbalances, and ethical concerns surrounding cloning.

Q & A

What is cloning in animals and how is it classified?

Cloning in animals is the process of creating genetically identical individuals. It is classified into two types: embryo cloning, which involves producing genetically identical offspring from both parents without natural reproduction, and nuclear transfer cloning, which creates individuals with the same genetic material as the donor cell's nucleus.

What is embryo cloning and what are its benefits?

Embryo cloning involves creating a new individual by fertilizing sperm and egg in vitro, forming a zygote that grows into an embryo and is implanted in a surrogate mother. This technique aims to produce high-quality, genetically identical animals in large numbers quickly, beneficial for breeding and research.

How does nuclear transfer cloning work, and what is an example of its application?

Nuclear transfer cloning involves transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an enucleated egg cell. This process is used to create individuals identical to the donor in both genetic traits and gender. An example is the cloning of 'Dolly the sheep,' where a somatic cell from a mammary gland was transferred into an enucleated egg.

What are the risks associated with nuclear transfer cloning, particularly with Dolly the sheep?

Nuclear transfer cloning poses risks such as premature aging, complications, and early death of the clone. Dolly the sheep, for example, experienced premature aging and died at the age of six due to age-related diseases, highlighting the challenges and risks of cloning.

What is genetic engineering, and what are its applications?

Genetic engineering involves manipulating the genetic material of organisms to produce desired traits. Applications include creating genetically modified crops, producing monoclonal antibodies, and developing gene therapies for genetic disorders.

What is the process of creating monoclonal antibodies using hybridoma technology?

Hybridoma technology involves fusing a specific lymphocyte cell with a cancer cell to create a hybrid cell, or hybridoma, which can produce large amounts of a specific antibody. These monoclonal antibodies are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

What is gene therapy, and how does it work to treat genetic disorders?

Gene therapy involves replacing or modifying faulty genes to treat genetic disorders. A normal gene is inserted into a patient's cells, typically using a viral vector, to correct genetic defects such as those causing conditions like SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency).

How does recombinant DNA technology work, and what is its role in producing insulin?

Recombinant DNA technology involves cutting and joining DNA from different sources to create new genetic combinations. For insulin production, the gene for insulin is inserted into bacteria using plasmids, and these bacteria are cultured to produce insulin for diabetic patients.

What are transgenic organisms, and how are they created?

Transgenic organisms contain genes that have been transferred from other species. They are created by introducing foreign DNA into the organism's genome, either directly or using vectors like bacteria. These organisms can be used in agriculture, medicine, and research.

What are some of the potential negative impacts of biotechnology on the environment and society?

Biotechnology, particularly genetic modification and cloning, can have negative impacts such as the emergence of new pathogens, the spread of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the wild, and disruptions to ecological balance. It may also raise ethical concerns about human cloning and the use of biotechnological advancements in weaponry.