History of Pharmacy
Summary
TLDRThis script offers a comprehensive history of pharmacy, from ancient practices in Egypt and Greece to modern advancements in the United States. It covers key figures like Imhotep and Hippocrates, significant publications like the United States Pharmacopoeia, and important legislation such as the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The script also discusses various pharmacy settings and the evolution of drug regulations, emphasizing the profession's growth and impact on healthcare.
Takeaways
- đ **Pharmacy Defined**: Pharmacy is the practice of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing medical drugs.
- đ§Ș **Apothecary**: An apothecary is a druggist or pharmacist, historically known as a drugstore of pharmacy.
- đšââïž **Pharmacy Technician**: A healthcare provider who performs pharmacy-related functions under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist.
- đ **Pharmacology**: The study of drugs, including their properties, uses, applications, and effects.
- đż **Ancient Beginnings**: Pharmacy's origins trace back to 3000 BC with Imhotep in ancient Egypt, establishing early medical practices.
- đ **Papyrus Ebers**: A scroll from 1500 BC listed over 800 prescriptions, showcasing early drug formulations.
- đïž **Hippocrates**: A Greek physician in 400 BC who established early medical practices and the Hippocratic oath.
- đ **US Pharmacopoeia**: Founded in 1820, it set standards for drug manufacturing in the United States.
- đ« **Philadelphia College of Pharmacy**: Established in 1821, it published the American Journal of Pharmacy in 1825.
- đŹ **American Pharmaceutical Association**: Founded in 1852, now known as the American Pharmacists Association (APhA), it's a leading professional body for pharmacists.
- đ **Pharmacy Laws**: By 1878, nine states had pharmacy laws, leading to the establishment of Boards of Pharmacy to regulate pharmacy practice.
- đ **Remington's Practice of Pharmacy**: First published in 1885, it became a standard text and is still widely used.
- đ **Milestone Drugs**: Quinine, cocaine, digitalis, penicillin, insulin, and salicylic acid are significant discoveries in medicine.
- đ« **Drug Regulations**: The Food and Drug Act of 1906 prohibited interstate commerce of adulterated food and drugs.
- đ„ **Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)**: Enacted in 1996, it provides regulations to protect patient privacy.
- đą **Types of Pharmacy**: Community, hospital, clinical, ambulatory care, compounding, internet, mail-order, veterinary, nuclear, military, pharmacy informatics, and specialty pharmacy are various settings where pharmacy practice occurs.
Q & A
What is the definition of pharmacy?
-Pharmacy is the art, practice, or profession of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing medical drugs.
What is the role of an apothecary?
-An apothecary is a druggist or pharmacist who was historically responsible for preparing and dispensing medicinal drugs.
What is the job of a pharmacy technician?
-A pharmacy technician is a healthcare provider who performs pharmacy-related functions generally under the direct supervision of a licensed pharmacist.
What is pharmacology?
-Pharmacology is the study of drugs, their properties, uses, application, and effects.
Who was the first to establish official medical healing practices?
-Imhotep, the god of medicine and a priest and physician to ancient Egypt, was the first to establish official medical healing practices around 3000 BC.
What is significant about the Papyrus Ebers?
-The Papyrus Ebers, written around 1500 BC, is significant because it listed over 800 prescriptions using 700 verbal remedies.
Who established practices of treating patients and the Hippocratic oath?
-Hippocrates, a Greek physician around 400 BC, established practices of treating patients and also established physician conduct which included the Hippocratic oath.
When was the United States Pharmacopoeia founded and what was its purpose?
-The United States Pharmacopoeia was founded in 1820 with the purpose of creating standards for manufacturing drugs.
What is the American Pharmacists Association (APHA) and when was it founded?
-The American Pharmacists Association (APHA), originally known as the American Pharmaceutical Association, was founded in 1852 and is the first established and largest professional association of pharmacists in the United States.
What is the significance of the Food and Drug Act of 1906?
-The Food and Drug Act of 1906 prohibited interstate commerce of adulterated or misbranded food, drinks, and drugs, and required government pre-approval of drugs.
What does the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) do?
-The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) classifies drugs that may be easily abused and restricts their distribution, enforced by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
What are the different types of pharmacy settings mentioned in the script?
-The script mentions community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, ambulatory care pharmacy, compounding pharmacy, internet pharmacy, mail-order pharmacy, veterinary pharmacy, nuclear pharmacy, military pharmacy, pharmacy informatics, and specialty pharmacy as different types of pharmacy settings.
Outlines
đ History and Development of Pharmacy
The first paragraph provides a comprehensive overview of the history and development of pharmacy. It starts with defining pharmacy as the practice of preparing and dispensing medical drugs and introduces key terms such as apothecary, pharmacist, and pharmacy technician. It then delves into the historical roots of pharmacy, mentioning Imhotep, the god of medicine in ancient Egypt, and the papyrus Ebers, which listed over 800 prescriptions. The contributions of Hippocrates, who established early medical practices and the Hippocratic oath, are also highlighted. The paragraph then shifts to the history of pharmacy in the United States, mentioning the founding of the United States Pharmacopoeia in 1820, the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1821, and the American Journal of Pharmacy in 1825. It discusses the establishment of the American Pharmaceutical Association in 1852 and the introduction of the pharmaceutical board by John Maish in 1868. The paragraph also covers significant publications like 'The Dispensatory of the United States of America' and 'Remington's Practice of Pharmacy'. It concludes with a discussion on the development of various drugs, such as quinine, cocaine, digitalis, penicillin, insulin, and salicylic acid, and the evolution of drug regulations and laws, including the Food and Drug Act of 1906, the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, the Durham Humphrey Amendment of 1951, the Kefauver Harris Amendments of 1962, and the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.
đ Drug Scheduling and Pharmacy Practice
The second paragraph focuses on drug scheduling and the different types of pharmacy settings. It begins by defining Schedule 1 drugs as those with high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use, providing examples such as heroin, LSD, and marijuana. It then describes Schedule 2 drugs, which have a high potential for abuse but are accepted for medical use in certain circumstances, with examples like Vicodin, cocaine, and methamphetamine. The paragraph continues with Schedule 3 drugs, which have a moderate to low potential for abuse, and Schedule 4 drugs, which are considered to have a low potential for abuse and dependence. Schedule 5 drugs are also mentioned, which are used for anti-diarrheal, anti-tussive, and analgesic purposes. The paragraph then discusses the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA), which required pharmacists to offer counseling to Medicaid patients, and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which provided regulations to protect patient privacy. Finally, it outlines various pharmacy settings such as community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, ambulatory care pharmacy, compounding pharmacy, internet pharmacy, mail-order pharmacy, veterinary pharmacy, nuclear pharmacy, military pharmacy, and pharmacy informatics.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄPharmacy
đĄApothecary
đĄPharmacology
đĄUnited States Pharmacopoeia
đĄAmerican Pharmaceutical Association (APA)
đĄRegistered Pharmacist
đĄDispensing
đĄFood and Drug Act of 1906
đĄControlled Substances Act (CSA)
đĄSchedule 1 Drugs
đĄPharmacy Settings
Highlights
Pharmacy is the practice of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing medical drugs.
An apothecary or pharmacist is a druggist or professional in the field of pharmacy.
A pharmacy technician is a healthcare provider working under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs, their properties, uses, application, and effects.
Imhotep in 3000 BC was the first to establish official medical healing practices.
The Papyrus Ebers, from 1500 BC, listed over 800 prescriptions using 700 verbal remedies.
Hippocrates in 400 BC established practices of treating patients and the Hippocratic oath.
The United States Pharmacopoeia was founded in 1820 to create standards for drug manufacturing.
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy was founded in 1821.
The American Journal of Pharmacy was the first periodical in the United States devoted to pharmacy, published in 1825.
William Procter Jr. was a key figure in the establishment of the American Pharmaceutical Association in 1852.
John Maish introduced the idea of pharmaceutical boards appointed by state governors in 1868.
By 1878, nine states had adopted pharmacy laws licensing pharmacists.
Joseph P. Remington published 'The Practice of Pharmacy' in 1885, which became a standard text.
Quinine was the first drug to successfully treat malaria.
Cocaine was the first effective local anesthetic.
Digitalis, from the foxglove plant, has been widely used in treating heart disease.
Penicillin was the first antibiotic and a great discovery in medicine in the 20th century.
Insulin is the hormone that lowers blood sugar used in the treatment of diabetes.
The Food and Drug Act of 1906 prohibited interstate commerce of adulterated or misbranded food, drinks, and drugs.
The 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act required new drugs to be shown as safe before marketing.
The Durham Humphrey Amendment of 1951 defined drugs requiring a prescription.
The 1962 Kefauver Harris amendments required proof of safety and effectiveness before drug marketing.
The 1970 Poison Prevention Packaging Act required childproof packaging on controlled and prescription drugs.
The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classifies drugs based on abuse potential and restricts their distribution.
Schedule 1 drugs are defined as having no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.
Schedule 2 drugs are considered dangerous with severe psychological or physical dependence.
Schedule 3 drugs have a moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence.
Schedule 4 drugs are defined as having a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence.
Schedule 5 drugs consist of preparations with limited quantities of certain narcotics for anti-diarrheal, anti-tussive, and analgesic purposes.
The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 required pharmacists to offer counseling to Medicaid patients.
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 provided regulations to protect patient privacy.
Transcripts
history of pharmacy pharmacy the art
practice or profession of preparing
preserving compounding and dispensing
medical drugs apothecary a druggist or
pharmacist a drugstore of pharmacy
pharmacy technician sometimes known as
pharmaceutical technician is a health
care provider who performs pharmacy
related functions generally working
under the direct supervision of a
licensed pharmacist pharmacology the
study of drugs their properties uses
application and effects world history of
pharmacy in 3000 BC Imhotep the god of
medicine a priest and physician to
ancient Egypt Kemet was the first to
establish official medical healing
practices 1500 BC the papyrus evers a
kinetic scroll listed over 800
prescriptions using 700 verbal remedies
400 BC Hippocrates a Greek physician
established practices of treating
patients his writings also established
physician conduct which included the
Hippocratic oath history of pharmacy in
the United States founded in 1820 the
United States pharmacopoeia created the
standards for manufacturing drugs for
more than a hundred years Philadelphia
College of Pharmacy was founded in 1821
in 1825 the first periodical in the
United States devoted to the art and
science of pharmacy the American Journal
of Pharmacy was published by
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy first
published in 1833 Franklin Bach and
George B would compiled a comprehensive
commentary on drugs the dispensatory of
the United States of America
William Procter jr. William Procter jr.
the father of American pharmacy with a
professor at Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy from 1846 to 1874 he and Daniel
B Smith helped founded the American
pharmaceutical Association in 1852 it is
now called the American Pharmacists
Association APHA the first established
and largest professional association of
pharmacists in the United States
the more than 50,000 members of APHA
include practicing pharmacist
pharmaceutical scientist pharmacy
students pharmacy technicians and others
interested in advancing the profession
john Maish in 1868 john mace introduced
the idea of pharmaceutical board to be
appointed by the governor of each state
and established the term registered
pharmacist by 1878 nine states had
adopted pharmacy laws which licensed
pharmacists every state now of course
has a Board of Pharmacy which regulates
the practice of pharmacy in 1885 Joseph
P Remington published the practice of
pharmacy which soon became established
as the standard text in the field later
renamed Remington the science and
practice of pharmacy this comprehensive
reference work remains widely used
throughout the world quinine extracted
from the Kinoshita tree bark the first
drug to successfully treat malaria one
of mankind's most deadly diseases
cocaine the first effective local
anesthetic digitalis the drug of the
foxglove plant which has been widely
used in treating heart disease
penicillin the first antibiotic insulin
the hormone that lowers blood sugar in
the treatment of diabetes one of the
great discoveries in medicine in the
20th century salicylic acid a natural
drug derived from the bark of the white
willow tree used by ancient Greeks to
relieve pain and the natural forerunner
to the active ingredient in aspirin
early drug regulations and laws Food and
Drug Act of 1906 prohibited interstate
commerce and adulterated or misbranded
food drinks and drugs government
pre-approval or drugs is required 1938
Food Drug and Cosmetic FDC Act in
response to the fatal poisoning of 107
people primarily children B an untested
sulfa Milla need concoction this
comprehensive law requires new drugs be
shown to be safe before marketing 1951
Durham Humphrey amendment this law
defines what drugs require a
prescription by a licensed practitioner
and requires them to include this legend
on the label caution federal law
prohibits dispensing without a
prescription
1962 Kepha V Harris amendments
requires drug manufacturers to provide
proof of both safety and effectiveness
before marketing the drug 1970 poison
prevention packaging Act requires
childproof packaging on all controlled
and most prescription drugs dispensed by
pharmacies 1970 Controlled Substances
Act CSA the CSA classifies drugs that
may be easily abused and restricts their
distribution it is enforced by the Drug
Enforcement Administration DEA within
the Justice Department schedule 1
schedule 1 drugs substances or chemicals
are defined as drugs with no currently
accepted medical use and a high
potential for abuse schedule on drugs
are the most dangerous drugs of all the
drug schedules with potentially severe
psychological or physical dependence
some examples of schedule on drugs are
heroin lysergic acid diethylamide LSD
marijuana or cannabis 3 4
methylenedioxypyrovalerone for abuse
with use potentially leading to severe
psychological or physical dependence
these drugs are also considered
dangerous
some examples of schedule 2 drugs are
combination products with less than 15
milligrams of hydrocodone per dosage
unit vicodin cocaine methamphetamine
methadone
hydromorphone dilaudid meperidine
Demerol oxycodone oxycontin fentanyl Dec
cedron adderall and Ritalin Schedule
three drugs substances or chemicals are
defined as drugs with a moderate to low
potential for physical and psychological
dependence scheduled 3 drug abuse
potential is less than schedule 1 and
schedule 2 drugs but more than scheduled
for some examples of schedule 3 drugs
are products containing less than 90
milligrams of codeine per dosage unit
tylenol with codeine ketamine anabolic
steroids testosterone schedule for drugs
or substances or chemicals are defined
as drugs with a low potential for abuse
and low risk of dependence some examples
of schedule for drugs are xanax
soma valium ativan Cowan ambien
tramadol schedule 5 drugs substances or
chemicals are defined as drugs with low
potential for abuse then scheduled for
and consist of preparations containing
limited quantities of certain narcotics
schedule five drugs are generally used
for anti diarrheal anti to civ and
analgesic purposes some examples of
schedule 5 drugs are cough preparations
with less than 200 milligrams of codeine
or per 100 milliliters robitussin AC
lomotil motive and lyrica parapet : 1990
I'm novice Budget Reconciliation act
obra this Act required pharmacists to
offer counseling to Medicaid patients
regarding medications effectively
putting the common practice into law
1996 Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act HIPAA provided broad
and stringent regulations to protect
patients privacy types of pharmacy
settings community pharmacy hospital
pharmacy clinical pharmacy ambulatory
care pharmacy compounding pharmacy
internet pharmacy and mail-order
veterinary pharmacy nuclear pharmacy
military pharmacy pharmacy informatics
specialty pharmacy
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