What is Hezbollah and how is it linked to the Israel-Gaza war? | Start Here
Summary
TLDRLe Hezbollah est un groupe libanais multifacette, à la fois mouvement religieux, parti politique et groupe armé. Issu de la communauté chiite marginalisée, il s'est forgé au cours de la guerre civile libanaise, se positionnant contre l'occupation israélienne et influencé par la révolution iranienne de 1979. Aujourd'hui, bien armé et soutenu par l'Iran, il domine la scène politique libanaise tout en étant un acteur clé du conflit israélo-libanais, avec des ramifications régionales et une présence militaire renforcée par son implication en Syrie.
Takeaways
- 💥 Hezbollah est un groupe chiite libanais impliqué dans un intense échange de tirs avec Israël à la frontière avec le Liban.
- 🛡️ Hezbollah est une organisation armée, politique et sociale profondément enracinée dans la société libanaise, plus puissante que l'État libanais et mieux armée que l'armée du Liban.
- 🇮🇷 Le groupe est étroitement lié à l'Iran, et certains experts le considèrent comme une branche du Corps des Gardiens de la Révolution islamique d'Iran (IRGC).
- 🔫 Le Hezbollah se définit comme un mouvement de résistance contre Israël et les politiques américaines, avec environ 20 000 à 50 000 combattants selon certaines estimations.
- 🕌 Le Hezbollah est un mouvement religieux chiite, mais tous les chiites du Liban ne soutiennent pas le groupe.
- ⚖️ Hezbollah a émergé pendant la guerre civile libanaise (1975-1990) et a bénéficié du soutien de l'Iran, notamment après l'invasion israélienne du Liban en 1982.
- 🎓 En plus de ses activités militaires, le Hezbollah fournit des services sociaux dans les zones sous son contrôle, comme l'éducation et les soins de santé.
- 🗳️ Le groupe participe également à la vie politique libanaise, avec des députés au parlement et des ministres au gouvernement depuis les années 1990.
- 💣 Les armes du Hezbollah, conservées après la guerre civile, sont un sujet de discorde au Liban, beaucoup voyant cela comme un outil pour promouvoir ses intérêts politiques.
- 🌍 Hezbollah est un acteur majeur dans l'axe de résistance de l'Iran, soutenant des groupes et des conflits dans toute la région, notamment en Syrie et en Palestine.
Q & A
Quel est le nom arabe de Hezbollah et que signifie-t-il ?
-Le nom arabe de Hezbollah signifie 'parti de Dieu'.
Quels sont les principaux aspects de l'identité de Hezbollah ?
-Hezbollah est un mouvement religieux, un parti politique avec des membres au Parlement libanais et un groupe armé.
Quelle est la relation entre Hezbollah et l'Iran ?
-Hezbollah est très proche de l'Iran, prenant des ordres de ce pays et faisant partie de sa structure militaire régionale.
Combien de combattants Hezbollah est-il censé avoir ?
-Hezbollah prétend avoir 100 000 combattants, mais les experts suggèrent que le nombre pourrait être entre 20 000 et 50 000.
Quels sont les facteurs qui ont contribué à l'émergence de Hezbollah ?
-Les facteurs principaux incluent la marginalisation des chiites au Liban, la révolution en Iran en 1979 et l'invasion israélienne du Liban en 1982.
Quel rôle a joué l'Iran dans la formation de Hezbollah ?
-L'Iran a fourni une formation, un financement et des armes à Hezbollah, en capitalisant sur l'idéalisme révolutionnaire et la lutte contre l'occupation israélienne.
Comment Hezbollah s'est-il transformé après la fin de la guerre civile au Liban ?
-Après la guerre civile, Hezbollah s'est transformé en un acteur politique majeur, créant un parti politique et devenant une voix主导 pour la communauté chiite au Liban.
Quels services sociaux fournit Hezbollah dans les zones qu'il contrôle ?
-Hezbollah fournit des services sociaux tels que la santé, l'éducation et des programmes pour les jeunes, et même des cartes de réduction pour les courses.
Pourquoi la présence d'un groupe armé comme Hezbollah est-elle problématique au Liban ?
-La présence d'un groupe armé comme Hezbollah est problématique car il est séparé du gouvernement et est considéré par certains comme un outil pour avancer ses propres intérêts politiques.
Quels sont les liens de Hezbollah avec d'autres groupes dans la région ?
-Hezbollah fait partie de l'axe du Liban, un réseau de groupes soutenus par l'Iran pour étendre son influence, y compris des milices en Irak, en Syrie, Hamas à Gaza et les Houthis au Yémen.
Outlines
🌐 Histoire et puissance de Hezbollah
Le paragraphe 1 présente Hezbollah comme un groupe libanais souvent au cœur des actualités en raison des échanges de tirs de roquettes avec Israël. Il est décrit comme un groupe militant, mais également comme un mouvement religieux, un parti politique et un groupe armé. Il est étroitement lié à l'Iran et perçoit comme une résistance contre les politiques américaines et israéliennes. Le texte explique également comment Hezbollah est venu sur la scène, ses liens avec l'Iran et son importance aujourd'hui. Il souligne que le nom signifie 'parti de Dieu', bien qu'il ne soit pas uniquement un groupe religieux. Il mentionne également ses activités politiques, sa présence au parlement libanais et son rôle dans la société civile, en fournissant des services sociaux et en étant le plus puissant groupe armé au Liban.
🏛️ Évolution de Hezbollah et ses implications
Le paragraphe 2 décrit l'évolution de Hezbollah d'un groupe miltant à un acteur politique majeur au Liban. Il explique comment, après la guerre civile libanaise, le groupe a commencé à se transformer en un intermédiaire puissant, en créant un parti politique et en gagnant des sièges au parlement. Il est également décrit comme un groupe qui fournit des services sociaux dans les régions qu'il contrôle, et qui détient une armée parallèle à celle de l'État libanais. Le paragraphe aborde également les problèmes posés par la présence d'un groupe armé aussi puissant, comme la manière dont ses armes sont utilisées pour avancer ses intérêts politiques au détriment de la stabilité du Liban. Il mentionne également l'implication de Hezbollah dans d'autres conflits régionaux, comme le conflit syrien, et comment cela a renforcé ses capacités militaires.
🚨 Rôle international de Hezbollah et conflit actuel
Le paragraphe 3 traite du rôle de Hezbollah au-delà du Liban, en tant que membre le plus puissant de l'axe du Liban, un réseau de groupes soutenus par l'Iran pour étendre son influence dans la région. Il explique comment Hezbollah a participé à la guerre en Syrie en tant qu'allié d'Iran pour soutenir le président Bachar Al-Assad. Le texte mentionne également que les activités de Hezbollah ne sont pas limitées au Liban et qu'il est impliqué dans d'autres conflits, comme la guerre en Gaza. Il souligne l'importance de Hezbollah dans les conflits actuels avec Israël et comment ses actions peuvent avoir des répercussions sur une éventuelle guerre régionale. Le paragraphe se termine sur une note de prudence, soulignant que, bien que les deux côtés soient capables de faire de grands dégâts, ils semblent rester prudents pour éviter un conflit plus large.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Hezbollah
💡Lebanon
💡Israel
💡Iran
💡Shia
💡Militant movement
💡Resistance
💡Civil war
💡Armed group
💡State within a state
Highlights
Hezbollah is a Lebanese group that has been in the headlines due to intense exchanges of rocket fire across the Israel-Lebanon border.
Hezbollah is classified as a terror group by some countries but is deeply embedded in Lebanese politics and society.
The group is more powerful and armed than the Lebanese Army and is closely aligned with Iran.
Hezbollah defines itself as a resistance movement against US and Israeli policies.
The name Hezbollah translates to 'Party of God', indicating its religious movement roots within Shia Islam.
Hezbollah is also a political party with members in Lebanon's Parliament and ministers in the cabinet.
Estimates suggest Hezbollah has between 20,000 to 50,000 fighters, though the exact number is unknown.
Hezbollah's leader, Hassan Nasrallah, has been at the helm for over 30 years and is rarely seen in public.
The group's connection to Iran is evident through its alignment with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).
Hezbollah's rise can be attributed to three main factors: the Shia factor, Iran's 1979 revolution, and Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon.
Lebanon's political system often exacerbates divisions among religious and sectarian groups, with the Shia historically marginalized.
Hezbollah emerged during the chaos of Lebanon's civil war, which lasted from 1975 to 1990.
The group initially defined itself as a resistance force against Israeli occupation.
Hezbollah has been involved in assassinations, hostage-taking, and high-profile bombings, including the US Embassy attack in Beirut.
In the 1990s, Hezbollah began to evolve into a major power broker in Lebanon, establishing a political party and winning seats in Parliament.
Hezbollah provides social services such as health, education, and youth programs in areas under its control.
The group's military strength is a significant aspect of its appeal in Lebanon, as it is seen as the most effective force against Israel.
Hezbollah's military activities have been a point of contention within Lebanon, with critics viewing its arms as a means to advance political interests.
The group is part of Iran's 'axis of resistance', a network of militias supported by Iran to spread its influence.
Hezbollah's involvement in the Syrian War to support the Assad regime has given its fighters combat experience and strengthened its Special Forces.
The current conflict between Hezbollah and Israel has led to a war in Gaza, reigniting tensions and raising concerns about a potential wider regional conflict.
Transcripts
let's talk about
[Applause]
Hezbollah it's the Lebanese group that's
back in the headlines there's been an
intense exchange of Rocket fire across
the Israel Lebanon border hisa fires
across the border every day Israel is
targeting what it says are Hezbollah
cells some countries classify Hezbollah
as a terror group but it's also deeply
embedded in Lebanese politics and
Society more powerful than the state
more armed than the Lebanese Army itself
hisbah is a militant movement it defines
itself as a resistance and pushing back
against us and Israeli policies it's
also very close to Iran they take orders
from Iran so how did Hezbollah come onto
the scene what exactly is its connection
to Iran and how powerful is the group
today the name Hezbollah means party of
God now that that might make it sound
like it's a religious group but it's
actually a lot of things it is a
religious movement and its members are
mainly from the Shia branch of Islam but
not all Shia Muslims in Lebanon support
Hezbollah it's also a political party
with members in lebanon's Parliament and
ministers in the cabinet and it's an
armed group they say they've got 100,000
Fighters but it's hard to know for sure
and some experts suggest it's lower
likely between 20 and 50,000 this is a
secretive organization even within you
know party members somebody working in a
what a bank a school could be a
Hezbollah fighter and you don't know
that and this is uh one of the strengths
of Hezbollah um they tend not to show
all their cards if you like this is a
group that does not have known military
bases Hassan NASA is the Shia cleric
who's LED Hezbollah for more than 30
years he's rarely seen in person but in
areas where support for Hezbollah is
strong like in the southern suburbs of
the capital Beirut and in the south of
Lebanon His Image is everywhere and you
also see posters of Iranian leaders
because the group does not hide its
links with
Iran some experts even characterize
Hezbollah as essentially part of Iran's
Armed Forces a branch called the Islamic
revolutionary guard Corp or irgc they
are part of Iran's Regional military
structure they have Lebanese IDs but
their loyalty and their job and their
mission is to serve the interests of the
irgc's CLS force close the kuds force is
the irgc branch that's mostly focused on
foreign
operations so how did Hezbollah come
about well there are three main factors
that help explain its rise the the first
is the Shia Factor Lebanon has always
been very divided along religious and
sectarian lines along with the Shia the
other main groups are Sunny Muslims and
Christians lebanon's political system
assigns them all key positions it's
designed so that they share power but in
practice it tends to exacerbate
divisions and the Shia have often felt
that they get the worst deal and are
neglected by the government in Beirut uh
the Shia Community has long felt
marginalized on the fringes of society
in the 1970s a political and armed
movement fighting for sheer rights had
cropped up other groups were vying for
power too including the PLO the
Palestinian group that had established
itself in southern Lebanon by 1975 they
all turned on each other and a civil war
broke out the Lebanese are fighting
among themselves Muslims against
Christians and left against
right the war lasted until 1990 and it
was in the chaos of all the fighting
that Hezbollah emerged and this brings
us to our second Factor Iran and the
1979 Revolution Iran's monarchy was
overthrown and replaced by an Islamic
Republic led by Shia cleric
Rahi the revolution established Iran as
the dominant Shia power in the
regioni um saw himself and saw the
revolution something that goes beyond
Beyond Iran he he saw this as more of a
pan-islamic revolution that goes even
beyond the Shia community so Iran wanted
to spread its ideology and influence and
everything going on in Lebanon provided
an opportunity for that especially after
1982 when Israel invaded Lebanon and
this is the third factor that explains
hezbollah's rise now Israel said it was
going after the PLO remember that's the
Palestinian group that was based in
southern Lebanon and it had been
attacking Israel from there tanks roll
into Southern Lebanon the Israelis said
they had one goal to root out once and
for all Palestinian bases across the
border from their Northern
settlements Israeli forces reached all
the way to Beirut later they withdrew to
Southern Lebanon and occupied an area
there right up until 2000 the Israel
they didn't just like kick the FES out
and leave they came they stayed they
occupied
and here's where our three factors all
converge in 1982 a group of Shia in
Lebanon who were already aligned with
Iran's revolutionary ideology had come
together to fight the Israeli forces
Iran capitalized on that providing
training funding and weapons and that
group adopted a name Hezbollah Iran
invested in an organic reality you had
Lebanese Shi who suffered Decades of um
marginalization from the Lebanese state
and also we're suffering from Israeli
occupation and when we're radicalized by
the events of
1982 and hence comes a um a movement uh
to uh build on all of that from the
beginning Hezbollah mainly defined
itself as a resistance force against the
Israeli occupation in 1985 they stated
that the obliteration of Israel from
existence was one of their ultimate aims
they also said they wanted to kick out
us and French troops who were in Lebanon
as part of peacekeeping Miss
their tactics included assassinations
hostage taking suicide attacks and some
high-profile bombings like one on the US
Embassy in Beirut that killed 63
people then in the early 1990s there was
a shift for Hezbollah lebanon's Civil
War had ended and the group started to
evolve from this shadowy militia into a
major power
broker
isbah set up a political party it won
its first seats in Parliament in 1992
and eventually became a leading voice
for lebanon's Shia Community Inc comes
this party this powerful and strong
party who tells them that you know we
will protect you from the others and we
will ensure that you have a say in
government that you have a say in the
decision- making process in this country
since 2005 Hezbollah had cab ministers
running various government departments
it's also been described as a state
within a state providing all sorts of
Social Services in the areas they
control things like health education and
youth
programs they even give you know these
cards to to some of their members to get
groceries at a discount but the main
thing that sets Hezbollah apart from
other Lebanese political factions is
that it has weapons a lot of them at the
end of the Civil War hasb kept its
weapons it said it needed them to fight
Israel and it did keep fighting first
they were focused on pushing Israel out
of Southern Lebanon and got a lot of
credit when Israel finally withdrew in
2000 since then fighting has repeatedly
flared up including a war in 2006 which
lasted 34
days a big part of hezbollah's appeal in
Lebanon is based on this perception that
it is the most effective Force to stand
up to Israel but having such a strong
armed group separate from the government
is also seen as problematic his
opponents in Lebanon believe that those
arms are being used for Hasa to advance
its political interests in the country
there are many who view it as a
problematic uh player on on the Lebanese
scene I would say a good half of of the
country would see it as such another way
of looking at it is that Hezbollah is
both a cause and a symptom of even
deeper problems in Lebanon a country
with a broken sectarian political system
that allows corruption to thrive and has
kept the economy in the gutter 80% of
people now live in
poverty every time you try to deal with
the corrupt political Elite you are
always hit by hezbollah's arms that it
is protecting them take the uh Beirut
Port explosion what
the
it was a dark day in lebanon's history
August 4 2020 2 years on there's still
been no accountability for one of the
biggest non-nuclear blasts in history
not one top official has been held to
account Hezbollah is also accused of
standing in the way of the investigation
into the explosion at the Bay
Port at one point this even spilled over
into deadly fighting on the streets of
Beirut when Hezbollah supporters
protested against the lead judge
investigating the
explosion but hezbollah's activities and
influence aren't just confined to
Lebanon it's the most powerful group in
what's known as Iran's axis of
resistance this is a network of groups
that Iran supports to spread its
influence and interest in the region it
includes militias in Iraq and Syria
Hamas in Gaza and the houthis in Yemen
but they're all part of the Iranian
Regional structure military structure
this is this is how Iran Works Iran
fights America and fights Israel be
proxies and partners this helps to
explain why Hezbollah took part in the
Syrian War for example Syria's president
Bashar Al Assad is an ally of Iran and
hasbullah fought as part of an Iranian
Alliance to keep him in power that move
alienated some of hezbollah's supporters
who felt it wasn't the group's job to
get involved but the war also gave
Hezbollah a reason to recruit and its
Fighters got combat experience uh
Hezbollah has also grown its Special
Forces capabilities given its role in
the conflict in Syria so today you're
looking at a group that's really strong
militarily it has a lot of weapons a
grip on Lebanon and Iran behind it right
now it's in the spotlight because of the
war in Gaza which has reignited the
fight between Hezbollah and Israel
Hezbollah has fired Rockets into Israel
killing soldiers and civilians it says
it won't stop until Israel ends its war
on Gaza and Israel's hit back firing
into Lebanon killing civilians along
with Hezbollah Fighters and at least two
senior
commanders tens of thousands of people
living on either side of the Border have
had to leave their homes many people are
questioning whether this could all turn
into a full-blown war and a wider
regional conflict it's always a
possibility but at the same time Israel
and Hezbollah both know that the other
one has the capacity to do huge damage
and that might be encouraging them to
hold back so both sides are still
treading carefully Hezbollah does not
want a full-blown war and it can hurt
Israel it can hit anywhere in Israel it
can fire thousands of rockets a day but
Israel too can hurt
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