Kurikulum Merdeka Informatika Kelas 8 Bab 2 Berpikir Komputasional

Summary

This video provides an educational overview of computational thinking for 8th-grade informatics, following the Merdeka curriculum. It covers topics such as mathematical functions, sets, binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal number systems, and algorithms. The script uses real-life examples, like song text functions and set intersections, to explain concepts. The video also introduces problem-solving strategies involving stacks and highlights the transformation of decimal to binary and octal systems. By the end, viewers gain insight into core informatics concepts through engaging explanations and relatable analogies.

Takeaways

• 🎓 The video covers Chapter 2 of Informatics for Grade 8, focusing on computational thinking, as per the Merdeka curriculum.
• 📊 Functions allow commands to be input once and reused without repetition, illustrated with math and song lyrics examples.
• 🍊 Sets help solve real-world problems like determining common fruits liked by two individuals.
• 🌸 The video provides a puzzle involving guessing which cup contains water by observing the changes (or lack thereof) in plants.
• 💻 Four number systems used in computers are binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal, with different base values.
• 🔢 The video demonstrates how to convert decimal numbers to binary and octal by continuous division by 2 or 8.
• 🔄 To convert from binary to decimal, each binary digit is multiplied by powers of 2 and then summed.
• 📊 Similarly, octal to decimal conversion uses the same method as binary to decimal but with powers of 8.
• 🧠 Algorithms are defined as a set of steps to solve problems, with examples like tying a tie or cooking rice.
• 📚 Data structures such as stacks (like a pile of books) are used in computer operations, specifically for mathematical calculations.

Q & A

What is the main topic of the video?

The video covers computational thinking as part of the 8th-grade informatics curriculum, specifically from chapter 2.

Why does the speaker skip Chapter 1?

The speaker skips Chapter 1 because it contains no substantive material.

What is an example of a function in real life, as mentioned in the video?

An example of a function in real life is the repetition of a refrain in a song. The function simplifies the process by allowing the refrain to be written once and repeated without re-writing it.

How are functions explained using a mathematical example?

The function f(x) = 2x + 3 is given as a mathematical example, where 'x' can be replaced by any number without altering the basic formula.

What real-life example is used to explain sets in the video?

The example of two people liking different fruits is used to explain sets. One person likes oranges, mangoes, and guavas, while the other likes rambutans, mangoes, dukus, and dragon fruits. The common fruit (mango) is identified through set intersection.

How does the speaker explain solving the problem of a careless farmer who mixed up fertilizers?

The speaker explains that the farmer randomly placed fertilizers in different glasses. By identifying which glass contains only water (with no effect on plants), one can deduce it by comparing the plants that show no similar changes, meaning the water glass had no impact.

What are the four number systems mentioned in the video?

The four number systems are binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal.

How can you convert a decimal number to binary according to the video?

To convert a decimal number to binary, you repeatedly divide the number by two and record the remainders, continuing until the result cannot be divided further.

How can you convert a binary number to decimal?

To convert binary to decimal, each binary digit is multiplied by 2 raised to the power of its position from right to left, and the results are summed up.

What is an algorithm as defined in the video?

An algorithm is a set of steps used to solve a problem. Examples given include tying a tie or cooking rice.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Computational Thinking and Functions in Daily Life

The video begins by discussing computational thinking as part of the grade 8 Informatics curriculum, specifically in Chapter 2. It introduces the concept of functions in mathematics, such as f(x) = 2x + 3, and relates it to everyday examples, like song lyrics. The video emphasizes how functions help simplify repetitive tasks, both in mathematics and text writing, by applying the same operation or text fragment multiple times without rewriting.

05:02

🍊 Understanding Sets and Their Practical Applications

This section explores sets and their application in solving practical problems, like determining common fruit preferences between siblings. Using set notation, the video demonstrates how to find intersections between two sets (e.g., fruits liked by both siblings). It also introduces a more complex problem involving a farmer and different magical fertilizers, where viewers are tasked with identifying which glass contains only water by observing changes (or lack thereof) in plant characteristics.

💻 Number Systems in Computing: Binary, Octal, Decimal, and Hexadecimal

The video delves into four common number systems used in computing: binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. It explains how these systems differ in base and provides step-by-step guides on converting between them. The first example focuses on converting decimal numbers into binary by dividing the number by two and tracking the remainders. The process is illustrated using detailed examples and tables.

🔢 Converting Decimal to Octal and Binary to Decimal

This part continues the discussion of number system conversions, specifically explaining how to convert decimal numbers into octal by dividing by eight. It uses similar techniques to those used for binary conversion, but with base 8. Additionally, the video explains how to reverse the process by converting binary numbers into decimal using powers of two and provides a detailed breakdown of the calculation process.

📊 Algorithms and Their Importance in Problem Solving

Algorithms, defined as a series of steps to solve a problem, are introduced in this section. The video highlights how algorithms apply to various real-world situations, such as tying a tie, cooking rice, or even avoiding a scolding from a parent. The focus is on understanding that any systematic process can be called an algorithm, and the concept is broken down into relatable examples.

📚 Data Structures: Stacks and Their Applications

The final section covers data structures, particularly stacks, which are compared to everyday examples like stacks of books or dishes. The video explains how the stack structure is used in computers, particularly for managing mathematical operations. A detailed example is provided, showing how the stack functions during calculations.

Keywords

💡Computational Thinking

Computational thinking involves solving problems, designing systems, and understanding human behavior by drawing on concepts fundamental to computer science. In the video, it is explained as the core theme of the lesson, specifically in relation to how functions can simplify repeated tasks, much like how algorithms and processes in computing streamline operations.

💡Function

A function refers to a mathematical or programming concept where a specific input results in a certain output. In the video, it is explained through examples from mathematics (f(x) = 2x + 3) and music, where a refrain in a song can be repeated without rewriting the entire section, illustrating how functions avoid repetition in computational tasks.

💡Set Theory

Set theory is a branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which are collections of objects. In the video, it is used to explain how common preferences between two people (like fruit preferences) can be determined by finding the intersection of two sets, demonstrating how set theory can solve real-life problems.

💡Binary Number System

The binary number system is a base-2 numeral system that uses two symbols, typically 0 and 1, and is fundamental in computing. The video illustrates how binary numbers can be converted from decimal numbers, by dividing by 2 and recording remainders, a process that highlights how computers store and process information.

💡Octal Number System

The octal number system is a base-8 numeral system that uses digits from 0 to 7. The video explains how to convert decimal numbers to octal numbers by dividing by 8, similar to how binary conversions work, showing another way computers represent data.

💡Decimal Number System

The decimal number system is a base-10 numeral system, which is the standard system for denoting integer and non-integer numbers. In the video, it serves as the starting point for converting numbers into binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems, demonstrating its relevance as a foundational numbering system.

💡Hexadecimal Number System

The hexadecimal number system is a base-16 system used in mathematics and computing, employing digits 0-9 and letters A-F. In the video, this system is introduced as another method for representing large numbers more efficiently in computing, emphasizing its utility in digital systems.

💡Algorithm

An algorithm is a set of step-by-step instructions designed to solve a specific problem. The video defines it broadly, using everyday examples like tying a tie or cooking rice, to show how algorithms aren't just limited to computers but also apply to daily activities, making complex tasks more manageable.

💡Stack

A stack is a data structure that operates in a Last In, First Out (LIFO) manner. The video uses the example of a stack of books or dishes to explain how items are added and removed from the top, illustrating how this structure is used in computing for operations like undo sequences in software.

💡Mathematical Conversion

Mathematical conversion refers to changing numbers from one system to another (e.g., decimal to binary or octal). The video focuses on converting between different number systems, providing step-by-step methods for converting numbers and showing how these skills are useful in understanding how computers perform calculations.

Highlights

Introduction to computational thinking from Informatics class 8 curriculum, focusing on the application of functions.

Explaining the use of mathematical functions (e.g., f(x) = 2x + 3) and their practical applications in daily life.

Illustrating how functions simplify repetitive tasks, such as using 'Refrain' in song lyrics.

Introducing sets and how they can represent everyday objects, with an example of favorite fruits comparison.

Demonstrating set intersections to find common elements between two groups, such as favorite fruits shared between siblings.

Presenting a puzzle about a farmer who forgot the effects of different fertilizers on plants, requiring logical deduction to solve.

Using logical reasoning to identify the glass containing only water by analyzing plant transformations.

Introduction to number systems in computing, including binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal systems.

Detailed explanation of converting decimal numbers to binary, using step-by-step division and remainder methods.

Explanation of converting decimal numbers to octal using a similar method as binary conversion but with base 8.

Demonstrating how to convert binary numbers to decimal using powers of 2 and positional values.

Explanation of converting octal numbers to decimal, with a focus on base 8 arithmetic.

Introduction to algorithms, defined as a series of steps to solve a problem, with relatable examples such as tying a tie or cooking rice.

Overview of data structures, specifically stacks, with a real-life analogy of stacked items like books or plates.

Stack data structures are used in computing for mathematical operations, explained with a step-by-step calculation example.

Transcripts

[Musik]

Hai semuanya kembali lagi di channel

portal edukasi Pada kesempatan kali ini

kita akan membahas rangkuman materi

Informatika kelas 8 bab 2 yaitu tentang

berpikir komputasional materi ini sudah

kurikulum Merdeka ya Oh ya ini langsung

di loncat ke bab 2 karena bab 1 nya gak

ada materi sama sekali ya

kita mulai dengan fungsi

dalam pelajaran matematika kalian dapat

menemukan contoh fungsi misalnya fx = 2x

+ 3 nah dalam kehidupan sehari-hari

kalian dapat melihat contoh penggunaan

fungsi pada penulisan teks lagu seperti

gambar di bawah ini

dapatkah kalian mendapatkan inti dari

kedua hal tersebut dengan adanya fungsi

kita dapat menginputkan perintah cukup

dengan sekali saja tanpa harus

mengulang-ulangnya lagi pada contoh

matematika kita cukup meneruskan fungsi

fx = 2x + 3 di mana Berarti kedepannya

setiap huruf x dapat diganti dengan

angka berapapun tanpa harus merubah

rumus dasarnya yaitu dua kali ditambah 3

pada contoh penulisan teks lagu By the

Refrain yang terdiri dari beberapa

kalimat tidak perlu diulang-ulang

penulisannya ketika terdapat kata

Refrain pada teks lagu pembaca dapat

memahami bahwa dia perlu mengulang

sebagian teks tertentu dari teks lagu

tersebut

selanjutnya himpunan

banyak hal dalam kehidupan sehari-hari

dapat direpresentasikan dalam bentuk

himpunan misalkan Adik suka buah jeruk

mangga dan jambu Sedangkan kakak suka

rambutan mangga duku dan buah naga Lalu

ada pertanyaan nih buah apa sajakah yang

disukai adik dan kakak tentunya kita

bisa menggunakan himpunan dalam

menyelesaikannya

kita bisa buat adik sama dengan kurung

kurawal jeruk mangga jambu Sedangkan

kakak sama dengan kurung kurawal

rambutan mangga duku dan buah naga lalu

kita tinggal cari irisannya atau yang

sama aja maka jawabannya adalah mangga

Nah sekarang kita coba yang agak sulit

dalam menyelesaikan soal himpunan ya Pak

Taro petani bunga baru saja menemukan 5

jenis pupuk ajaib dan menyimpannya ke

dalam 6 gelas a sampai dengan F nah

manfaat dari setiap ramuan ialah pupuk

membuat kelopak bunga menjadi ganda atau

berlapis pupuk menumbuhkan daun pupuk

mengubah tangkai menjadi bergelombang

pupuk mengubah kelopak bunga menjadi

putih serta pupuk mengubah bagian tengah

bunga menjadi hitam

tapi dasar pataro dia ceroboh dan lupa

mencatat khasiat pupuk yang dimasukkan

ke dalam setiap gelas jadi random nih

nggak tahu gelas a manfaatnya apa gelas

B manfaatnya apa dan seterusnya salah

satunya yang pasti ada gelas hanya

berisi air dan tentu tidak memberikan

perubahan apapun sama sekali

kalau ternyata Hasil perubahan tanaman

menjadi seperti gambar di bawah ini

Bisakah kalian menebak gelas mana

Berarti yang berisi air

udah ketemu belum jawabannya Mau tahu

caranya Caranya adalah dengan Mencari

tanaman yang menggunakan gelas sama tapi

tidak memiliki kesamaan sama sekali Loh

kenapa ya karena ingat air itu tidak

memberikan perubahan apapun sama sekali

jadi dua tanaman itu harus beda

bentuknya jadi jelas banget jelas d

adalah yang berisi air

kalau mau tau rincinya nih tanaman satu

dan dua itu sama-sama menggunakan gelas

a yang akhirnya keduanya kelopak

bunganya menjadi ganda tanaman 1 dan 3

sama-sama menggunakan gelas c yang

akhirnya keduanya kelopak bunganya

menjadi putih tanaman 2 dan 3 sama-sama

menggunakan gelas D tapi apa yang jadi

samanya nggak ada kan

selanjutnya kita masuk ke sistem

bilangan

dalam bidang komputer terdapat 4 buah

sistem bilangan yang umum digunakan

yaitu sistem bilangan biner oktal

desimal dan hexadesimal

maksudnya berbasis artinya adalah basis

pangkatnya sekian jadi misalkan nih

bilangan biner maka dua pangkat a

bilangan oktal maka 8 pangkat a bilangan

desimal itu 10 banget a hexadesima maka

16 pangkat a nah tentunya kita bisa

mengubah bilangan 1 ke bilangan lainnya

kita pelajari bersama ya

kita mulai dulu dengan mengubah bilangan

desimal menjadi bilangan biner

cara untuk mengubah bilangan desimal

menjadi biner dengan cara membagi dua

dan menuliskan sisa hasil baginya pasti

hanya antara satu dan nol hasil baginya

nantinya terus Hasil tersebut dibagi dua

lagi terus-menerus sampai habis tidak

bisa dibagi lagi hasil pembagiannya

biar lebih jelas perhatian tabel di

bawah ini ya misalkan nih angka Huruf

pertamanya

2707 kemudian kita bagi dua nanti hasil

yang utamanya yang di atasnya yaitu 1353

kan ada sisa hasil baginya tuh yaitu 1

nah kita tulis hasil variabelnya adalah

1 tadi hasilnya kan pembagiannya 1353

kita bagi dua lagi ternyata hasilnya 676

dan masih ada sisa lagi 1 jadi kita

tulis lagi satu nah penulisannya dari

kanan ke kiri kemudian 676 dibagi dua

ternyata habis dibagi nggak ada sisa

makanya tulis nol dan seterusnya sampai

nanti yang paling bawah satu satu dibagi

dua itu udah nggak bisa jadinya 0 dan

sisa baginya 1

selanjutnya mengubah bilangan desimal

menjadi bilangan oktal

caranya sama seperti mengubah ke

bilangan biner hanya saja basisnya kita

ganti 8 ingat kalau binerkan basisnya

dua maka dibagi dua kalau ini kan mau

kehilangan oktal basisnya 8 jadinya

dibagi 8

jadi lebih jelas tabel lihat di bawah

tabelnya ya masih angka yang sama yaitu

2.707 kita bagi 8 hasilnya itu 338 nanti

ada sisa 3

kemudian 338 nya dibagi lagi 8 hasilnya

42 ada sisanya 1 2 dan seterusnya sampai

terakhir yang 55 dibagi 8 nggak bisa

selanjutnya mengubah bilangan biner

menjadi desimal

Nah sekarang dibalik nih dari biner

menjadi desimal kalau tadi kan dibagi

sampai nggak bisa dibagi lagi ya

sekarang Caranya beda caranya yaitu

pertama melihat angka melihat dari angka

yang paling kanan kemudian kalikan satu

persatu angkanya dengan dua pangkat a

dimana a Diganti dengan urutan angka

tersebut kemudian jumlahkan semua

hasilnya

biar lebih jelas Perhatikan tabel

dibawah ini ya untuk mengkonversi

bilangan biner 10001

0011 jadi bilangan desimal biar nggak

pusing ini digigit pertama nih kan yang

paling kanan nih Posisinya itu posisi 0

jadi mulai dari satu posisi nol itu

artinya 1 angka digitnya dikali 2

pangkat 0 2 pangkat 0 itu

adalah 1 jadi 1 * 1 = 1 kemudian posisi

yang kedua adalah 1 1

* 2 ^ 1 jadinya 2 kemudian kan yang

ketiganya itu ada 0 Itu posisinya kedua

jadinya 0 dikali 2 pangkat 2 ya * 0 jadi

0 dan seterusnya kemudian hasilnya

semuanya ditambahkan

selanjutnya mengubah bilangan oktal

menjadi desimal

caranya sama dengan bilangan biner cuma

ingat basisnya diganti 8 ya jadi akan

tampak seperti dibawah ini nih

selanjutnya algoritma

algoritma adalah kumpulan

langkah-langkah untuk menyelesaikan

sebuah permasalahan jadi apapun itu di

dunia yang merupakan langkah-langkah

dalam menyelesaikan masalah bisa disebut

dengan algoritma contohnya cara memakai

dasi cara menanak nasi cara menghindari

omelan Ibu ketika mendapat nilai kurang

bagus eh nggak boleh itu mah ya

selanjutnya struktur data

Kalian pasti pernah melihat satu atau

lebih tumpukan misalnya tumpukan buku

tumpukan pakaian tumpukan piring dan

lain-lain ternyata konsep dari tumpukan

tersebut juga sering digunakan dalam

komputer biasanya disebut stuck salah

satu pemanfaatannya dalam bidang

komputer adalah untuk melakukan

perhitungan operasi matematika

nah Perhatikan cara perhitungan Kiki dan

kokoh pada tabel di bawah ini yang admin

memberi tanda panah itu adalah cara

stuck

Nah ya mungkin Cukup sekian terima kasih

telah menyimak video pembelajaran hingga

selesai semoga bermanfaat kita semua

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