Sistem dan Struktur Politik Ekonomi Indonesia Masa Orde Baru

Summary

The video explores the historical integration of East Timor into Indonesia, highlighting significant events from the 1976 Balibo Declaration to the 1999 referendum leading to its independence. It details the political support from the U.S. during this period and discusses the multidimensional crises Indonesia faced in the late 1990s, culminating in the fall of President Suharto in 1998. The narrative contrasts the achievements of the New Order regime in various development programs with the pervasive issues of corruption, human rights violations, and political repression, underscoring the complexities of Indonesia's journey towards democracy.

Takeaways

• 📜 East Timor was officially integrated into Indonesia in 1976 following the Balibo Declaration and the passage of Law No. 7.
• 🇺🇸 The United States supported East Timor's integration to prevent it from aligning with communist powers during the Cold War.
• 🗳️ In 1999, a referendum allowed East Timorese people to decide between remaining with Indonesia or pursuing independence, resulting in a majority vote for independence.
• 💔 The Asian financial crisis in 1997 triggered significant socio-economic turmoil in Indonesia, leading to widespread protests and political instability.
• 📅 The Trisakti incident on May 12, 1998, where four students were killed during a protest, was a pivotal moment that intensified the call for reform.
• 🗓️ President Suharto resigned on May 21, 1998, after 32 years in power, marking the beginning of the reformasi era under President B.J. Habibie.
• 💼 The New Order regime had successes in various development initiatives, including transmigration and food self-sufficiency programs.
• ❌ The regime was plagued by issues of corruption, collusion, and nepotism, undermining its achievements and public trust.
• ⚖️ Social inequalities and tensions between local populations and transmigrants contributed to growing discontent during the New Order.
• 📉 The concentration of wealth in the hands of a few private entities (over 70% of national wealth) highlighted economic disparities and governance challenges.

Q & A

What was the significance of the Balibo Declaration regarding East Timor?

The Balibo Declaration stated that East Timor was part of Indonesia and was crucial in legitimizing the integration of East Timor into Indonesia through Law No. 7 of 1976.

What were the main reasons behind the United States' support for East Timor's integration into Indonesia?

The United States supported East Timor's integration into Indonesia to prevent the Fretilin movement from winning, fearing it would lead to East Timor aligning with the communist bloc.

What led to the referendum in East Timor in 1999?

The referendum in 1999 was initiated by President Habibie, allowing East Timorese people to decide whether to remain with Indonesia or become independent.

What were the outcomes of the 1999 referendum in East Timor?

The results of the 1999 referendum showed a clear preference for independence, leading to East Timor breaking away from Indonesia.

What triggered the multidimensional crisis in Indonesia in the late 1990s?

The multidimensional crisis was triggered by a financial crisis that began in Thailand in 1997, which had cascading effects on Indonesia, leading to economic, political, and social turmoil.

What incident is referred to as the Trisakti tragedy, and what were its implications?

The Trisakti tragedy refers to the shooting of four students during a protest on May 12, 1998, which became a symbol of the reform movement and led to widespread calls for President Suharto's resignation.

How did Suharto's presidency come to an end?

President Suharto officially resigned on May 21, 1998, following intense public pressure and protests demanding his resignation after the Trisakti tragedy and other socio-political crises.

What were some of the notable achievements of the New Order regime in Indonesia?

Achievements included successful transmigration programs, population control efforts, literacy campaigns, food self-sufficiency, and fostering a sense of nationalism.

What were the criticisms associated with the New Order regime?

Criticisms included rampant corruption, collusion, nepotism, social inequality, human rights violations, suppression of dissent, and limited press freedom.

How did the New Order regime impact Indonesia's economic landscape?

The New Order regime attracted foreign investment but also led to economic disparities where a significant portion of the country's wealth was concentrated in the hands of a few private entities.