Divisão Funcional Proposta por Brodmann - Divisão Funcional do Córtex #neuropsicologia

Summary

The script discusses the functional areas of the brain, focusing on the primary visual area and its role in processing sensory information. It explains the consequences of damage to this area, such as cortical blindness, and contrasts it with the secondary visual areas responsible for more complex perceptual phenomena. The lecture also touches on the primary and secondary auditory areas, olfactory and gustatory systems, and the motor and somatosensory systems. It highlights the importance of these areas in perception, movement, and higher cognitive functions like language and executive functions, emphasizing the interconnectedness of the brain's functional divisions.

Takeaways

• 🧠 The primary visual area (area V1) is crucial for processing basic visual information and is located in the occipital lobe (area 17 of Brodmann).
• 👁️+🧠 Damage to the primary visual area can result in cortical blindness, where a person cannot see despite having healthy eyes.
• 🌀 Stimulation of the primary visual area can induce perceptions of bright circles but not complex images, as complex visual processing occurs in secondary areas.
• 🔍 Secondary visual areas (areas 18, 19, 21, and 37) are involved in more complex visual processing and are associated with higher visual functions.
• 👓 Lesions in secondary visual areas can lead to various visual perceptual changes, such as visual neglect, optic ataxia, and motion blindness.
• 🎵 The primary auditory area (area 41) is responsible for processing basic auditory information and is located in the temporal lobe.
• 🎶 Damage to the primary auditory area can result in cortical deafness, where a person cannot perceive sound despite normal auditory organs.
• 👃 The primary olfactory area (area 34) is involved in processing smell and is relatively small compared to other sensory areas.
• 👅 The gustatory area (areas 43 and 3,2 of Brodmann) processes taste information from taste receptors on the tongue.
• 🤲 The primary somatosensory area (area 3,1 of Brodmann) maps the body's sensory input in an inverted manner, with the head represented at the bottom and the feet at the top.
• 💡 Higher-order (tertiary) areas integrate information from primary and secondary areas to facilitate complex cognitive functions such as language and executive functions.

Q & A

What is the primary function of the primary visual area in the brain?

The primary visual area, also known as V1 or area 17 of Brodmann, is responsible for processing basic visual information received from the eyes. It captures sensory input such as light and color, which is then transmitted to other areas of the cortex for further processing and interpretation.

What happens when there is damage to the primary visual area in the brain?

Damage to the primary visual area can result in cortical blindness. Even if the eyes are functioning perfectly, the brain cannot convert the electrical signals into visual images, leading to a loss of vision despite the eyes' structural integrity.

How do complex visual perceptions, such as recognizing images, relate to the primary visual area?

Complex visual perceptions do not occur in the primary visual area. Instead, these complex phenomena depend on secondary visual areas. The primary visual area captures basic sensory information, and as the visual stimulus becomes more complex, it is processed by associative areas to form complete images.

What is the role of the secondary visual areas in processing visual information?

Secondary visual areas, such as areas V2, V3, V4, and V5, are involved in processing more complex aspects of vision, including motion, color, and object recognition. They integrate information from the primary visual area to create a detailed and coherent visual perception.

What are the potential visual perceptual alterations caused by damage to the secondary visual areas?

Damage to the secondary visual areas can lead to various visual perceptual changes, such as visual neglect, where a person fails to see part of their visual field, or optic ataxia, which affects the perception of movement. It can also result in visual agnosias, where a person has difficulty recognizing objects or faces despite intact primary visual processing.

How does the primary auditory area contribute to our perception of sound?

The primary auditory area, area 41, is responsible for processing basic auditory information, such as sound frequency. Stimulation of this area can result in the perception of buzzing or simple sounds, but not complex sounds like music, which require processing in secondary auditory areas.

What is the primary function of the somatosensory area, and where is it located in the brain?

The somatosensory area, primarily area 3, 1, and 2 of Brodmann, is responsible for processing sensory information from the body, such as touch, pressure, and pain. It is located in the postcentral gyrus of the brain, and it is organized in a way that represents the body in an inverted fashion.

What type of motor function impairments can result from damage to the primary motor area?

Damage to the primary motor area, located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe, can lead to loss of voluntary movement, paralysis, or impaired motor control. This area is directly responsible for initiating and executing motor commands.

How do the premotor and supplementary motor areas contribute to complex motor planning?

The premotor area (area 6) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) are involved in planning and executing complex motor sequences. They are responsible for coordinating and fine-tuning movements, such as those required for speech, writing, and other skilled tasks.

What are the main areas associated with language processing in the brain?

The main areas associated with language processing are Broca's area (located in the posterior part of the frontal lobe, often referred to as area 44), which is responsible for language production, and Wernicke's area (located in the superior temporal gyrus, often referred to as area 39), which is involved in language comprehension.

What are the primary functions of the executive functions areas in the brain?

Executive functions areas, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (area 9), the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (area 10), and the anterior cingulate cortex (area 32), are responsible for higher-order cognitive functions such as planning, decision-making, impulse control, and cognitive flexibility.