SISTEM DAN STRUKTUR POLITIK DAN EKONOMI MASA DEMOKRASI TERPIMPIN (1959 - 1965)

Summary

This video discusses Indonesia’s Guided Democracy period under President Sukarno, highlighting key political developments from 1959 to the mid-1960s. It covers the unstable political climate leading to the 1959 Presidential Decree, which established a system of guided democracy and led to the formation of new state institutions. It also explores the rise of political forces like the PKI and the military, the efforts to reclaim Irian Barat through diplomacy and military confrontation, and the economic challenges during this era. The video also touches on Indonesia’s foreign policy, including its stance on Malaysia and economic reforms.

Takeaways

• 😀 Soekarno introduced the concept of Guided Democracy in 1957, aiming to stabilize Indonesia's political system after the instability of the liberal democracy period (1950-1959).
• 😀 The 1959 Presidential Decree marked the formal shift to Guided Democracy, dissolving the Constituent Assembly and reinstating the 1945 Constitution.
• 😀 The formation of various governmental bodies under Guided Democracy included the Cabinet Kerja, National Advisory Council (DPAS), People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS), and the People's Representative Council (DPR-GR).
• 😀 Soekarno's leadership saw the consolidation of power, with the military (TNI) and the Communist Party (PKI) gaining significant influence in national politics.
• 😀 Guided Democracy led to the dissolution of political parties deemed 'rebellious,' particularly Masyumi and PSI, while strengthening the position of the PKI.
• 😀 The ongoing dispute over Irian Barat (West Papua) led Indonesia to adopt a more aggressive foreign policy, resulting in a diplomatic and military push to reclaim the region from the Netherlands.
• 😀 Soekarno's administration pursued an active diplomacy strategy, culminating in the New York Agreement of 1962, which paved the way for Indonesia to gain control over Irian Barat in 1963.
• 😀 The establishment of the Malaysia Federation in 1963 led to Indonesia’s opposition, resulting in the Konfrontasi (Confrontation) with Malaysia, which was part of the broader regional tensions during the Cold War.
• 😀 The economic landscape during Guided Democracy was shaped by the concept of 'directed economy,' where key industries were nationalized or came under heavy state control to drive growth.
• 😀 Soekarno’s economic strategies, including the formation of development bodies like DEPERNAS and the implementation of economic policies such as currency sanering (currency reform), faced both internal and external challenges, ultimately leading to economic instability and public protests.

Q & A

What were the primary political challenges in Indonesia during the era of Guided Democracy?

The main political challenges during the era of Guided Democracy were the lack of national political stability, frequent changes in government cabinets, and the inability of the Constituent Assembly to create a new constitution, which led to a political deadlock.

What was the significance of President Sukarno's Presidential Decree in 1959?

President Sukarno's Presidential Decree on July 5, 1959, marked the end of the liberal parliamentary system and the start of the Guided Democracy system. The decree dissolved the Constituent Assembly, reinstated the 1945 Constitution, and established new governance structures, signaling a shift towards centralized power.

How did the formation of the 'Gotong Royong' Cabinet reflect Sukarno's vision for governance?

The 'Gotong Royong' Cabinet, formed in 1957, was designed to reflect Sukarno's vision for a balanced political system that included political parties and functional groups. It was intended to promote collaboration among diverse political and societal forces, ensuring that the cabinet represented various sectors of Indonesian society.

What role did the PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) play in the political landscape during the Guided Democracy period?

During the Guided Democracy period, the PKI gained significant political influence by aligning with Sukarno’s 'Nasakom' (Nationalism, Religion, and Communism) concept. This alliance helped the PKI to challenge the Indonesian Army’s influence, as Sukarno supported the party’s role in shaping national policies.

What were the key developments in Indonesia’s efforts to reclaim West Irian (Papua) during the Guided Democracy era?

Indonesia’s efforts to reclaim West Irian involved diplomatic strategies, including negotiations with the Netherlands and appeals to the United Nations. After several failed negotiations, including at the UN, Indonesia eventually resorted to military preparations and confrontation, leading to the 1962 New York Agreement that resulted in the transfer of authority over West Irian to Indonesia.

What was the significance of the 1962 New York Agreement?

The 1962 New York Agreement was pivotal in Indonesia’s efforts to regain control over West Irian (Papua). It led to the transfer of administration from the Netherlands to the United Nations and then to Indonesia, culminating in Indonesia officially gaining control over the region in 1963.

How did Indonesia's economic policy change under Guided Democracy?

Under Guided Democracy, Indonesia adopted an economy based on central planning, with the government controlling vital production and distribution sectors. The government also pursued policies like currency reforms and national economic planning through bodies like the National Planning Council (Depernas) and later the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas).

What was the role of the 'Pola Pembangunan Semesta Berencana' (Comprehensive Planned Development Program)?

The 'Pola Pembangunan Semesta Berencana' was a nationwide development plan introduced by President Sukarno in 1961. It aimed to guide Indonesia’s economic, technical, and social progress through a comprehensive strategy that included infrastructure, education, and spiritual development.

How did the Indonesian government handle economic stabilization during the Guided Democracy period?

The Indonesian government attempted economic stabilization through measures like the Sanering (currency devaluation) and the implementation of the Dekon (Economic Declaration) strategy. These aimed to reduce inflation and control the money supply, but faced opposition and criticisms, especially from the PKI, and were undermined by economic mismanagement.

What were the causes and effects of the student protests known as 'Tritura' in 1965?

The 'Tritura' (Tri-Tura or Three Demands of the People) was a student protest that occurred in 1965, driven by dissatisfaction with Indonesia’s economic crisis, government mismanagement, and corruption. The protests demanded the resignation of key government figures, leading to increased political tensions and contributing to the eventual collapse of Sukarno’s rule.