Growth and Development of Infants, Toddlers, Preschoolers and School Aged Children

Summary

This script discusses the growth stages of children, focusing on physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes from infancy to school age. It emphasizes the importance of nurturing trust, autonomy, and independence while adapting nursing practices to support each stage's unique needs. Techniques such as using play for invasive procedures and encouraging participation in care are highlighted to minimize anxiety and foster a child's development.

Takeaways

• 👶 Infants (1 month to 1 year) experience physical growth in height and weight, and the development of motor skills. Cognitively, they develop vision, hearing, touch, language, and memory. Psychosocially, they begin to separate self from others and exhibit purposeful smiling.
• 🤱 Nursing care for infants should focus on promoting trust, being gentle and soothing, minimizing stress, and facilitating parent-infant bonding.
• 👧 Toddlers (1-3 years) refine their fine and gross motor skills and develop more memory and language. They start to exhibit autonomy and independence, engaging in parallel play.
• 👦 Nursing care for toddlers involves supporting their development, giving undivided attention, encouraging autonomy, and using clear, succinct communication.
• 🎠 Play is an essential tool in nursing for toddlers, especially to prepare for invasive procedures and to ease stress.
• 🏡 Preschoolers continue to grow physically, with a focus on social interaction and understanding play norms. They are curious and build on previous experiences.
• 🚫 Nursing care for preschoolers should allow for exploration, support development, and set firm limits, while being mindful of potential anxiety related to genitalia assessments.
• 🏫 School-aged children experience consistent growth, improved coordination, and engage in organized activities. Cognitively, they learn new school-related skills.
• 👫 Psychosocial changes in school-aged children include peer relations, peer pressure, and the introduction of sexuality topics, which are important for providers to consider.
• 🏥 Encouraging participation in care, providing validation, and allowing verbalization of feelings and fears are crucial in nursing care for school-aged children.
• 🧩 The use of play and games is effective for assessing and educating younger school-aged children, but it's important to assess their understanding accurately.
• 📢 Respecting privacy and encouraging children to answer questions directly, rather than relying solely on information from parents or caregivers, is important in their care.

Q & A

What is the age range considered for the infant stage discussed in the script?

The infant stage discussed in the script ranges from about a month to about a year old.

What physical changes can be observed in infants during this stage?

Infants in this stage will experience variations and increases in height and weight, as well as the development of fine and gross motor movements.

What cognitive developments are noted for infants in the script?

Cognitive developments for infants include the enhancement of vision, hearing, touch, language, and the beginning of memory development.

How does the psychosocial development of infants manifest during this stage?

Psychosocial development in infants includes the separation of self from others and the emergence of purposeful smiling.

What is the primary psychosocial task for infants according to Erikson's stage mentioned in the script?

The primary psychosocial task for infants is to develop trust, which is the initial stage according to Erikson.

What nursing approach should be taken to promote trust in infants?

A gentle and soothing approach should be used, minimizing stressors and facilitating bonding with parents to promote trust.

What are the key physical changes in toddlers as compared to infants?

In toddlers, there is a refinement of fine and gross motor movements, indicating further physical development.

How does the cognitive development of toddlers differ from that of infants?

Toddlers show more advanced memory and language development compared to infants.

What is the main psychosocial change in toddlers as described in the script?

The main psychosocial change in toddlers is the development of a sense of autonomy and independence.

What is parallel play and how does it relate to toddlers' development?

Parallel play is when toddlers play independently but in close proximity to their peers, showing interest in others' activities but not actively interacting with them.

How should nursing care adapt to support the development of toddlers?

Nursing care should support the toddler's development by giving undivided attention, encouraging autonomy, and using a kind but firm approach in communication.

What is the significance of using play to prepare preschoolers for invasive procedures?

Using play helps to ease the stressors associated with invasive procedures by making the experience less intimidating for the child.

How does the physical growth of a preschooler differ from that of a toddler?

Growth in preschoolers continues but at a slower pace than toddlers, with ongoing development of gross and fine motor skills.

What cognitive and social skills are developing in preschoolers?

Preschoolers are developing an understanding based on previous experiences, increasing social interaction, and learning play norms and expectations.

How should nursing care be adapted for preschoolers in terms of setting limits and addressing anxiety?

Nursing care should allow for exploration and support development while setting firm limits. It should also address anxiety by having parents close and using simple logic and reasoning.

What are some of the new stressors that school-aged children may experience?

School-aged children may experience stressors related to peer relations, peer pressure, and the introduction of topics such as sexuality.

How can nursing care support the cognitive development of school-aged children?

Nursing care can support cognitive development by allowing participation in care, providing validation and praise, and using play and games for assessment and education.

What is the importance of respecting privacy and allowing children to verbalize their feelings during nursing care?

Respecting privacy and allowing children to verbalize their feelings helps build trust, encourages active participation in their care, and ensures their concerns are addressed.

Outlines

00:00

👶 Infant Development and Nursing Care

This paragraph discusses the growth stages of infants from one month to one year old, focusing on physical changes such as increases in height and weight and the development of motor skills. Cognitively, infants begin to develop vision, hearing, touch, and language, with some memory development. Psychosocially, there's the separation of self from others and the emergence of purposeful smiling. Nursing care involves promoting trust, being gentle, minimizing stressors, and facilitating parent-child bonding. It's crucial to keep the infant in sight and allow the mother to interpret the infant's behavior.

05:03

👧 Toddler and Preschooler Development with Nursing Considerations

The second paragraph covers the toddler and preschooler stages, detailing physical development with refinement of motor skills and cognitive growth, including memory and language. Psychosocial changes involve developing autonomy and independence, with toddlers engaging in parallel play. Nursing care for toddlers involves supporting their development, giving undivided attention, encouraging autonomy, and using clear, succinct communication. Play is used to prepare for invasive procedures to ease stress. For preschoolers, growth continues with increased curiosity and social interaction. Nursing care includes allowing exploration, setting firm limits, and managing anxiety during assessments and procedures, with parents' presence being important for minimizing anxiety.

🎒 School-Aged Child Development and Nursing Strategies

The final paragraph addresses the school-aged child, noting consistent growth and improved coordination, which may lead to participation in sports and extracurricular activities. Cognitive development leaps forward with the acquisition of school-related skills like reading, math, and language. Psychosocial changes include peer relations, peer pressure, and the introduction of sexuality topics. Nursing strategies involve allowing the child to participate in their care, providing validation and praise, and using play and games for assessment and education. It's important to assess understanding accurately, support the expression of fear and pain, respect privacy, and encourage the child to answer questions directly, fostering involvement in their care.

Keywords

💡Growth Stages

Growth stages refer to the various phases of human development characterized by distinct physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes. In the video, these stages are discussed in relation to different age groups, starting from infancy to school age, highlighting the unique developmental milestones and changes each stage entails.

💡Physical Changes

Physical changes involve the observable alterations in an individual's body structure and size, such as increases in height and weight, and the development of motor skills. The script mentions these changes in the context of infancy and toddler stages, emphasizing the refinement of fine and gross motor movements.

💡Cognitive Development

Cognitive development pertains to the growth of an individual's mental processes, including perception, memory, language, and problem-solving skills. The video script discusses cognitive development in infants, highlighting the emergence of vision, hearing, touch, and language, and in toddlers, where memory and language skills are further developed.

💡Psychosocial Development

Psychosocial development refers to the emotional and social growth of an individual, influenced by their interactions with others and their environment. The script describes psychosocial changes in infants, such as the development of trust and separation of self from others, and in toddlers, where autonomy and independence become key.

💡Nursing Application

Nursing application involves the practical use of knowledge about human development in healthcare settings to provide appropriate care. The video script discusses how nursing practices should adapt to promote trust in infants, support autonomy in toddlers, and manage stressors in preschoolers and school-aged children.

💡Erickson's Stages

Erickson's stages are a series of psychosocial crises proposed by Erik Erikson, which individuals must resolve at each stage of life. The script specifically mentions 'Erickson's initial stage' in the context of infancy, where the development of trust is a critical component.

💡Fine and Gross Motor Movements

Fine motor movements refer to the small, precise muscle movements involved in tasks like grasping and manipulating objects, while gross motor movements involve larger muscle groups and actions like walking and jumping. The script discusses the development of these movements in both infants and toddlers.

💡Parallel Play

Parallel play is a type of play observed in toddlers where children play side by side but independently, without direct interaction. The script uses this concept to describe the social play of toddlers, which is a step towards more interactive forms of play.

💡Autonomy

Autonomy in the context of child development refers to the child's growing sense of independence and self-governance. The script mentions the development of autonomy in toddlers, where they begin to assert their will and make independent choices.

💡Invasive Procedure

An invasive procedure is a medical intervention that involves entering the body, such as surgery or certain types of medical tests. The script suggests using play to prepare children for such procedures, aiming to reduce stress and anxiety.

💡Peer Relations

Peer relations involve the social interactions and relationships that children form with others of a similar age. The script discusses the importance of considering peer relations and peer pressure in the psychosocial development of school-aged children.

💡Validation and Praise

Validation and praise are forms of positive reinforcement used to acknowledge and support a child's feelings, efforts, or achievements. The script emphasizes the importance of providing validation and praise to school-aged children to support their self-esteem and confidence.

Highlights

Discussing the growth stages and their physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes for different age ranges.

Infant stage (1 month to 1 year) characterized by increases in height and weight and development of motor movements.

Cognitive development in infants includes vision, hearing, touch, language, and memory.

Psychosocial development involves separation of self from others and purposeful smiling in infants.

Nursing application promotes trust in infants, minimizing stressors and facilitating parent bonding.

Toddler stage involves refinement of motor movements and more memory and language development.

Psychosocial changes in toddlers include developing autonomy, independence, and parallel play.

Nursing toddlers requires supporting their development, encouraging autonomy, and clear communication.

Preschooler stage features ongoing growth, curiosity, and increased social interaction.

Nursing preschoolers involves allowing exploration, setting firm limits, and managing anxiety.

School-aged children experience consistent growth, improved coordination, and involvement in activities.

Cognitive development in school-aged children includes learning new school-related skills.

Psychosocial changes in school-aged children involve peer relations, peer pressure, and sexuality.

Nursing school-aged children includes allowing participation in care and providing validation and praise.

Younger school-aged children may require the use of play for assessment and education.

Assessing understanding in children involves ensuring they can verbalize their feelings and fears.

Encouraging children to answer questions directly is crucial for their participation in care.

Transcripts

Now next, we're going to move through the growth stages,

but discuss each physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes

that that particular age range will experience.

And then we're going to talk about the application of nursing.

So, let's start with the stage of the infant.

This is about if you recall a month to about a year old.

Now, physical changes here,

we're going to see some variation and some increases

in height and weight,

and some development of fine and gross motor movements.

Now, cognitively, the infant's going to start developing

that vision, hearing and touch, and language,

and a little bit of memory development.

Now, in the psychosocial stages, if you recall,

there's going to be some separation of self from others,

and also some purposeful smiling.

Now, when we're talking about nursing,

now, remember that we want to promote trust

that very important Erickson's initial stage.

We want to be gentle and soothing,

minimize stressors,

and make sure we facilitate bonding with that parents.

And just know what the infancy stage

it's important to keep the

appearance in the vision of the child,

and allow the mother to interpret the infant's behavior.

Now, let's move on to the toddler stage.

Physically, there's going to be some development,

but some refinement of the fine and gross motor movements.

Now, cognitively,

there's more memory and language development here,

and in a psychosocial changes,

they're going to start developing that

important sense of autonomy and independence.

Now, here the interesting thing about the toddler stage

is they engage in more parallel play,

which really all we're talking about

is really the toddler will just play adjacent to each other,

but really independently.

They may be interested in maybe what their peers doing,

but really do they just play independently

alongside each other.

Now, when we're talking about applying this to nursing,

it's important to hear at this toddler stage,

we're supporting their development

and giving them undivided attention.

Now, even though it can be a little bit frustrating,

make sure you do your best to encourage autonomy,

and expect of course, some frustrated,

some maybe exaggerated responses,

and of course, that resounding word of, "No".

But use kind and firm approach in communication,

but give one direction at a time.

It's important here to be clear, and be succinct with your directions.

Now, it's really important to use play here

to prepare for any sort of invasive procedure

to help ease the stressors of the child.

And be cautious about restricting any movement.

And again, don't forget, parents are really important

to keep in sight to minimize anxiety,

especially if you're going to do any sort of procedure with a child.

Now, let's move into that preschooler stage.

Now physically, really, growth is ongoing here.

It's a little bit slower than before,

but we're still increasing that gross chart.

Development and refinement of that fine gross motor movements

is continuing to develop.

And there's a lot of curiosity going under on here.

In their understanding is lead to previous experiences

that they've seen.

Now, increasing social interaction and playing with others

is really important here.

So, they understand those play norms and those expectations.

Now, applying this to nursing, it's important again,

to allow for the exploration, support their development,

but of course set firm limits.

Now, because of their phallic stage here,

genitalia assessments,

that may actually produce a large amount of anxiety.

So make sure, you have their parents close.

Now, if they must leave,

make sure you let the child know that they will indeed return.

Now, support fear through acknowledgement,

and let them know,

it is okay to be scared and talk through.

Use simple logic and reasoning with a child.

Now, let's move into the school aged child.

There's a lot of new stressors that come along with this age.

But physically, there is some really consistent growth

and definitely improved coordination.

Now, with this improved coordination,

there may be more involvement in organized sports

or different extracurricular activities,

for example.

And cognitively, we're making leaps and bounds

and we learn a lot of new school related skills,

such as reading, math, and language here.

Now, at this particular age of the school aged child,

there is a lot of psychosocial changes to consider.

There's a lot of peer relations and peer pressure

to be cognizant of as a provider.

Now, the topic of sexuality comes up.

And again, there's a lot of stressors

that many of us are unaware

that this particular age could be experiencing.

Now, it's important here to allow participation in care

and provide appropriate validation and praise.

Now, if we're talking about a younger school aged child,

the use of play and games is great to assess and educate.

However, know that some children will say

that they do understand even maybe they don't.

So make sure we assess appropriately here.

It is important to allow, to support for fear

and allow them to verbalize any pain.

Of course, respect their privacy as much as possible.

But here's the other thing,

is to encourage the child to answer questions.

Many times as the provider

we want to ask the parents or the caregiver, for example,

for information.

But as you recall,

it's important to allow them to participate in their care

and verbalize their feelings.