O que é Vigilância Epidemiológica? Como surgiu? Vigilância em saúde
Summary
TLDRThe video explores the origins and evolution of epidemiological surveillance, a crucial practice in public health. It discusses how ancient civilizations like Rome, Egypt, and Persia tracked populations and disease outbreaks. The narrative highlights key historical milestones, including quarantine measures, the development of mandatory disease notifications, and early 20th-century efforts to combat epidemics in Brazil. The World Health Organization's formalization of the term 'epidemiological surveillance' in the 1960s is covered, along with Brazil's establishment of its own surveillance systems. The script emphasizes the continuous adaptation of these practices to address new public health challenges.
Takeaways
- 📅 The term 'epidemiological surveillance' is relatively recent but reflects historical transformations in health events over the centuries.
- 📊 Epidemiological surveillance is based on information about the occurrence and distribution of diseases and health conditions in populations.
- 🏛️ Ancient civilizations, such as Rome, Egypt, and Persia, recorded population data, including births, deaths, and disease outbreaks like the bubonic plague.
- 🔒 The first health surveillance measures involved quarantining and isolating sick individuals to control the spread of disease.
- 📋 In the 19th century, Brazil's surveillance focused on population counts, especially of slaves for commercial purposes, and monitoring infectious diseases.
- ⚕️ Early 20th century Brazil faced severe epidemics of smallpox, bubonic plague, yellow fever, and cholera, leading to significant public health interventions.
- 🧬 Commercial interests, migration, technological advances, and improved working conditions were key factors in implementing health control measures, which reduced mortality, especially among the wealthier populations.
- 🌍 In the mid-20th century, the concept of epidemiological surveillance expanded beyond infectious diseases to include other public health concerns.
- 📚 Brazil's National Epidemiological Surveillance System was established in the 1970s, with the first manual on epidemiological surveillance published in 1977.
- ⚖️ The 1990 law defined epidemiological surveillance as a set of actions for detecting and preventing changes in the health status of individuals or populations, aimed at recommending preventive measures and controlling health threats.
Q & A
What is the origin of the term 'epidemiological surveillance'?
-The term 'epidemiological surveillance' is relatively recent, reflecting changes in health events observed over the centuries. It is based on the occurrence and distribution of diseases within populations.
How was population data used in ancient civilizations for health monitoring?
-Ancient civilizations like the Roman Empire and Egypt used population data, such as birth and death records, for health monitoring. These records helped track the spread of diseases, particularly infectious ones.
What early health measures were associated with epidemiological surveillance?
-Early health measures included quarantine and the isolation of sick individuals. Over time, more comprehensive measures were introduced, such as mandatory disease reporting and the monitoring of those in contact with infected persons.
How did epidemiological surveillance evolve in Brazil during the 19th century?
-In 19th century Brazil, the primary focus of epidemiological surveillance was population counting, especially of slaves for commercial purposes, and the description of infectious diseases to analyze health and living conditions.
What were the key public health challenges in Brazil at the beginning of the 20th century?
-Brazil faced major epidemics of smallpox, bubonic plague, yellow fever, and cholera, which impacted agriculture and the emerging industrial sector. Efforts were made to improve health conditions to protect production and economic growth.
Who were the key figures in disease control efforts in Brazil, and what were their focuses?
-Oswaldo Cruz led disease control efforts in Rio de Janeiro, focusing on yellow fever, smallpox, and the bubonic plague, while Carlos Chagas led efforts to control malaria in the interior of São Paulo.
How did commercial interests influence epidemiological surveillance in Brazil?
-Commercial interests, migration, technological advances, and improvements in working conditions influenced the implementation of sanitary measures, which led to a reduction in mortality rates, particularly among the wealthier population.
When did the World Health Organization (WHO) adopt the term 'epidemiological surveillance'?
-The World Health Organization adopted the term 'epidemiological surveillance' in 1965 to describe activities related to the monitoring of communicable diseases.
How did the concept of epidemiological surveillance expand over time?
-By the second half of the 20th century, the concept of epidemiological surveillance expanded beyond monitoring infectious diseases to include any health-related issues of public interest, including non-communicable diseases.
What was the significance of Law 6.259 of 1975 in Brazil’s epidemiological surveillance system?
-Law 6.259 of 1975 and the related decree established Brazil’s National Epidemiological Surveillance System, leading to the creation of mandatory reporting of certain communicable diseases and the publication of technical guidelines.
Outlines
🧪 Origins of Epidemiological Surveillance
This paragraph introduces the concept of epidemiological surveillance, which, though a recent term, reflects centuries of evolution in health-related practices. It traces the history of data collection concerning births, deaths, and disease outbreaks in ancient civilizations like Rome, Egypt, and Persia. Early measures to control diseases such as quarantine and isolation gradually developed into more formalized practices like mandatory disease reporting and health monitoring. In 19th-century Brazil, public health initiatives targeted infectious diseases amidst poor living conditions and outbreaks of smallpox, bubonic plague, and yellow fever. This period saw major efforts to protect commercial interests, such as those led by Oswaldo Cruz in Rio de Janeiro and Carlos Chagas in São Paulo, which contributed to reducing mortality rates.
📜 Evolution of Brazil's Epidemiological Surveillance System
This paragraph continues by detailing the formalization of epidemiological surveillance in Brazil during the 20th century. The poliomyelitis outbreak led to its inclusion in the country's disease notification system, and by 1975, the National Epidemiological Surveillance System was established by law. The system was further refined with the creation of a comprehensive list of notifiable diseases in 1977 and the publication of the first epidemiological surveillance manual. In 1990, the legal definition of epidemiological surveillance was expanded to include the detection and prevention of any changes in health conditions. The concept continues to evolve in response to changes in Brazilian society, especially with the ongoing epidemiological and demographic transitions.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Vigilância epidemiológica
💡Doenças transmissíveis
💡Quarentena
💡Isolamento de doentes
💡Notificação de doenças
💡Oswaldo Cruz
💡Carlos Chagas
💡Transição epidemiológica
💡Peste bubônica
💡Lei 8.080 de 1990
Highlights
The term 'epidemiological surveillance' is relatively recent but reflects historical transformations in health events over centuries.
Epidemiological surveillance is based on information about the occurrence and distribution of diseases and health-related conditions in populations.
Historical records from civilizations like the Roman Empire, Egypt, and Persia show early forms of population tracking and disease recording, such as birth and death registrations.
Quarantine and isolation of sick individuals were the first health surveillance measures introduced.
In the 19th century, Brazil focused on counting populations, especially slaves, for commercial purposes, while also tracking infectious diseases to analyze public health.
The early 20th century in Brazil was marked by epidemics like smallpox, bubonic plague, yellow fever, and cholera, which affected both agriculture and emerging industries.
To ensure economic growth and social order, health conditions in Brazil's capital were improved, with a focus on controlling infectious diseases.
In Rio de Janeiro, Oswaldo Cruz led control efforts for yellow fever, smallpox, and the plague, while Carlos Chagas led similar efforts against malaria in São Paulo.
Commercial interests, migration, technological advancements, and improved working conditions played key roles in reducing mortality, especially among the wealthier populations.
By the mid-20th century, the concept of epidemiological surveillance expanded beyond just observing suspected or confirmed cases of infectious diseases.
In 1965, the World Health Organization (WHO) used the term 'epidemiological surveillance' to describe the activities of the Division of Communicable Diseases.
In 1968, the 20th World Health Assembly broadened the definition of epidemiological surveillance to include diseases and health conditions of public health interest, not just infectious diseases.
Brazil created the Center for Epidemiological Investigations in 1968, consolidating basic measures like weekly disease reporting.
In 1975, Brazil instituted the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance, formalized by Law 6,259, and its implementation was strengthened with legislation in 1976.
The 1990 law (8,080) defined epidemiological surveillance as a set of actions to monitor and detect changes in health determinants to recommend and implement preventive measures.
Transcripts
[Música]
O que é e como surgiu a vigilância
epidemiológica o termo vigilância
epidemiológica é de emprego recente
entretanto reflete transformações
observadas em eventos de Saúde ao longo
dos séculos a vigilância epidemiológica
está baseada na informação de ocorrência
e de distribuição de doenças e de
agravos da população na história da
civilizações há registros de dados e de
relatos considerados estratégicos para
conhecer as populações tais como o
número de nascimentos o de mortes e o
diaglomerado de casos de doenças
especialmente as doenças transmissíveis
o império romano realizava sem
antibiódicos das populações e implantava
Registro obrigatório de nascimentos e de
mortes no Egito realizava-se a contagem
de populações e na Pérsia 10 do século 5
havia registros de doenças como a peste
bubônica as primeiras medidas associadas
à vigilância na área da saúde foram a
quarentena e o isolamento de doentes
posteriormente foram introduzidas
medidas mais abrangentes a
obrigatoriedade da notificação de
doenças transmissíveis monitoramento de
contactantes e medidas compulsórias de
vigilância de enfermidades no século XIX
no Brasil as principais medidas
relacionadas à vigilância foram a
contagem de população principalmente de
escravos com finalidades comerciais e a
descrição das doenças infecciosas
utilizada para análise das condições de
vida de saúde das populações o início do
século 20 foi marcado por cenário
insalubre e crítico de epidemias de
varíola de peste bubônica de febre
amarela e de Cólera com prejuízos para
os produtores agrícolas e para indústria
ainda incipiente no país para garantir a
produção e a circulação de mercadorias e
de riquezas como também o livre fluxo de
Agentes comprometidos com a manutenção
da Ordem Social foram promovidas
mudanças para melhorar as condições de
saúde na capital da república e naquele
momento o perfil epidemiológico
brasileiro se caracterizava pelas
doenças transmissíveis denominadas
infecto contagiosas e com propósito de
semear as cidades e de combater as
endemias em áreas de interesse comercial
foram desenvolvidas
locais sobre determinadas doenças no Rio
de Janeiro sob a coordenação de Oswaldo
Cruz as ações de controle focaram a
febre amarela a varíola e a peste no
interior de São Paulo Carlos Chagas
coordenou as ações de controle da
malária interesses comerciais processos
migratórios avanços tecnológicos e
científicos e melhorias Nas condições de
trabalho foram determinantes na
aplicação de medidas de controle
sanitário que resultaram na redução da
mortalidade Especialmente na camada mais
abastada da população o enfoque Central
na vigilância das pessoas
persistiu até a segunda metade do século
XX no país e no mundo quando o conceito
de vigilância epidemiológica foi
ampliado para além da observação
sistemática e ativa de caso suspeitos ou
confirmados de doenças em 1965 a
Organização Mundial de Saúde a OMS
utilizou desse termo para designar as
atividades da unidade de vigilância
epidemiológica da divisão de doenças
transmissíveis em
1968 a 20ª
Assembleia mundial da saúde consagrou a
abrangência do sentido do termo
vigilância epidemiológica contemplando
as doenças e os agravos de interesse
para a saúde pública e não somente as
doenças transmissíveis e nesse contexto
foi criado no Brasil o centro de
Investigações epidemiológicas pela
Fundação de serviços especiais de saúde
pública em 1968 que consolidou medidas
básicas de notificação semanal de
doenças como ação sobre responsabilidade
da secretaria Estaduais de saúde
nesse período frente a progressão da
poliomielite a doença foi incluída do
sistema de notificação semanal do centro
de Investigações epidemiológicas por
recomendação da quinta conferência
nacional de saúde o Ministério da Saúde
instituiu o Sistema Nacional de
Vigilância epidemiológica por meio da
lei
6.259 de 1975 e do Decreto de número
78.231 de 1976 a sua consolidação
combinou com a publicação de legislação
específica sobre o tema com a elaboração
das primeiras recomendações Reunidas em
uma publicação técnica e com a criação
de uma lista de doenças transmissíveis
de notificação obrigatória em 1977 foi
produzido o primeiro manual de
vigilância epidemiológica que é
periodicamente realizado
[Música]
a lei 8.080 de
1990 define vigilância epidemiológica
como um conjunto de ações que
proporciono o conhecimento a detecção ou
prevenção de Qualquer mudança nos
fatores determinantes e condicionantes
de saúde individual ou coletiva com a
finalidade de recomendar e adotar as
medidas de prevenção e controle das
doenças ou agravo o conceito de
vigilância epidemiológica vem sendo
rediscutido na medida em que a sociedade
brasileira passa por transformações
significativas tanto nas formas de
adoecimento e de morte amor e
mortalidade quanto no aumento da
população
vinculados respectivamente a transição
epidem dica e a demográfica
[Música]
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