Group 5 - Naturalistic and Ethnographic Research

Summary

The video script provides an in-depth explanation of naturalistic and ethnographic research methods. It covers the elements of naturalistic inquiry, the key aspects of ethnography, and critical ethnography's focus on power dynamics and social change. The script also addresses research design, data collection, and analysis techniques, highlighting the benefits of using technology in ethnographic studies. It concludes with challenges associated with these research methods, such as issues of reliability, validity, and the influence of researchers on participants. Overall, the script offers a comprehensive guide to understanding and applying these qualitative research approaches.

Takeaways

• 📝 Ethnographic research involves observing, describing, and interpreting the experiences and actions of people in their social and cultural contexts.
• 📚 Ethnography is more about descriptions than predictions, focusing on induction and theory generation rather than verification.
• 🔍 The process of naturalistic inquiry is hermeneutic, aiming to uncover meanings and structure investigations using participants' constructs.
• 👀 Observational techniques are key in ethnographic research, focusing on real-life settings rather than controlled environments.
• 🌍 Ethnographic research gathers phenomenological data, investigating participants' worldviews and meanings assigned to phenomena.
• 🔬 The research process is holistic, moving from description and data to inference, causation, and theory generation.
• 📊 Instruments like interviews and questionnaires are often generated in situ, informed by direct observations and participant interactions.
• 💡 Ethnographic research is contextual, with hypotheses emerging as the study develops in real-world settings.
• ⚖️ Critical ethnography aims to critique power relations and foster social change by addressing inequalities and hegemony.
• 💻 Information technology can assist ethnographic research by managing, processing, and analyzing large amounts of data efficiently.

Q & A

What is naturalistic inquiry?

Naturalistic inquiry is an approach to understanding the social world where the researcher observes, describes, and interprets the experiences and actions of specific people and groups in societal and cultural contexts.

What are the key elements of ethnographic research according to And Brazil (1993)?

According to And Brazil (1993), the key elements of ethnographic research include eliciting phenomenological data, investigating and representing the worldview of participants, interpreting meanings by both researchers and participants, gathering empirical data in naturalistic settings, using observational techniques, and employing a holistic approach to social phenomena.

What distinguishes ethnographic research from other research methods?

Ethnographic research differs from other methods as it focuses on understanding cultural contexts and participant perspectives through prolonged, immersive observation in naturalistic settings. It aims to describe rather than predict and uses induction over deduction.

What are the primary tasks of an ethnographer?

The primary tasks of an ethnographer include observing social interactions with contextual relevance, forming hypotheses as the study develops, conducting prolonged and repetitive observations, and eliciting socio-cultural knowledge from participants to understand their reality.

What are the benefits of using information technology in ethnographic research?

Information technology benefits ethnographic research by allowing efficient data storage and management, facilitating data sharing and memo creation, enabling coding and categorization, and supporting complex data analysis through various computational tools.

What are some challenges of ethnographic and naturalistic research?

Challenges include potential participant confusion or deception, the researcher's presence altering the situation, selective data collection (halo effect), complex interpretation, potential neglect of broader social contexts, and difficulties in generalization.

What is critical ethnography and its purpose?

Critical ethnography is a qualitative approach aimed at critiquing hegemony, oppression, and asymmetrical power relations to foster social change. It emphasizes the role of power dynamics and aims to address social inequalities.

How can the validity and reliability of ethnographic research be ensured?

Validity and reliability can be ensured through prolonged observation, using multiple recording devices and observers, flexible observation schedules, respondent validation, peer debriefing, and consistency checks on interviews and data analysis.

What are the five stages of critical ethnography as outlined by Carspecken?

The five stages include: 1) compiling the primary record through data collection, 2) preliminary reconstructive analysis, 3) dialogical data collection with validity checks, 4) discovering system relations, and 5) using system relations to explain findings and critique existing social structures.

What are some suggested methods to plan naturalistic research effectively?

Methods include determining the focus of the inquiry, ensuring theoretical fit, deciding where and from whom data will be collected, planning data collection and recording models, and preparing for logistical challenges before, during, and after fieldwork.

Outlines

00:00

🔍 Introduction to Naturalistic and Ethnographic Research

The speaker introduces naturalistic inquiry, which involves understanding the social world through observation, description, and interpretation of experiences in cultural contexts. Ethnographic research is highlighted as a method that focuses on documenting cultural groups and understanding their social interactions. The text covers the key elements such as phenomenological data, participants' worldviews, and the use of hermeneutic methods to uncover meanings.

05:01

🌍 Key Features of Ethnographic Research

Ethnographic research focuses on understanding social interactions, culture, and insider perspectives. Several methods are mentioned, including participant observation, contextual relevance, hypothesis emergence, and prolonged observation to establish data reliability. Ethnographers aim to gather socio-cultural knowledge through various instruments and tools, adapting as necessary to understand insider realities.

10:05

📝 Planning and Designing Naturalistic Research

The process of planning naturalistic research involves several steps, such as determining the focus of inquiry, ensuring fit with theory, identifying data sources, and planning data collection and analysis. The text mentions different scholars and models that help guide research design, emphasizing the detailed and case-specific nature of naturalistic inquiry. The aim is to reflect the uniqueness of each study case rather than seek generalizations.

15:06

⚖️ Critical Ethnography and Power Relations

Critical ethnography focuses on critiquing hegemony, oppression, and power relations to foster social change. It highlights how power relations are socially and historically embedded, and how emotion, values, and social structures influence perceptions and behavior. The stages of critical ethnography are explained, emphasizing validity checks, peer review, and participant validation to ensure accuracy and critical reflection.

20:07

💻 The Role of Technology in Ethnographic Research

This section discusses how information technology supports ethnographic research. It highlights the advantages of using computers for storing, organizing, coding, and analyzing large data sets, facilitating memo creation, performing searches, and ensuring the integrity of data. The benefits of computing tools for improving research validity and reliability are also covered, alongside examples of how technology enhances the ethnographic process.

25:09

⚠️ Challenges in Ethnographic and Naturalistic Research

Ethnographic and naturalistic research faces challenges that can affect reliability and validity, such as potential distortions of reality by participants, the influence of researchers on the study setting, and generalization issues. The complexity of interpretive methodologies is addressed, alongside the difficulty of balancing insider perspectives with broader social contexts. The text also discusses ownership of data and ethical concerns surrounding research dissemination.

Keywords

💡Naturalistic Inquiry

Naturalistic inquiry is an approach to studying the social world by observing, describing, and interpreting people's experiences in their natural environment. It contrasts with controlled experimental methods, aiming to capture how social phenomena occur in real-life settings, which is a major theme in the video.

💡Ethnographic Research

Ethnographic research involves studying cultures and societies by immersing in their environment to understand their behaviors and interactions. It focuses on generating detailed cultural knowledge and is often used in naturalistic inquiry. The script explains its process, which includes data collection and interpretation.

💡Hermeneutic

Hermeneutic refers to the process of uncovering and interpreting meanings during research. It is crucial in ethnographic studies as it helps researchers and participants ascribe meaning to observed phenomena, facilitating a deeper understanding of cultural interactions.

💡Phenomenological Data

Phenomenological data is information gathered from the lived experiences of participants, emphasizing their perspective on reality. In ethnographic research, this data is critical for understanding how individuals interpret their cultural context, as noted in the script.

💡Holistic Research

Holistic research involves understanding social phenomena in their entirety rather than in isolation. It includes describing and interpreting actions, moving from raw data to broader inferences, which is essential in ethnographic studies to generate comprehensive cultural insights.

💡Cultural Context

Cultural context refers to the social environment and cultural practices that shape individuals' behaviors and worldviews. Ethnographic research places a strong emphasis on understanding activities within their cultural context, as explained in the script.

💡Participant Observation

Participant observation is a key method in ethnographic research where the researcher immerses themselves in the participants' environment to observe and record behaviors. This method is highlighted in the script as critical for acquiring authentic data in naturalistic settings.

💡Critical Ethnography

Critical ethnography is a form of research that not only describes social phenomena but also critiques power imbalances and fosters social change. The script emphasizes its focus on addressing issues like oppression and inequality, making it a tool for advocacy and reform.

💡Validity Checks

Validity checks are methods used to ensure the accuracy and credibility of data in ethnographic research. Techniques such as using multiple observers or conducting prolonged observations are mentioned in the script to maintain the integrity of the research findings.

💡Inductive Approach

An inductive approach in research involves generating theories based on observed data, rather than testing pre-existing hypotheses. The script discusses how ethnographic research is more concerned with description and induction, as opposed to deductive methods which aim for prediction.

Highlights

Introduction to naturalistic and ethnographic research, with Adrina Tafiya presenting.

Naturalistic inquiry observes, describes, and interprets experiences within societal and cultural contexts.

Ethnographic research involves methods, outcome, and resultant records aimed at cultural reconstructions.

Key elements of ethnographic research include phenomenological data, participant worldview, and hermeneutic uncovering of meanings.

Ethnography prioritizes holistic observations in natural settings rather than controlled environments.

Ethnographers balance the task of capturing diversity and variability with identifying social patterns.

Observation is repeated in ethnography to ensure reliability in the collected data.

The ethnographic task includes eliciting socio-cultural knowledge from participants.

Critical ethnography focuses on critiquing power relations and fostering social change.

Ethnographic studies focus on descriptions, induction, and theory generation over predictions and verification.

Stages in ethnographic research include collecting cultural data, analyzing it, and formulating ethnographic hypotheses.

Critical ethnography emphasizes that research and thinking are mediated by power relations.

Technological tools enhance ethnographic research by storing, processing, and analyzing data more efficiently.

Challenges in ethnographic research include the halo effect, reactivity, and difficulties in generalization.

Ethnographic research methods are widely accepted in education, but also present notable challenges.

Transcripts

or we would like to

explain about naturalistic and

ethnographic research

uh for the first uh i would like to

introduce myself and my friends my name

is

adrina tafiya and

foreign

for the first material will be explained

by me elements of naturalistic inquiry

naturalistic inquiry is an approach to

understanding the social world

in which the researcher observes

describes

and interprets the experiences and

actions of specific people

and groups in societal and and cultural

contexts

we called and brazil 1993

suggests that ethnographic research is a

process involving methods

in including an outcome and a resultant

record

record of the inquiry the intention of

the research is

to create a civil rights reconstructions

as possible

of the culture or groups being studied

the and brazil 1993

indicate several key elements of

ethnographic approach

there are phenomenological data

are elicited

second the word view of the participants

is

investigated and represented the

definition of the situations

third meanings are accorded to phenomena

by both the researcher and the

participants

the process of research therefore is

hermeneutic

uncovering meanings

and the fourth the constructs of the

participants are used to structure

to structure to to structure the

investigations

next and empirical data are gathered in

the naturalistic setting

unlike laboratories or in control

settings as in other forms of research

where variables are manipulated

next observational techniques are used

extensively

for the participant and participant two

acquire data on real life settings

and then the research is holistic that

is

it takes a description and

interpretation of social phenomena

and there is a move from description and

data to inference

explanations suggestions of code

of causation and theory generations

and last methods are multimodal and

ethnographer is a method

methodological omniport

kids kids coke and heart and haggis

suggests that endographics involve

the production of descriptive

prescriptive cultural knowledge of a

group

second the description of activities in

relation to a particular

cultural context from the point of view

of the members of that group

themselves the third the production of

list of features constitute constitutive

of membership in a group or culture

next the discussion and analysis of

patterns of social interactions

next the provisions as far as possible

of

insider accounts and the last is to fill

up the development of

theory click on and bristle suggest that

endographic approaches

are concerned more with descriptions

rather than predictions

induction rather than deduction

generation rather than verification of

theory

constructions rather than enumerations

and such activities rather than

objective knowledge

double angkor style puts ethnographic

approaches to become not only more

systematic but to study and address

regularities

in social behavior and social culture

the task of endographers

is to blame a commitment to catch the

diversity variability creativity

individuality uniqueness and spontaneity

of social interactions with a commitment

to the task

of social science to seek regularities

order

and patterns within such diversity

spangler and spindler put forward

several hallmarks of effective

demographics

first observation have contextual

relevance

but in the immediate setting in which

behavior is observed

and in further context beyond second

hypothesis emerge in situ as the study

develops in the officer setting third

observation is prolonged and often

repetitive

events and service of events are

observed more than

once to establish real real reliability

in the observational data

fourth inferences from observations and

various forms

of endographic inquiry are used to

address insider's views of reality

fifth a major part of the ethnographic

task is to elicit socio-cultural

knowledge from participants

when there is social behavior

comprehensible

next instruments schedules quotes

agenda for interviews questionnaires adc

be generated in situ and sold derived

from observation and ethnographic

inquiry

and last in order to collect as much

live data as possible

any technical device may be used

the advantage of the human instrument is

her adaptability

responsiveness knowledge ability to

handle

sensitive matters ability to see the

whole picture

ability to clarify and summarize to

explore

to analyze to undermine a typical or

idiosyncratic responses

and the next list will be explained by

my friend

okay i will explain about planning it to

realistic

research next

um income and group

set out 10 elements in research design

for naturalistic studies

one is determining a focus of

the inquiry to determining fit of

paratism to focus

three determining the fit

of the inquiry para parallelism

to the substantive theory so

to quit the inquiry for

determining where and from whom data

will be correct

five determining success

safe pass of the

query 6 determining instrument

instrumentation next

and seven planning data collection and

recording models

[Music]

eight planing data analysis procedures

nine finding the logistics

our prioristical

consideration for the project as a wall

the logistic the logistics of

fire extraction prior

to going in into the field

the stick of field as execution

while in the field

logistic logistics of activate

activities following failed execution

the logistics of closure the

termination 10

painting for truss for tennis

next

this can be set out into a

second cell stage approach

to planning naturalistic research

and see for example

stars man and stars

19 19

73 talent

19 19

92 sproutly 1979

sets out out the stage of

uh a selecting

ethnographic hypothesis

writing the

sorry a selecting a problem b collecting

cultural data

c analysis cultural data deformating

at the ethynographic hypothesis

writing the eddy adenography

more fully we such as an elephant state

model

stage one locating a field of study

clinton and guba 70

90 sorry 90

8 85

such as an important difference between

conversation

conversional and naturalistic research

design

in the formal former the intention

is to focus and to focus on similarities

and to be able to make generation

whereas in the ladder the objective

is information information now

to provide such a world of detail

that the in uniqueness

and individuality

of each guest

of is of each case

can be refreshed represented

it can be represented to the charge

that not to realistic inquiry

there be cannot yield

generation generalization

because of sampling flaws the writers

argue that this is necessarily

trophy finally true in a word

it is unimportant next

will be explained by my friend

the next is critical ethnography

next

critical ethnography is a qualitative

approach

to research that explicitly

sets out to critique hegemony

operation and asymmetrical power

relations

in order to foster social change

karst beacon suggests sephirah key

premises of critical ethnography

number one is research and thinking are

mediated by power relations number two

these power relations are socially and

historically located

number three effect and values are

inseparable

number four relationships between

objects

and concepts are filled and

mediated by the social relation of

production

number five language is central to

perceptions

number six certain groups in society

exert more power than

others number

seven in quality and operation are

inherent in

capitalist relations of product and

consumption next

how does the critical ethnography

process

car speaking and apple and curse bacon

identify five stage in critical

ethnography

stage one compiling the primary record

through

the collection of monological data

lincoln and uber suggests that validity

checks

at this stage will include using

multiple

devices for recording together with

multiple observers

using a flexible observation schedules

remaining in the situation for a long

time in order to overcome

the halotom effect and

using allow inference terminology and

descriptions

and using pair debriefing

and the last using respondent validation

stage two

preliminary reconstructive analysis

car speaking suggests that the

researchers goes

back over the primary record from stage

one to examine

patterns of inter interaction

power relations rules sequence of events

events i mean and meanings according to

situations next

stage 3 geological data collection

car speaking proverbs several validity

checks

for example a

consistency checks on interviews that

have been record

b repeat interviews with participants

c matching observation with what

participants say

is happening or has happened

the avoiding leading questions at

interview string by asking peer to check

this matter

e respondent validation and f

asking participants to use their own

terms

stage 4 discovering system relations

card speaking notes that validity checks

will include

a maintaining the validity requirements

of the earlier stages b

seeking a match between the researchers

analysis and the commentaries that are

provided by the participants and

other researchers and see

using peer developers and respondent

validation

next next slide okay

and the last is stage five using system

relations

to explain findings as the

as for the stage of ideological

criticism

are criticism they are set in chapter

one

step one a description of the

existing situation or hermeneutic

exercise step two

uh penetration of the reasons that

roll the situation to the form that

it takes step three an agenda for

altering

the situation step 4 an

evaluation of the achievement of the new

situations

next

okay the next slide will will be

explained by my friends

okay the next is computer usage

next slide

so according to lee county and

presley in 1993

provide a summary of ways in which

information technology can be utilized

in supporting ethnographic research

the use of information technology are

different as data have to be

processed and as work data are labor

used to process

and as several powerful pk for data

analysis

and processing excise researchers

will find it useful to make full use of

computing facilities so this can be used

as

follow some of the benefits

of using technology for ethnographic

research

the first is to store and check

for profit data and then

to call it and

share data and make multiple copies of

data

then to allow memo creation with the

title of

circumstance in which the memos

were written number four

is to perform searches for

word of or sorry places in data

in the data and to redrive text

to attach identification label

to the unit like a questionnaire

responses so that subsequent

sorting can be undertaken then to

active the initial data encoding to be

performed

to enable premier preliminary

coding of data to be undertaken

then too short we should

collect classify classify and reclassify

pieces of data to facilitate constant

comparison and to refine schemas of

clarification

then to create a code memo and carry

it to the same classification scheme

to assemble and

resemble data into categories

to perform a frequency calculation like

a word

phrase and code to cross

check data to see if they can be cut

into more than one category

to determine the incident of data that

contain more than one category

to retrieve code data segment from

subsets in order to compare and

contrast data then to establish

linkage between coding categories to

display category

relationship like a hierarchical

and the last is to quote data in the

final

report next slide

in this process delay in 1995 you

guessed that

computer method can engage

the first is validity by the management

of samples

and the second is reliability by

rendering all the data on a given topic

celebrity ensuring

trustworthiness of the data then is some

of

problems with ethnographic and

naturalistic approach

next slide

there are several difficulties in the

ethnographic

and natural approach that might

affect the reliability and validity of

this

of the study the first

is situation they are may be

falsely confused unaware of the real

situation

deliberately distorting or falsifying

falsifying sorry information or highly

selective

second is reactivity the presence of the

researcher

alters the situation as participant

participants maybe

may be to avoid increased direct

can he influence the research and

number three is the yellow effect

hello effect is typing or given

information about the situation or

participant

might be used to be selective in

subsequent data collection

or may bring about a particular reading

of a subsequent situation

number four is implicated conservation

of interpretive methodology the kind of

research

described in this chapter is the

possible

execution of critical ethnography

and number five is there is

the difficulty for using on the research

participant and may be research too

think to close the situation that gay

neglect certain often aspect of it

and number six is

the openness and the first idea of

studying

situation that focusing on

specific context and situation might

offer

by the difference between context and

situation

rather than their gross similarity

their routine pictures researchers

are good should be as aware of

regulators

as a difference

seven is ignoring context and broader

social

constraints

the situation that implies how highly

contact

bone they are this might neglect rudder

currents and contacts microlevel

research

responding boundaries that exclude

important

macro level factor

number eight is generalization

problems number

six is how to write various realities

and explanation will a representative

will be rich and the last

is who owns the data reports and who has

control over

data release so naturalistic

and ethnography research are important

but problematic research method

in education their widespread

use signal their increasing acceptance

as legitimate and important style of

research

thank you

okay

that's all from us and if you have any

questions please

comment on the youtube

and we will answer it

thank you for your attentions

you