Fiksasi Nitrogen
Summary
TLDRThis educational video script delves into the nitrogen cycle, focusing on the natural and human-induced processes. It explains how nitrogen gas from the atmosphere is converted to ammonia through natural processes like lightning and human activities such as industrial emissions. The script highlights the role of bacteria, like Rhizobium in legumes, and cyanobacteria in water, in nitrogen fixation. It also discusses the unique ability of leguminous hemoglobin in nodules to create an anaerobic environment necessary for nitrogen fixation. The video concludes by explaining how cyanobacteria's heterocysts enable nitrogen fixation without oxygen interference through a modified photosynthesis process known as cyclic photophosphorylation.
Takeaways
- đż The nitrogen cycle involves both natural processes and human activities, with the largest source of nitrogen being atmospheric gas.
- đ± Plants can fix nitrogen through symbiotic relationships with bacteria, such as Rhizobium in legumes, which convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.
- đ Animal excretion and the decomposition of organic matter are also sources of ammonia in the soil.
- đ„ Ammonia can also originate from volcanic eruptions and industrial emissions.
- đ± Nitrification is the process by which ammonia is converted into nitrite and then into nitrate, which plants can absorb and use to build amino acids.
- đ Denitrification is the process where nitrates are converted back into nitrogen gas, completing the cycle.
- đ± Anaerobic conditions are necessary for nitrogen fixation, which is facilitated by the enzyme nitrogenase.
- đ± Legumes have nodules containing Rhizobium bacteria that fix nitrogen, and these nodules also contain leguminous hemoglobin, which binds oxygen and creates an anaerobic environment.
- đż Some cyanobacteria, like Nostoc and Anabaena, can fix nitrogen in water through specialized cells called heterocysts, which have walls that prevent oxygen and nitrogen from entering.
- đ± Heterocysts can perform photosynthesis without producing oxygen, allowing for nitrogen fixation by using a process called cyclic photophosphorylation.
Q & A
What is the main topic discussed in the script?
-The main topic discussed in the script is the nitrogen cycle, with a focus on the process of nitrogen fixation.
What are the two types of nitrogen cycle processes mentioned in the script?
-The two types of nitrogen cycle processes mentioned are natural processes (indicated by black lines) and human activities (indicated by red lines).
Where is the largest source of nitrogen found, according to the script?
-The largest source of nitrogen is found in the atmosphere, in the form of nitrogen gas.
How does atmospheric nitrogen gas transform into ammonia?
-Atmospheric nitrogen gas can react with water, with the help of energy from lightning, to transform into ammonia.
Which plants are mentioned as being able to fix nitrogen symbiotically?
-Leguminous plants, such as beans, are mentioned as being able to fix nitrogen symbiotically with bacteria.
What is the role of Rhizobium bacteria in the nitrogen fixation process?
-Rhizobium bacteria form a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants, converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which the plants can use as a nutrient source.
What is the significance of the anaerobic condition in the nitrogen fixation process?
-The nitrogen fixation process must occur under anaerobic conditions because the enzyme nitrogenase, which catalyzes the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia, becomes inactive when it binds to oxygen.
How do nodules in leguminous plants create an anaerobic environment?
-Nodules in leguminous plants contain leguminous hemoglobin, which binds oxygen, creating an anaerobic environment necessary for Rhizobium bacteria to fix nitrogen.
What is the role of heterocysts in cyanobacteria for nitrogen fixation?
-Heterocysts in cyanobacteria are specialized cells with impermeable walls that prevent nitrogen and oxygen from entering, allowing for nitrogen fixation without the interference of oxygen.
How do cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis without producing oxygen during nitrogen fixation?
-Cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis without producing oxygen by using a process called cyclic phosphorylation, which involves the removal of photosystem 2, thus preventing the photolysis reaction that produces oxygen.
What are the two types of photosynthesis mentioned in the script and how do they relate to nitrogen fixation?
-The two types of photosynthesis mentioned are photosystem 2, which is responsible for oxygen production through photolysis, and photosystem 1, which can produce ATP through cyclic phosphorylation without producing oxygen, thus supporting nitrogen fixation in heterocysts.
Outlines
đż Nitrogen Cycle and Fixation
This paragraph discusses the nitrogen cycle, focusing on the natural processes and human activities involved. It explains that nitrogen, primarily found in the atmosphere as a gas, can be converted into ammonia through reactions with water, facilitated by lightning. Ammonia can also enter the soil through water absorption or be produced by microorganisms in water bodies. Some plants have a symbiotic relationship with bacteria capable of nitrogen fixation, contributing to the soil's ammonia content. The paragraph also mentions that nitrogen fixation from the air can be performed by free-living bacteria, and ammonia can originate from animal excretions or the decomposition of living organisms. Additionally, it can come from volcanic eruptions or factory emissions. Ammonia is then transformed through nitrification into nitrate, which plants can assimilate into amino acids. The paragraph emphasizes the necessity of anaerobic conditions for nitrogen fixation and introduces legumes and their nodules containing rhizobium bacteria, which play a crucial role in this process. The nodules contain leguminous hemoglobin, which, like human hemoglobin, can bind oxygen, creating an anaerobic environment necessary for nitrogen fixation by rhizobium.
đ± Nitrogen Fixation in Aquatic Organisms
The second paragraph delves into nitrogen fixation by certain cyanobacteria, such as nostoc or anabaena, which live in water. These organisms possess specialized structures called heterocysts that facilitate nitrogen fixation. Heterocysts have impermeable walls, preventing nitrogen and oxygen from entering, which is essential for nitrogen fixation. The paragraph explains that heterocysts require energy in the form of ATP, which is derived from photosynthesis. However, to avoid producing oxygen, which would inhibit nitrogen fixation, the cyanobacteria perform a type of photosynthesis that excludes photosystem II and instead uses a process called cyclic photophosphorylation to generate ATP. This adaptation allows heterocysts to fix nitrogen by converting it into ammonia using the enzyme nitrogenase. The paragraph concludes by summarizing how these organisms can fix nitrogen due to their unique cellular structures and photosynthetic mechanisms.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄNitrogen Cycle
đĄNitrogen Fixation
đĄAmmonia
đĄNitrification
đĄDenitrification
đĄAnaerobic Conditions
đĄRhizobium
đĄLeguminous Hemoglobin
đĄCyanobacteria
đĄHeterocysts
đĄPhotosynthesis
Highlights
The nitrogen cycle occurs both naturally and through human activities.
The largest source of nitrogen is in the atmosphere as nitrogen gas.
Nitrogen gas can react with water to form ammonia with the help of lightning energy.
Ammonia can also enter the soil through water absorption and microbial activity in water bodies.
Some plants have a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that can fix nitrogen.
Non-symbiotic bacteria can also fix nitrogen from the air, producing ammonia in the soil.
Ammonia can come from animal excretions and the decomposition of living organisms.
Ammonia can also originate from volcanic eruptions and factory emissions.
Ammonia is converted through nitrification into nitrite, which is assimilated by plants into amino acids.
Nitrate can be changed back into nitrogen gas through denitrification.
Nitrogen fixation must occur under anaerobic conditions.
Leguminous plants, such as beans, have nodules containing Rhizobium bacteria for nitrogen fixation.
Rhizobium bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia, which plants use as a nutrient source.
Nodules contain leguminous hemoglobin, which binds oxygen, creating an anaerobic environment for Rhizobium.
Nitrogen fixation in nodules is catalyzed by the nitrogenase enzyme, which binds and reduces nitrogen gas to ammonia.
Nitrogenase is inactive when it binds oxygen, which is why anaerobic conditions are necessary for nitrogen fixation.
Blue-green algae, such as Nostoc or Anabaena, have specialized structures called heterocysts for nitrogen fixation.
Heterocysts have impermeable walls that prevent nitrogen and oxygen from entering, facilitating nitrogen fixation.
Heterocysts perform photosynthesis without producing oxygen, allowing for nitrogen fixation.
The process of nitrogen fixation in heterocysts involves the use of ATP from photosynthesis and cyclic phosphorylation.
Transcripts
Hai Kembali lagi bersama saya arte pada
pertemuan kali ini kita akan melanjutkan
mengenai siklus nitrogen tetapi kita
akan sedikit membahas tentang proses
fiksasi nitrogen nya baik eh gambar ini
menunjukkan Siklus Nitrogen yang terjadi
di alam pas Siklus Nitrogen itu ada yang
terjadi secara alami garis hitam ini dan
ada yang melibatkan aktivitas manusia
seperti pada
garis berwarna merah seperti pada video
sebelumnya sudah saya jelaskan bahwa
sumber nitrogen terbesar itu ada di
negara ya dalam bentuk gas nitrogen nah
gas nitrogen ini kemudian bisa bereaksi
dengan air dengan bantuan energi dari
halilintar
kemudian akan berubah menjadi amonia
yang masuk kedalam tanah Hai
amonia juga bisa masuk melalui air yang
meresap kedalam tanah
akibat adanya amonia yang diproduksi
oleh mikroorganisme di perairan
beberapa tumbuhan itu juga bersimbiosis
dengan mikroorganisme dengan bakteri
mampu memfiksasi nitrogen dan kemudian
ini akan menjadi sumber amonia di dalam
tanah
dan fiksasi nitrogen dari udara itu juga
bisa dilakukan oleh bakteri yang tidak
bersimbiosis dan menghasilkan kita bisa
disini menghasilkan amonia yang ada di
dalam tanah nah selain dari proses
fiksasi nitrogen amonia juga bisa
berasal dari
ekskresi hewan kemudian bisa juga dari
proses penguraian jasa-jasa makhluk
hidup seperti hewan dan tumbuhan
kemudian namun ia juga bisa berasal dari
Hai
letusan gunung berapi di sini ataupun
dari asap pabrik
amoniak kemudian dapat diubah melalui
proses nitrifikasi menjadi Mitra dimana
nitrat ini di fix ae diasimilasi oleh
tumbuhan menjadi senyawa asam amino
seperti yang sudah dijelaskan di video
sebelumnya dan kemudian nitrat juga bisa
diubah kembali menjadi gas nitrogen
melalui peristiwa denitri dikasih nah
Disini yang perlu
ditekankan adalah bahwa fiksasi nitrogen
itu harus dilakukan pada kondisi Anaerob
nah bagaimana kemudian kondisi itu
tercipta pada
organisme-organisme
Fanfiction trogen Oke Baik eh salah satu
Organisme yang mampu memfiksasi nitrogen
seperti yang kita tahu adalah golongan
Legung kacang kacang nge-rap nah
kacang-kacangan ini memiliki nodul nah
di mana Di nodul ini kita dapat temukan
Bakteri rhizobium yang bersimbiosis
dengan kacang-kacangan
nah disini bakteri rhizobium akan
mengubah gas nitrogen menjadi amonia
yang kemudian amonia ini bisa
dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber nutrisi bagi
tumbuhan
khas sebagai gantinya bakteri rhizobium
mendapatkan gula sebagai sumber energi
bagi
Seperti yang saya jelaskan sebelumnya
proses fiksasi nitrogen itu berlangsung
secara anaerob nah bagaimana kemudian
menciptakan menciptakan kondisi Anaerob
dinodai Lini
sedangkan sel-sel tumbuhan yang ada di
nodul itu juga butuh oksigen agar bisa
hidup
Nah untuk menjawab hal tersebut medis
sekarang kita lihat proses fiksasi
nitrogen terlebih dahulu yang terjadi di
nodul
nah fiksasi nitrogen itu di catalyze
dikatalisis oleh enzim nitrogenase
dimana dia akan mengikat gas nitrogen
dan kemudian mereduksi gas nitrogen
menjadi dua molekul amonia enzim ini
memiliki atom zat besi dimana apabila
atom tersebut mengikat oksigen maka
enzim ini menjadi tidak aktif itulah
Alasannya kenapa fiksasi nitrogen harus
berlangsung secara anaerob
udah kemudian Bagaimana nodul bisa
menciptakan kondisi Anaerob tersebut
mungkin teman-teman sudah pernah tahu
bahwa nodul ini berwarna merah
Kenapa berwarna merah karena nodul ini
mengandung zat yang disebut dengan
leguminous hemoglobin
nah leguminous hemoglobin ini memiliki
karakteristik yang sama dengan
hemoglobin yang ada di dan manusia jadi
dia memiliki kemampuan untuk mengikat
oksigen
Nah dengan keberadaan leguminous
hemoglobin maka Oksigen yang ada di
dalam nodul itu akan diikat oleh
leguminous hemoglobin
sehingga menciptakan lingkungan Anaerob
bagi bakteri rhizobium
sehingga bakteri rhizobium
dapat memfiksasi nitrogen menjadi amonia
kalau tadi ketika kita membahas Legung
kita membahas tentang pertumbuhan darat
yang dapat memfiksasi nitrogen maka kali
ini kita akan membahas salah satu jenis
Alga hijau-biru yang mampu melakukan
fiksasi nitrogen di perairan
eh Alga hijau-biru seperti nostoc atau
anabaena memiliki organ khusus untuk
proses fiksasi nitrogen yang disebut
dengan nama heterokis
nah head office ini memiliki struktur
khusus dibandingkan dengan sel
vegetatifnya heterokis itu memiliki
dinding yang kedap udara jadi disini
nitrogen ataupun oksigen tidak bisa
masuk ke dalam heterokis
jadi untuk melakukan fiksasi nitrogen
nitrogen itu akan ditransfer dari share
vegetatif Kehed tropis dan kemudian
disini akan diubah menjadi amonia oleh
enzim nitrogenase
nah dalam proses fiksasi Ini heterokis
Membutuhkan energi berupa ATP yang
berasal dari fotosintesis
nah pertanyaannya adalah bagaimana cara
agar fotosintesis dapat menghasilkan
energi namun tidak memproduksi oksigen
sedikit yang kita tahu ada dua
fotosistem yang pertama adalah
fotosistem 2 dan fotosistem 1 nah
fotosistem 2 adalah tempat terjadinya
fungsi oksigen melalui reaksi fotolisis
sedangkan pada fotosistem 1 tidak
terjadi reaksi
fotolisis artinya fotosistem 1 tidak
menghasilkan oksigen nah fotosistem 1
itu dapat menghasilkan TV melalui proses
yang dikenal dengan nama fosforilasi
siklik
Jadi kesimpulannya adalah heterokis
dapat memfiksasi nitrogen
pertama Karena Dia memiliki dinding
kedap udara sehingga oksigen tidak bisa
masuk ke dalam heterokis
yang kedua karena dia mampu melakukan
fotosintesis tanpa memproduksi oksigen
yaitu dengan cara dengan cara
menghilangkan fotosistem 2
dan kemudian memproduksi ATP melalui
mekanisme fosforilasi siklik baik sekian
kali ini semoga mendapat wawasan
kemudian mengenai bagaimana sih kok
fiksasi nitrogen bisa berlangsung pada
beberapa organisme Sampai ketemu di
video berikutnya
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