Naming Carboxylic Acids - IUPAC Nomenclature - Organic Chemistry

Summary

This video provides a comprehensive guide to naming carboxylic acids, explaining the structure of the carboxyl group and its naming conventions. Key concepts include recognizing alkene presence, understanding E/Z isomerism, and prioritizing substituents like ketones, amines, and ethers. The video also covers naming cyclic carboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids, emphasizing the importance of alphabetical order for substituents. Through various examples, viewers gain clarity on how to systematically name different carboxylic acid structures, enhancing their understanding of organic chemistry nomenclature.

Takeaways

• 😀 Carboxylic acids contain a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (–OH).
• 😀 The longest carbon chain in a carboxylic acid is identified to determine the base name; for six carbons, it is hexanoic acid.
• 😀 When alkenes are present, numbering starts from the carboxylic acid, and the position of the double bond is indicated.
• 😀 The E/Z nomenclature is used for alkenes, based on the positioning of the highest-priority substituents.
• 😀 Substituents such as ketones (oxo) and amines (amino) are named according to their priority in the compound.
• 😀 Cycloalkanes with carboxylic acids are named by adding 'carboxylic acid' to the cycloalkane name, e.g., cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
• 😀 When multiple substituents are present, they should be named in alphabetical order, considering their positions.
• 😀 Two carboxylic acid groups in a compound are indicated using the prefix 'dioic', e.g., butanedioic acid.
• 😀 Naming complexity increases with multiple functional groups; careful consideration of priority is necessary.
• 😀 Understanding these naming conventions is essential for accurate communication in organic chemistry.

Q & A

What is the basic functional group of a carboxylic acid?

The basic functional group of a carboxylic acid is comprised of a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (–OH).

How do you determine the name of a carboxylic acid with six carbons?

A carboxylic acid with six carbons is named hexanoic acid, derived from the parent alkane hexane, with the '-oic acid' suffix added.

What is the significance of the carbon count in naming carboxylic acids?

The carbon count helps determine the parent chain's name. The longest continuous chain including the carboxyl group dictates the base name of the acid.

How do you name a carboxylic acid with an alkene present?

When an alkene is present, you count the longest chain starting from the carboxylic acid and assign the lowest number to the double bond, resulting in a name like 3-hexenoic acid.

What is the E/Z nomenclature, and when is it used?

The E/Z nomenclature is used to describe the stereochemistry of alkenes in compounds. 'E' indicates higher priority groups are on opposite sides, while 'Z' indicates they are on the same side.

What happens when there are multiple functional groups in a carboxylic acid?

When multiple functional groups are present, the carboxylic acid takes priority in naming, and substituents are identified and named based on their priority and position.

How do you name a carboxylic acid that also contains a ketone?

If a ketone is present, it is named as a substituent with the prefix 'oxo,' and the full name reflects the presence of both the carboxylic acid and the ketone, such as 4-oxohexanoic acid.

What is the naming convention for dicarboxylic acids?

For dicarboxylic acids, you use the suffix 'dioic' to indicate the presence of two carboxylic acid groups, as in butanedioic acid.

How do you name carboxylic acids that contain a benzene ring?

A carboxylic acid with a benzene ring is named by adding 'benzoic acid' to the base name, along with any substituents noted in alphabetical order, like 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid.

What is the priority order when naming carboxylic acids with multiple substituents?

When naming carboxylic acids with multiple substituents, the substituents are prioritized based on their functional group hierarchy, with the carboxylic acid group having the highest priority.