85. Bagdad, la capitale du monde musulman

Summary

Bagdad, once the world's most populous city in the 9th century, was founded by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur and became the heart of the Islamic world. Designed with a unique circular layout, the city was a thriving intellectual and cultural center under Caliph Harun al-Rashid, with the establishment of the House of Wisdom and advancements in science, philosophy, and trade. Positioned strategically along major trade routes, Bagdad became a melting pot of ideas and commerce. Despite being destroyed by the Mongols in 1258, its cultural legacy endures today, with ongoing efforts to preserve its rich history as the capital of Iraq.

Takeaways

• 😀 Baghdad was the most populous city in the world in the 9th century, with nearly a million inhabitants.
• 😀 The city was founded in 762 by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur, who aimed to create a prosperous and peaceful capital for the Abbasid dynasty.
• 😀 The official name of Baghdad was Madinat al-Salam, meaning 'City of Peace', reflecting the ambitions of the Abbasid dynasty.
• 😀 Baghdad's unique circular design included concentric streets and buildings, with the caliph's palace and mosque at the center.
• 😀 Four major avenues extended from the center of Baghdad in all cardinal directions, each leading to symbolic gates.
• 😀 The city was heavily fortified, with a 12-kilometer wall and defensive structures, emphasizing the Abbasids' commitment to security.
• 😀 Baghdad became a global intellectual hub during the Abbasid era, attracting scholars, scientists, and philosophers.
• 😀 Under Caliph Harun al-Rashid, Baghdad flourished in science, philosophy, literature, and the arts, with institutions like the House of Wisdom.
• 😀 Baghdad was a crucial commercial center, strategically located along trade routes connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa.
• 😀 Despite being sacked by the Mongols in 1258, Baghdad's cultural and architectural heritage remains significant today, with ongoing restoration efforts.

Q & A

What was the significance of Baghdad in the 9th century?

Baghdad was the most populous city in the world during the 9th century, with nearly one million inhabitants. It became a global center of power, culture, science, and commerce under the Abbasid Caliphate.

What was the primary goal behind the foundation of Baghdad?

The primary goal behind the foundation of Baghdad was to strengthen the power and influence of the Abbasid dynasty. The city was designed to be a symbol of peace and prosperity, known as Madinat Al-Salam, or 'The City of Peace.'

Why was the location of Baghdad near the Tigris River chosen for its foundation?

The location near the Tigris River was chosen because it was easily defensible and provided a strong foundation for agricultural prosperity, ensuring the city's survival and growth.

What was unique about Baghdad's urban design?

Baghdad's design was unique because it was built in a circular shape with concentric streets, unlike many other cities of the time. This layout included four major avenues extending in cardinal directions, symbolizing access to various regions.

What were the major architectural features of Baghdad's defenses?

Baghdad was surrounded by a thick 12 km long wall, reinforced with a moat filled with water. These defensive structures were built to protect the city from potential attacks and ensure the security of its inhabitants.

How did Baghdad become a center for intellectual and scientific advancement?

Under the rule of Caliph Harun al-Rashid and later, Caliph Al-Mamun, Baghdad attracted scholars, scientists, and intellectuals from around the world. It became home to institutions like the House of Wisdom, fostering advancements in mathematics, philosophy, and geography.

What role did the markets (souks) play in Baghdad's economy?

The markets in Baghdad were vital to its economy, as the city was a major commercial hub connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa. Merchants brought goods like silk, spices, and paper, making the souks vibrant and bustling centers of trade.

What was the impact of Baghdad on the cultural exchange during its peak?

Baghdad facilitated a significant cultural exchange, where ideas, products, and knowledge from various regions like India, China, and Greece converged. This interaction fostered a rich blend of cultures and intellectual progress in areas such as literature, science, and art.

How did Baghdad's strategic location affect its commercial success?

Baghdad's strategic location along major trade routes between Asia, Europe, and Africa made it a key commercial center. Its position on the Tigris River allowed for easy access by merchants, further boosting its importance in global trade.

What led to the decline of Baghdad's prominence in the 13th century?

Baghdad's decline began in the 13th century when it was invaded by the Mongols in 1258. The city was looted, burned, and many inhabitants were killed, marking the end of its golden age. Although it was rebuilt, it never regained its previous splendor.