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Summary
TLDRThe video discusses the groundbreaking work of Elinor Ostrom, who became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 2009. Ostrom's research challenged conventional theories by demonstrating that communities can effectively manage shared resources through collaboration rather than strict government or private control. Her fieldwork, spanning decades and various global systems, led to the theory that people can sustainably manage common resources when allowed to set their own rules. Ostrom's ideas have influenced multiple fields, including environmental sustainability, conflict resolution, and digital commons.
Takeaways
- đ Elinor Ostrom won the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 2009 for her groundbreaking work on common-pool resources.
- đ She had a lively personality, often laughing during complex lectures, showing her passion for her research.
- đ§âđ€âđ§ Her research, starting in the 1960s with her husband, found that less rigidly controlled, smaller organizations were more efficient.
- đ Ostrom and her team conducted a 15-year study in cities like New York and Indianapolis, working with police to observe organizational effectiveness.
- đ Over 20 years, Ostrom traveled worldwide, studying successful collaborative systems, including fisheries in Japan, irrigation systems in Nepal, and drought management in the U.S.
- đ Her 1997 book articulated the theory that local communities could sustainably manage shared resources without state or private control by setting their own rules and sanctions.
- đ« Ostromâs theory challenged the 'tragedy of the commons,' which argued that strong government or private intervention was necessary to prevent resource depletion.
- đ€ She demonstrated that people could cooperate and manage resources for long-term sustainability without external enforcement, motivated by mutual benefits.
- đŹ Her research has been applied in fields such as global fisheries management and digital commons like Wikipedia, offering a model for collaborative governance.
- đż Institutions like the Stockholm Resilience Centre continue to build on her work, exploring whether small-scale cooperation models can be applied to global environmental issues.
Q & A
Who is Elinor Ostrom, and what is she known for?
-Elinor Ostrom was a political economist who became the first woman to be awarded the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 2009. She is known for her groundbreaking work on how people can collectively manage common resources, challenging the dominant theory of 'the tragedy of the commons.'
What was Ostromâs main contribution to economic and political theory?
-Ostrom's main contribution was demonstrating that local communities can successfully manage shared resources without the need for state or corporate control. She proposed that people can set up their own rules and sanctions to sustainably manage resources like lakes, forests, or fisheries.
What was the traditional belief that Ostrom's research challenged?
-Ostrom challenged the widely accepted 'tragedy of the commons' theory, which held that individuals would inevitably overuse and deplete shared resources unless there was strong state regulation or privatization.
How did Ostrom conduct her research?
-Ostrom and her team conducted extensive field studies for over 20 years, traveling to various parts of the world, including Japan, Nepal, Switzerland, and the U.S. They studied how communities managed common resources like fisheries, irrigation systems, and grazing lands.
What did Ostromâs research reveal about human behavior in managing resources?
-Ostrom found that people can collaborate effectively to manage common resources sustainably. Her studies showed that, contrary to traditional economic assumptions, individuals do not always act in their own short-term interests but recognize the long-term benefits of cooperation.
What is an example of Ostrom's theories being applied in real life?
-One example is the global fishery management initiative, where top executives from major fishing companies met in Stockholm to agree on sustainable fishing practices. This initiative was inspired by Ostrom's theories about collective decision-making and cooperation.
How does Ostromâs theory apply to digital communities?
-Ostrom's theory is relevant to digital commons like Wikipedia and the sharing economy, where groups collaboratively manage shared resources or platforms. Her work helps explain how decentralized systems can function without hierarchical control.
How does Ostrom's research connect to peace and conflict studies?
-Ostromâs theories are being tested in peace and conflict research, particularly in areas where conflicts arise over scarce resources like water and food. Her work offers insights into how cooperation can help manage and prevent resource-based conflicts.
What role did empirical observation play in Ostrom's work?
-Empirical observation was central to Ostrom's work. Her theories were built on real-world studies of how local communities managed resources effectively, which allowed her to develop a nuanced understanding of collective governance.
Why is Ostromâs theory considered revolutionary in her field?
-Ostromâs theory was revolutionary because it provided an alternative to the dominant economic view of resource management, emphasizing decentralized, community-driven approaches rather than top-down regulation or privatization.
Outlines
đ Elinor Ostrom's Revolutionary Work on Collective Resource Management
This paragraph introduces Elinor Ostrom, the first woman to receive the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in memory of Alfred Nobel, and her groundbreaking research on how communities can sustainably manage common resources. Through her work with her husband, Ostrom's studies revealed that smaller, less-regulated organizations were more efficient than those under strict control. Her theories emerged from years of fieldwork, including a notable 15-year study with police in New York and Indianapolis, highlighting that communities can self-regulate without needing heavy-handed state or economic interventions.
đ Global Insights from Ostrom's Field Studies on Resource Management
Ostrom's research extended globally, with her examining cooperative management of resources in regions like Japan, Nepal, Switzerland, and the USA. Through these field studies, Ostrom developed a theory that communities relying on shared resources could successfully manage them if they had the opportunity to create their own rules and enforce sanctions. Her research challenged the prevailing 1960s theory of 'The Tragedy of the Commons,' which claimed people would deplete shared resources without external control. Instead, Ostrom showed that sustainable cooperation was possible when people had face-to-face interactions and shared a long-term vision for resource preservation.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄAllmĂ€nningar
đĄTeorin om allmĂ€nningens tragedi
đĄSamarbete
đĄSjĂ€lvreglering
đĄEmpirisk iakttagelse
đĄFĂ€ltstudier
đĄOrganisationer
đĄResiliens
đĄVattenförvaltning
đĄEkonomiska incitament
Highlights
Elinor Ostrom was the first woman to receive the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 2009.
Ostrom had a unique approach, often laughing during lectures to express her passion for her research.
She began researching in the 1960s with her husband, studying organizations that functioned effectively.
Ostrom's extensive study over 15 years concluded that smaller, loosely controlled organizations were more efficient than those with rigid control.
Her empirical observations sparked the idea that effective cooperation could emerge without top-down governance.
Despite initial skepticism, Ostrom continued her field studies on human collaboration for over 20 years.
Her research spanned global case studies, from fishing waters in Japan to irrigation systems in Nepal.
Ostrom's 1997 book presented her theory on how communities can sustainably manage shared resources with self-made rules.
She demonstrated that people could collaborate on shared resources without the need for strict state or private governance.
Her work contradicted the prevailing 'tragedy of the commons' theory, which argued that people would exploit shared resources without strong regulation.
Ostrom showed that in practice, many people collaborate for long-term benefits, even when economic theories predicted otherwise.
Her theories are applied at the Stockholm Resilience Centre, which seeks to scale her small-scale collaboration models globally.
Ostrom's research inspired global initiatives, including efforts to sustainably manage global fisheries by bringing key industry players together.
Her theories have also been applied to peace and conflict studies, where resources like water and food are critical.
Digital communities, such as Wikipedia, also benefit from Ostrom's insights into how decentralized groups can collaborate effectively.
Transcripts
Rappt och bullrigt förklarar hon varför hennes teori om allmÀnningar fungerar i praktiken.
Det var förelÀsningen efter att hon 2009 som första kvinna
tilldelats Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap
till Alfred Nobels minne.
-Hon kunde mitt i en komplicerad förelÀsning gapskratta
och liksom skratta Ät sig sjÀlv nÀstan
Ät hur fantastiskt fascinerande det var att hÄlla pÄ med de hÀr grejerna.
Elinor Ostrom började pÄ sextiotalet forska tillsammans med sin make
och undersökte vad organisationer som fungerade hade gemensamt.
Under femton Ă„rs tid Ă„kte hon och hennes team av forskare runt med polisen i New York
och Indianapolis, och kom i den hittills största studien som gjorts fram till att
mindre organisationer med lösare tyglar var de mest effektiva, inte de som var hÄrt styrda.
-Det var en enkel empirisk iakttagelse i en undersökning som inte hade nÄgra jÀttestora ambitioner.
Men det sÄdde liksom ett frö. Jaha...okej...
det kanske Àr sÄ hÀr det fungerar. Det ligger nÄgot i det hÀr.
Kanske Àr det Àr nÄgot som stÀmmer pÄ andra hÄll ocksÄ?
Och sÄ fortsatte hon att studera fler system dÀr det var sÄ
och sÄ kom hon pÄ nÄgonting att det hÀr Àr nog fasen alltsÄ en bra idé.
Trots ett svalt intresse frÄn omvÀrlden för frÄgan hur mÀnniskor samarbetar
fortsÀtter Ostrom sina fÀltstudier oförtrutet.
I tjugo Ärs tid reser hon runt i vÀrlden och undersöker lyckade samarbeten.
Fiskevatten i Japan, bevattningssystem i Nepal,
branta betesmarker i Schweiz
och hur man hanterat svÄr torka och bevattning i USA.
Steg för steg framtrÀder teorin som blev helt tydlig för alla i hennes bok 1997
om hur man kommer överens om en gemensam resurs som flera Àr beroende av
men som mÄnga har helt olika intressen av.
Runt en sjö till exempel:
En vill vÀrna friluftslivet och bÄttripper
en annan mÄste vattna grödorna
och sÄ ska alla kunna fortsÀtta dricka vattnet.
Ostrom kom fram till att de kommer att hÄllbart sköta sin sjö
om man samlar alla i ett rum öga mot öga och lÄter dem sÀtta upp egna unika regler
och sÄ sanktioner för den som inte sköter sig.
-Det var ett genombrott att hon visade att mÀnniskor faktiskt kan samarbeta om
gemensamma resurser och hitta sÀtt att ta hand om dem hÄllbart,
som Àr bortom att staten gÄr in och reglerar eller att man ger ekonomiska incitament.
Men det var en teori som gick helt emot den som gÀllde pÄ sextiotalet.
Teorin om allmÀnningens tragedi som sa att mÀnniskor behöver
en stark statlig eller privat styrning.
Annars skulle de av ren egoism och mot bÀttre vetande
fortsÀtta anvÀnda en gemensam resurs tills den var förstörd.
-I verkligheten lurar mÀnniskor inte varandra hela tiden som ekonomerna trodde.
I verkligheten finns det faktiskt en del mÀnniskor som samarbetar,
inte för att de Àr snÀlla
utan för att de inser att pÄ lÄng sikt sÄ tjÀnar alla pÄ det.
PÄ Stockholm Resilience Centre bygger verksamheten pÄ Ostroms forskning.
Hon satt ocksÄ i styrelsen fram till sin död 2012.
HÀr försöker man pröva om de smÄskaliga teorierna ocksÄ kan fungera globalt.
Forskning som gÀller fisket i vÀrldshaven dÀr fÄngsterna stadigt minskar.
Tretton bolag och deras tusen underleverantörer identifierades
som de största och mest inflytelserika i vÀrlden.
De stÄr för fyrtio procent av all fÄngst av tonfisk till exempel.
Forskarna lyckades fÄ topparna för tio av bolagen att komma till Stockholm för att
under kronprinsessans beskydd se varandra i ögonen och ta krafttag.
-Jag tror att de plötsligt kÀnde ett mÀnskligt ansvar för sin verksamhet
Det var det ena tror jag. Det andra tror jag var att de fick förtroende för varandra,
att om du gör det hÀr sÄ gör jag det ocksÄ, sÄsom Ostrom ocksÄ förutspÄr.
Och sen det tredje: att vi tio Àr tillrÀckligt starka för att pÄverka regeringar,
för att pÄverka resten av branschen och gÄ före.
Men det Àr inte bara miljö- och klimatfrÄgor,
freds- och konfliktforskningen prövar ocksÄ Ostroms teorier.
Inte minst för att konflikter ofta uppstÄr nÀr vatten och mat blir bristvaror.
NÀr det gÀller digitala allmÀnningar,
nÀtcommunities som Wikipedia och delningsekonomins alla sajter sÄ
finns det ocksÄ hjÀlp att fÄ i Ostroms grundforskning att bygga vidare pÄ.
-Ăven om man inte kan gĂ„ till ett skĂ„p och öppna och ta fram en burk som det stĂ„r
Ostroms piller pÄ som vi kan ordinera. Eller hÀr finns en grej, en pryl vi kan sÀtta igÄng.
Utan det hÀr handlar om hur samhÀllen fungerar och att det vÀxlas ut pÄ lÄng sikt.
Och nÀr samhÀllen fungerar och fungerar bra,
sÄ finns det liksom ingen grÀns för hur mycket nytta som ligger i det.
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