Memory, Explained | FULL EPISODE | Vox + Netflix
Summary
TLDREl guion explora la naturaleza imprecisa y flexible de la memoria humana, destacando cómo recuerdos significativos como el 11-S pueden distorsionarse con el tiempo. Presenta a Yanjaa Wintersoul, campeona de memoria, y su habilidad para memorizar grandes cantidades de información, contrastando con el caso de Henry Molaison, cuya operación para la epilepsia afectó su capacidad de formar nuevos recuerdos. La narrativa revela cómo la memoria no es una grabación perfecta, sino una construcción en vivo que nos permite relatar historias, pero también puede ser manipulada, incluso hasta el punto de plantear recuerdos falsos.
Takeaways
- 🧠 La memoria no es una grabación perfecta, sino una representación que puede cambiar con el tiempo y que a menudo se ve influenciada por factores emocionales y personales.
- 🌐 El episodio del 11 de septiembre de 2001 es un momento significativo que muchos recuerdan, pero los detalles de estas memorias pueden ser inexactos y se desvanecen con el tiempo.
- 🔍 La memoria episódica, relacionada con experiencias personales, puede verse afectada por la cirugía en la amígdala o el hipocampo, como en el caso de Henry Molaison.
- 📈 La memoria se ve influenciada por la emoción, el lugar y la narrativa, lo que puede hacer que ciertos eventos se recuerden con más claridad o detalle.
- 🏆 Yanjaa Wintersoul, campeona de memoria, demuestra que las habilidades de memoria pueden ser cultivadas y que los competidores no necesariamente tienen cerebros más grandes o más inteligentes que los demás.
- 🔢 Los competidores de memoria utilizan técnicas como el 'palacio de la memoria' para convertir información abstracta en imágenes y narrativas memorables.
- 🧘 La meditación y un estilo de vida saludable pueden mejorar la memoria, ya que ayudan a mejorar la concentración y, en consecuencia, la capacidad de recordar.
- 🏙️ Los taxistas de Londres, al memorizar las 25,000 calles de la ciudad para obtener su licencia, demuestran que el cerebro puede adaptarse y crecer en respuesta al aprendizaje intenso.
- 🌐 La memoria es un proceso flexible y adaptable que no solo recuerda el pasado, sino que también simula posibles futuros, lo que es fundamental para nuestra capacidad de planificar y anticipar.
- 🔄 La memoria puede ser manipulada y puede contener errores, lo que puede tener consecuencias en la justicia y en nuestra comprensión de nosotros mismos.
- 🤔 La memoria, aunque a veces inexacta, es un componente esencial de nuestra identidad y nuestra habilidad para navegar en el mundo, permitiéndonos adaptarnos y aprender de nuestras experiencias.
Q & A
¿Cuál es la importancia de los recuerdos en nuestra mente y cómo pueden ser inexactos?
-Los recuerdos son cruciales para la formación de nuestra historia de vida, pero no son grabaciones perfectas del pasado; pueden cambiar y distorsionarse con el tiempo. A pesar de que la mayoría de las personas están convencidas de que sus recuerdos son precisos, alrededor del 50% de los detalles cambian en un año.
¿Cómo funciona la memoria según el guion?
-La memoria es una actividad fundamental que media nuestra interacción con el mundo. Se almacena de manera peculiar en el cerebro, y no en un lugar específico. La región temporal medial, que incluye el hipocampo, es clave para la formación y recuperación de recuerdos episódicos.
¿Quién era Henry Molaison y qué enseñó su caso sobre la memoria?
-Henry Molaison fue un hombre en quien se realizó una cirugía para tratar la epilepsia, resultando en una grave pérdida de memoria reciente. Su caso mostró que la memoria no está almacenada en un solo lugar y que el hipocampo y la región temporal medial son esenciales para la memoria episódica.
¿Por qué algunas memorias son más fuertes que otras?
-Las memorias fuertes suelen estar relacionadas con emociones intensas, un sentido de lugar y una narrativa coherente. Estos elementos ayudan a que la información se adquiera y se mantenga más firmemente en la memoria.
¿Cómo pueden las memorias emocionales afectar la precisión de nuestros recuerdos?
-Las memorias emocionales pueden distorsionar la precisión de los detalles periféricos, ya que la atención se centra en el núcleo de la experiencia. Esto puede llevar a recordar aspectos centrales con más claridad pero olvidar detalles menores.
¿Qué son las 'células de lugar' y cómo están relacionadas con la memoria?
-Las 'células de lugar' son neuronas en el hipocampo que se activan en asociación con una ubicación específica. Ayudan a organizar y recordar la secuencia de eventos en un lugar, como un laberinto o una ciudad.
¿Cómo pueden las memorias de eventos traumáticos como el 11 de septiembre afectar la percepción de la memoria personal?
-Las memorias de eventos traumáticos pueden ser tan inexactas como las memorias cotidianas, pero la gente tiende a tener una mayor confianza en su precisión. Esto puede llevar a la creación de recuerdos falsos o a la distorsión de la realidad del evento.
¿Qué es un 'palacio de la memoria' y cómo se utiliza para mejorar la memoria?
-Un 'palacio de la memoria' es una técnica antigua que implica imaginar un lugar conocido y asociar imágenes surrealistas con información que se desea recordar. Al recorrer mentalmente ese lugar, se pueden recuperar los recuerdos asociados.
¿Cómo pueden las memorias falsas afectar el sistema de justicia?
-Las memorias falsas pueden llevar a acusar a la persona equivocada en casos de crímenes, como lo demuestra el uso de testimonios de testigos oculto. El ADN ha ayudado a invertir centenares de condenas basadas en testimonios erróneos.
¿Cómo está relacionada la memoria con la capacidad de simular futuros posibles?
-La misma red cerebral que se activa durante la memoria del pasado también se activa al simular futuros posibles. Esta capacidad de simular ayuda a la toma de decisiones y a la planificación, y es fundamental para nuestra adaptación y supervivencia.
¿Cómo la memoria influye en la creación de nuestra identidad y sentido de auto?
-La memoria, al combinar recuerdos del pasado y sueños del futuro, teje la narrativa de nuestra vida, lo que a su vez influye en nuestra percepción de quiénes somos y cómo nos vemos a nosotros mismos.
Outlines
🧠 La Inexactitud de la Memoria
Este párrafo explora la naturaleza imprecisa de la memoria humana, destacando cómo recuerdos significativos, como el ataque al World Trade Center, pueden distorsionarse con el tiempo. Se menciona que aproximadamente el 50% de los detalles de un recuerdo cambian en un año, a pesar de que la mayoría de las personas están convencidas de que tienen un recuerdo preciso. Se discute la idea de que las memorias, incluso las más significativas, no son grabaciones perfectas y pueden deformarse. Se introduce a Yanjaa Wintersoul, una gran maestra de la memoria, y se cuestiona cómo funciona la memoria, sugiriendo que tiene un potencial inexplotado.
🧠 La Memoria y su Funcionamiento
En este párrafo se explica cómo funciona la memoria a través del caso de Henry Molaison, un hombre en quien se observó una grave pérdida de memoria después de una cirugía para tratar la epilepsia. Se destaca la importancia del lóbulo temporal medial y la amígdala en la formación y recuperación de recuerdos, y cómo la memoria episódica se ve afectada por la experiencia personal. Se introduce el concepto de 'memoria semántica' y cómo la memoria no está almacenada en un solo lugar específico del cerebro. Además, se discute cómo la vida activa y la meditación pueden mejorar la memoria.
🧠 Factores que Fortalecen la Memoria
Este segmento se enfoca en los elementos que hacen que ciertos recuerdos sean más fuertes y duraderos. Se menciona la importancia de la emoción, el lugar y la historia en la formación de recuerdos significativos. Se discuten estudios que muestran cómo la actividad en la amígdala y la conexión con el lugar pueden influir en la vividencia de los recuerdos. También se explora el concepto de 'laberinto de la memoria', una técnica antigua que utiliza la asociación de imágenes surrealistas con lugares conocidos para mejorar la memoria.
🧠 Las Limitaciones y el Poder de la Memoria
En el último párrafo, se discuten las limitaciones de la memoria y cómo estas pueden afectar áreas como la identificación de testigos y la autocomprensión. Se presentan casos en los que se han podido plantear recuerdos falsos y cómo la memoria puede ser moldeada por la confirmación y la repetición. Se sugiere que la memoria no es una grabación de alta fidelidad, sino más bien una representación en vivo creada en el momento presente. Además, se plantea la idea de que la capacidad de la memoria para simular futuros posibles es una de las claves del éxito de la humanidad como especie.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Memoria
💡Falsificación de la memoria
💡Episodios de memoria
💡Memoria a largo plazo
💡Hippocampus
💡Memoria explícita
💡Memoria implícita
💡Técnicas de memoria
💡Palacio de la memoria
💡Memoria y emociones
💡Autobiografía de la memoria
Highlights
Memorias significativas no son grabaciones perfectas y pueden deformarse con el tiempo.
La memoria episódica de Henry Molaison fue gravemente dañada por una cirugía, lo que le impidió formar nuevos recuerdos.
La memoria no está almacenada en un solo lugar específico, sino que es un proceso distribuido en el cerebro.
El lóbulo temporal medial, incluyendo el hipocampo, es crucial para la combinación de elementos de una experiencia.
La memoria de un adulto de 70 años muestra una gran cantidad de recuerdos recientes y un aumento sorprendente en los años juveniles.
La memoria puede mejorar con una vida más saludable y activa, y la meditación ha demostrado ser especialmente efectiva.
La emoción juega un papel clave en la memoria, con experiencias emocionales resultando en recuerdos más vívidos y detallados.
La memoria de los eventos del 11 de septiembre de 2001 fue más vívida para aquellos que estaban más cerca de las Torres Gemelas.
La memoria está fuertemente vinculada al lugar, con los recuerdos de 'donde estábamos' siendo consistentes en experiencias personales.
Las células del hipocampo, conocidas como 'células de lugar', están asociadas con ubicaciones específicas y son clave para la navegación.
Los taxistas de Londres, al memorizar las 25,000 calles de la ciudad, experimentan un crecimiento en su hipocampo.
La memoria puede ser reforzada a través de la narrativa, con la información en forma de historia siendo más fácil de recordar.
Los atletas de memoria no necesariamente tienen cerebros más grandes, sino que cambian las conexiones dentro de sus cerebros con técnicas como el 'palacio de la memoria'.
La memoria es flexible y puede ser manipulada, lo que ha llevado a la植入ación de falsos recuerdos en estudios.
La memoria episódica es susceptible a la contaminación y puede ser influenciada por preguntas dirigidas o repeticiones.
La memoria no es una grabación de alta fidelidad, sino más bien una representación en vivo creada en el momento presente.
La misma máquinaria cerebral utilizada para recordar el pasado también puede simular posibles futuros, lo que es fundamental para nuestra especie.
Transcripts
Some moments feel so important, we believe there is a perfect recording of them etched
in our minds.
ARMSTRONG: “That’s one small step for man…”
REAGAN: “Tear down this wall”
NEWSCASTER: “Diana Princess of Wales, is dead.”
For many, 9/11 was one of those moments.
"I was getting ready to go to class to class and I put on the TV"
"And the newscaster stopped and said this just in"
"Two planes hit the twin towers"
"Every single channel had a building that was on fire"
"This businessman was covered in dust"
"Then I saw the big hole in the side of the building"
"Yeah it was sort of surreal"
"very confusing and disorienting"
"I felt a sense of dread"
" I remember my mom was working in the city, And I remember smoke billowing out over the
water of the long island sound … behind the building where I went to elementary school.
"
I was just talking with my parents about it one day and my mom goes no you know in 2001
I was working in Connecticut.
And there were other problems with Melanie’s memory of that day.
Her classroom windows didn’t look out over the water
The World Trade Center was over 40 miles away
and the smoke was drifting in the opposite direction
How could I possibly have seen the smoke billowing from over the water … Like how would I see
that.
Your memories for 9/11 are probably not as accurate as you think.
We know about 50 percent of the details of that memory change in a year even though most
people are convinced they're 100 percent right.
They might correctly remember the gist of the day, but not details like who they were
with, what they were doing when they heard, and what exactly they saw.
Even our most significant memories - the ones that form the foundation of our life story
- aren’t perfect recordings - they can shift and warp over time.
It feels like the whole purpose of memory should be to preserve the past.
So why are memories so unreliable?
How exactly does remembering work?
Wait a second now, I do remember.
You're.... uhhh.
Memory, that everybody has, is a goldmine of unexplored and untapped potential.
Our memory just mediates our interractions with the world.
Memory is one of our most fundamental activities, that it is only when it fails us that we think
about it at all.
Yanjaa Wintersoul is a grandmaster of memory
All right here we go.
5 years ago, she discovered the world of memory competitions
when I first started it was mostly like a bunch of white guys from Europe and very like
sad looking competition rooms.
They memorize decks of cards in seconds, thousands of digits in an hour.
It looks like we're all taking a very speedy SATs.
I have three world records: one for images, one for names of faces, and one for words.
And she's demonstrated her skills on TV shows around the world
Steve Harvey: Ok, Page 38.
Yanjaa: It starts mid-sentence ... "information effectively by using humor."
We gave her ten minutes to memorize these 500 numbers ...
and...
539-166-974-579-478-468-766-146
17 … 2
225-902-634-582-177-161-12.
How does she do that?
Yay
It all comes down to the peculiar way our brains store memories.
And perhaps no brain has taught us more about memory than this one.
It belonged to a man named Henry Molaison
When Henry was 27, he had brain surgery to treat epilepsy
- and the surgeon removed this little piece of his brain.
The surgeon noted that the procedure “resulted in no marked behavioral changes” “with
the one exception of a very grave, recent memory loss”
It was so severe, it prevented Henry from navigating his own house
and recognizing his doctors
But Henry still had other types of memory:
habits that don’t require conscious thought - like how to ride a bike - so called “implicit
memories”
He also kept some conscious or “explicit” memories - he discussed historical events
with his doctor in this recording from the early 90s:
Milner: What happened in 1929?
Molaison: The stock market crashed.
Milner: It sure did."
That’s an example of “semantic memory” - facts, dates, numbers, words - the kinds
of things memory athletes memorize.
"The real damage was to Henry’s “episodic memory” - his memory for personal experiences.
When his doctor asked “Do you know what you did yesterday,” he replied:
Molaison: No, I don't.
Milner: How about this morning?
Molaison: I don't even remember that."
Without this one small part of his brain, Henry had trouble forming new memories.
But that doesn’t mean memories are stored in one specific place …
When you have an experience (say - performing at a recital) sensory information is processed
in many different parts of your brain:
The sound of the cello,
the feeling of the strings under your fingers,
the face of your friend in the audience
the pang of stage fright
And the part of the brain that pulls all these elements together - the part that Henry’s
surgery badly damaged - is the medial temporal lobe, which includes an important structure
called the hippocampus.
When you relive that moment later, the medial temporal lobe helps combine those elements
once again.
Your life story is all the moments like this that you can relive.
And this graph is the life story of a typical 70-year-old.
There are lots of memories from the recent past, but as you move backward in time they
start to fall off
There are only a few memories from childhood - and nothing before around 3
But there’s this surprising bump in our teens and twenties
PHELPS: When you're getting through high school you're having a lot of momentous occasions
in that stage of your life.
PHELPS: when we think about our life stories those change moments are the ones that stand
out as the ones that kind of define us … and define our lives going forward.
Some people have more memories than others.
And you can improve your memory by just living a healthier and more active life
I try to like not drink as much sleep a lot and eat well.
the one thing that I've seen in every single study that's like this is going to work is
honestly meditation
Undergraduates were able to increase their score on the verbal GRE’s from 460 to 520
just by taking a mindfulness meditation class -- probably because meditation improves focus,
and focus improves memory.
And when it comes to personal experiences -- there are certain features that make us
remember some better than others.
First, emotion.
If you show a person a string of faces, they’ll remember the most emotional ones best
When we have an emotional experience our amygdala the emotional center of the brain which sits
right next to the hippocampus actually up regulates the hippocampus and allows it to
form more detailed and stronger memory.
one of the things we want to do after 9/11 was look into the brains of individuals who
were in New York that day
about half the people were on average around midtown and the other half the people were
… much closer to the World Trade Center that day.
Three years after the attacks, they asked those people to remember their experiences.
the individuals that were closer to the World Trade Center that day the 9/11 memories were
more vivid we saw more activity in the amygdala
Memories are also connected to a sense of place.
one of the things we know from our study of 9/11 memories is that the thing that people
were most consistent about was where they were.
I had just gotten home from gym class- -I was living in London at the time-
-in New Smyrna Beach, Florida- -the Upper East Side-
So we think you know place has a particularly strong role in memory ... and if you actually
look in the hippocampus there seem to be cells that are specifically responsive to time and
place
Here’s a representation of these “place cells” in the hippocampus of one particular
rat
"And here’s a video of that rat moving along
a simple track -"
his head is in this green circle, and here’s his tail.
Each place cell is associated with a particular location along the track - and these cells
have been color coded by scientists
When the rat is at the start of the maze, this green place cell fires
but as it moves along, a different cell is activated.
And then another and another.
When the rat pauses, the cells fire in rapid succession as he recalls his route.
London cabbies must navigate their own rat maze
To get their licenses, they have to pass a century-old test called simply “The Knowledge.”
They spend years memorizing London’s 25,000 streets.
Scientists scanned the brains of would-be cabbies before and after this process
In the brains of people who didn’t end up getting their licenses - the size of the hippocampus
didn’t really change.
But those who passed?
Interestingly, their hippocampi actually grew.
Finally, memories can be strengthened by story.
Our brains pay much closer attention to information when it’s in the form of a narrative.
In one study, 24 people were asked to memorize 12 lists of 10 words.
Half the people studied and rehearsed the lists - and they remembered - on average - 13%
of the words
The other half wove the words into stories of their own invention … and they remembered
93%.
PHELPS: the more that you can associate things you want to remember with structures you already
have in your mind the easier is going to be to remember.
you know you're creating a narrative.
ADDIS :When we go to retrieve that memory we have almost many multiple ways of getting
into that memory.
Story, place and emotion are the foundation of some of our strongest memories
- and those same features can be hijacked to help you, say ... memorize 500 random digits.
YANJAA: Yes let's do it.
Starting with the first three digits, she converts numbers into sounds using her own
personal code.
YANJAA: So five is an S three is an A as we have in swedish.
And nine is a G because just because of the shapes.
Yeah.
So then it's basically like you're reading something instead of looking at all these
numbers So 5 3 9 is SAG.
And the next triplet, 166, becomes TBB
YANJAA: and I think of the kind of Middle Eastern dish of tabbouleh
She pairs the two words to create a striking scenario
YANJAA: this saggy half naked person is covered in like tabbouleh rice
and because it's disgusting I remember it more
Anything that has like visceral really very emotional things your brain is like “oh”
She translates the rest of the digits in the same way.
YANJAA: Gimli from Lord of the Rings -- he is running for office
Rami Malek buying boots
my spleen turns into the Louvre
Next, Yanjaa harnesses the power of place with an ancient technique called “the memory
palace”
She imagines herself walking through a neighborhood she knows well - adding surreal imagery along
the route.
YANJAA: It helps in putting very random abstract things in order when you attach it to something
you already know
YANJAA : So I come out of the High Street Metro
So a saggy skinned person is just covered in tabbouleh and coming out of the High Street
subway
And a little further on:
YANJAA: In that tunnel - 478 that's a reef, and 468 that's ravioli.
So it's a tunnel that's now a reef and full of ravioli.
YANJAA: on the carousel we’ll have like a big like alpaca llama and it's like eating
like this tube of like melted cheese
That dull list of numbers became an epic travelogue full of surprising images that she could revisit
later
Memory athletes aren’t necessarily smarter than everyday people - and they don’t have
bigger brains
But they change the connections within their brains by training with techniques like the
memory palace
YANJAA: we are more wired to remember that than to remember random sets of digits
in general we're like emotional and visual learners.
And storytellers
Only a dozen people in the world have memorized more than 20,000 digits of pi
but lots and lots of people have played Hamlet, and memorized all his lines
OLIVIER: “Words words words”
which contain nearly 50,000 letters
OLIVIER: “Remember thee!
Ay, thou poor ghost while memory holds a seat in this distracted globe”
But that’s not the full story
Some of the same things that strengthen our memories can also warp them
ADDIS typically with emotional memories we tend to remember the central aspects are our
attention kind of zooms in on the core of that experience.
So we might forget some of the peripheral details like perhaps what a perpetrator was
wearing but we'll remember the gun
Emotional 9/11 memories are just as inaccurate as everyday memories - they both deteriorate
at the same rate.
PHELPS:What was different is that people were highly confident their memories for the 9/11
were correct.
Memories aren’t high fidelity recordings that we store away.
They’re more like live performances created with input from different parts of the brain
-- in the present moment
ADDIS We can't remember every single detail of every experience.
And so we use pre-existing knowledge such as semantic memory or facts that we have
or our pre-existing biases and beliefs
to fill in those gaps
That could explain the errors in Melanie’s memory of 9/11
my mom worked in New York City growing up all my life.
So of course she was in the city
And after 9/11 maybe Melanie saw billowing smoke on TV - and that’s how it entered
her memory.
ADDIS So, the fact that we reconstruct our episodic memory so we piece them back together
means that our episodic memories are actually very flexible
Scientists have been able to exploit this flexibility to plant false childhood memories
of being left at a shopping mall, taking a hot air balloon ride, even having tea with
Prince Charles.
In one study, young adults were asked to try and remember a crime they had supposedly committed
in their teens.
Even though these crimes were completely fake - made up by the researchers, after a couple
of interviews full of leading questions, 70% of the subjects accepted that they had committed
those crimes and many came up with rich, detailed memories that were completely false.
PHELPS: one of the places where this plays out you know that that is unfortunate is things
like eyewitness identifications
"THOMPSON:They said we’re going to take you into a room, we’re going to have seven
men, … if I saw the suspect I was to write a
number on his piece of paper and hand it over to the detective"
More than two decades after she was raped, Jennifer Thompson appeared television with
the man she had identified as her attacker.
THOMPSON: After I picked out Ronald Cotton’s photograph that’s when they said to me we
thought that was him.
PHELPS: we can boost the confidence in a false memory by confirming it or by at least repeating
it multiple times
THOMPSON: By now Ronald’s image had completely contaminated so to speak the original memory
of that night - and so the face of my rapist had become Ronald Cotton - so much so that
seeing the actual perpetrator, right there, I didn’t have one memory of it.
Years after Ronald was imprisoned, DNA evidence proved that Jennifer had been raped by another
man.
In the US, DNA has helped overturn hundreds of convictions, and 70% of those involved
eyewitness testimony.
It’s not just our memories of crimes that can become “contaminated” - it’s the
memories that tell us who we are and where we came from.
Researchers interviewed a group of 14 year-olds and then, decades later, asked them to recall
their teenage years - what their relationship with their parents was like; how they had
felt about sex and religion; what activities they had enjoyed.
Their memories, it turned out, were “uniformly poor” - for most memories, “no better
than chance.”
ADDIS: So this poses the question: Why would we have a memory system that is so unreliable
and error prone if it was designed to remember the past?
That’s the big question.
And once again, those recordings of Henry Molaison point to a possible answer
Dr. CORKIN: What do you think you'll do tomorrow?
H.M.: Whatever is beneficial.
Henry often struggled to answer questions like these - it seemed to scientists that
he hadn’t just lost his past - he could no longer imagine the future.
"Three decades after H.M.’s surgery, another patient’s medial temporal lobe was severely
damaged in a motorcycle accident.
In this interview from 1988, the patient was asked by his doctor:
TULVING: “Do you feel hopeful about the future?”
COCHRANE: … … I guess so.
I don’t really think much about the future.
TULVING: You don’t think much about the future
Well, we may have to come back to that later on.
That same patient once described thinking about the future as being asked to “find
a chair” in an empty room.
The future and the past seemed to be somehow linked in the mind.
ADDIS: we decided to put people into the scanner and have them remember past experiences and
imagined future experiences.
And we really didn't know what to expect
When people remembered, a particular network lit up.
And ...
ADDIS: that same network was engaged pretty much identically when people were having to
imagine future events
When we let our minds wander, we switch back and forth all the time -- remembering and
imagining.
Our mind is a time machine.
In Lewis Caroll’s “Through The Looking Glass” the Queen of Hearts remarks “It's
a poor sort of memory that only works backwards."
It turns out, she’s right.
The same machinery that brings all those pieces together to relive the past -
can bring some of those pieces together with other pieces to simulate possible futures.
Now, the flexibility that leads us to remember things that never happened
that undermines the justice system
that corrupts our most vivid memories
… It can start to look like a superpower - the key to our success as a species
ADDIS: it allows us to troubleshoot upcoming experiences, to think through the ways in
which events might unfold, potential obstacles that might come up in the ways in which we
might deal with those obstacles.
And some scientists say this simulation engine between your ears does something even more
profound:
it weaves together memories of the past and dreams of the future to create your sense
of self.
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