Attachment - AQA Psychology in 22 MINS!
Summary
TLDRThis video script offers a concise summary of attachment theories in psychology, highlighting the importance of caregiver-infant interactions and their impact on emotional bonds. It covers key concepts like interactional synchrony, sensitive responsiveness, and the stages of attachment as described by Schaffer. The script also discusses the implications of these theories for child development, the role of fathers, and the influence of early attachment on adult relationships. Additionally, it mentions the limitations and cultural variations in attachment research, urging viewers to explore the topic further through the provided resources.
Takeaways
- 🧑👧 Infants and caregivers form deep emotional bonds through mutual interaction, which includes reciprocity and interactional synchrony.
- 🤔 The quality of caregiver-infant interaction influences the strength of attachment, with sensitive responsiveness being a key factor.
- 👶 Schaffer's stages of attachment outline the progression from asocial to multiple attachments, with separation and stranger anxiety emerging at specific stages.
- 👨👦 Fathers play a significant role in infant development, with their interactional style and sensitivity being similar to mothers' when they become primary caregivers.
- 🦆 Lorenz's imprinting studies in geese suggest a critical period for attachment, highlighting the biological basis of attachment behaviors.
- 🐒 Harlow's research with surrogate mothers in monkeys indicates that physical contact and comfort are more important for attachment than food provision.
- 👶🍼 Ainsworth's Strange Situation identified three types of infant attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant, based on the mother's sensitive responsiveness.
- 🌐 Cross-cultural studies show variations in attachment styles, with secure attachment being the most common, but cultural differences influencing the prevalence of insecure types.
- 🧬 Kagan's temperament hypothesis suggests that inherited temperament affects infant and adult relationships, with high reactivity leading to anxious adults.
- 👩⚕️ Institutional care, as seen in the Romanian orphan studies, can have severe negative impacts on children's development, emphasizing the importance of early attachment.
- 🔄 Bowlby's internal working model theory posits that early attachment experiences form a blueprint for future relationships, affecting social and emotional outcomes in adulthood.
Q & A
What is the purpose of the 'psych boost app' mentioned in the video script?
-The 'psych boost app' is designed to test knowledge of all topics in AEV psychology using flashcards. It is available on IOS and Android and can be used for all of paper one for free.
What does the term 'interactional synchrony' refer to in the context of infant-caregiver relationships?
-Interactional synchrony refers to a simultaneous interaction between the infant and caregiver where they appear to be acting rhythmically with matching, coordinated behavior and matching emotional states.
What is the significance of the 'Meltzoff and Moore' experiment mentioned in the script?
-The 'Meltzoff and Moore' experiment demonstrated that infants as young as 12 to 21 days old have the ability to observe and reciprocate facial gestures through imitation, indicating early social cognitive abilities.
What is 'sensitive responsiveness' in the context of caregiver-infant interactions?
-Sensitive responsiveness refers to the adult caregiver's ability to correctly interpret the meaning of the infant's communication and being motivated to respond appropriately.
What are the implications of using multiple observers blind to the experiment's aims in infant-caregiver interaction studies?
-Using multiple observers blind to the experiment's aims helps to provide interrater reliability, ensuring that the findings are not influenced by the expectations or biases of a single observer.
What did Schaffer's stages of attachment identify in infant development?
-Schaffer's stages of attachment identify four stages: 1) Asocial (0-6 weeks) where babies display innate behaviors without preference for any individual; 2) Indiscriminate attachment (6 weeks to 7 months) where infants begin to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar individuals; 3) Specific attachment (7-9 months) where a strong attachment to a primary caregiver forms, and separation anxiety and stranger anxiety develop; 4) Multiple attachment (9-10 months and beyond) where infants form attachments with other regular caregivers.
What role does the father play in infant attachment according to the script?
-Fathers play an important role in infant attachment. Research suggests that at 18 months, 75% of infants have formed an attachment with their father, indicating that fathers can be significant figures in their infants' lives and contribute to their socialization.
How does the script describe the influence of animal studies on attachment theories?
-The script describes Lorenz's imprinting studies with geese and Harlow's work with surrogate mothers in monkeys, which suggest that attachment behaviors have biological and evolutionary bases. However, it also notes that generalizing animal behavior to human psychology can be problematic due to differences in biology and social/cultural experiences.
What is the 'critical period' in the context of Bowlby's theory of attachment?
-In Bowlby's theory, the 'critical period' refers to the first 30 months after birth, during which a strong monotropic attachment must form. According to Bowlby, a lack of attachment during this period can result in permanent negative social, intellectual, and emotional consequences for the infant.
What are the potential cultural variations in attachment styles as discussed in the script?
-The script discusses cultural variations in attachment styles, noting that secure attachment is the most common type globally but there are differences. For example, avoidant attachment is more common in individualistic Western cultures, while resistant attachment is more common in collectivist cultures. These variations may be influenced by cultural practices and values related to child-rearing.
Outlines
👶 Infant-Caregiver Attachment Dynamics
This paragraph delves into the formation of emotional bonds between infants and caregivers, emphasizing mutual interaction and security. Key concepts include interactional synchrony, imitation, sensitive responsiveness, and the stages of attachment as defined by Schaffer. The paragraph also touches on the influence of fathers and the role of social sensitivity in attachment research. It mentions the use of the 'psych boost app' for knowledge reinforcement and the importance of interrater reliability in studies. The limitations of generalizing findings due to sample and temporal constraints are also discussed.
🐣 Animal Studies and Theories of Attachment
The second paragraph explores attachment through animal studies, focusing on imprinting in geese and the critical period for forming attachments. It contrasts Lorenz's findings with Harlow's work on surrogate mothers, which refutes the learning theory that attachment is solely based on feeding. Bowlby's monotropy theory and the internal working model are introduced, suggesting an innate drive in infants to form strong attachments, with implications for childcare practices. The paragraph also addresses the limitations and ethical concerns of Harlow's research and the potential for policy changes based on these studies.
🌐 Cultural Perspectives on Attachment
This section examines Ainsworth's attachment types and the Strange Situation used to classify them. It discusses the predictive validity of these classifications and the potential cultural biases inherent in the Strange Situation. The paragraph also explores the generalizability of attachment styles across different cultures and the ecological validity of the Strange Situation. Kagan's temperament hypothesis and the influence of inherited traits on attachment styles are considered, alongside the impact of early fostering and the role of the primary caregiver in development.
📚 Longitudinal Studies and Policy Implications
The fourth paragraph presents findings from longitudinal studies on attachment, including the effects of maternal deprivation and the critical period for attachment formation. It discusses the consequences of deprivation on social, emotional, and intellectual development, and how policies related to child welfare have been influenced by attachment research. The paragraph also addresses the potential for recovery from early attachment disruptions and the influence of early attachment on adult relationships.
👨👧👦 Adult Relationships and the Legacy of Early Attachment
The final paragraph connects early attachment styles with adult relationship patterns, highlighting the continuity hypothesis and the impact of early experiences on later life. It discusses the correlation between adult attachment styles and those from childhood, as well as the role of temperament in shaping these relationships. The paragraph concludes with a call to action for viewers to engage with the 'Cy stat' app for self-testing on attachment topics and acknowledges the support of Patreon patrons in developing educational content.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Attachment
💡Interactional Synchrony
💡Sensitive Responsiveness
💡Imitation
💡Schaffer Stages
💡Maternal Deprivation
💡Internal Working Model
💡Ainsworth's Strange Situation
💡Cultural Variations
💡Institutionalization
💡Monotropy
Highlights
Attachment theory describes how infants and caregivers develop deep emotional bonds through mutual interaction and reciprocity.
Interactional synchrony and imitation are key components of the attachment process, with infants copying caregivers' expressions and behaviors.
Sensitive responsiveness in caregivers is crucial for interpreting and responding to an infant's communication, as demonstrated by the Mead and Maccoby experiment.
Schaefer's stages of attachment outline the progression from indiscriminate to specific attachments, with separation anxiety and stranger anxiety emerging around 7 to 9 months.
The role of fathers in attachment is significant, with studies showing they can form strong attachments and influence their child's social development.
Harlow's research on rhesus monkeys rejects the learning theory of attachment, showing that contact comfort is more important than food provision.
Bowlby's monotropy theory suggests an innate drive in infants to form a strong attachment to their mother, with a critical period for attachment formation.
Ainsworth's Strange Situation identified three types of infant attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant, based on the mother's sensitive responsiveness.
Cultural variations in attachment styles exist, with different prevalence of secure and insecure attachments across cultures, as shown by van IJzendoorn's meta-analysis.
Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation posits that disruption of attachment during a critical period can lead to long-term negative consequences.
The Romanian orphan studies highlight the severe impact of institutionalization on child development, supporting the need for sensitive and responsive care.
Attachment styles in childhood have been linked to adult relationship styles, with secure attachments often leading to healthier adult relationships.
The internal working model, based on early attachment, is thought to influence an individual's future relationships and behaviors in relationships.
Kagan's temperament hypothesis suggests that inherited temperament may influence both infant and adult relationships.
The psych boost app and Patreon support provide additional resources for learning and understanding attachment theories and their applications.
The study of attachment has practical implications for child welfare policies, such as maternity leave and nursery school ratios.
Ethical concerns and potential biases in attachment research, such as the influence of institutionalization studies, highlight the need for sensitive and responsible research practices.
Transcripts
I've combined and summarized the content
from my attachment videos into this
attachment revision video if you don't
understand any of the content I cover
here go to my longer videos for a full
explanation but if you just need a
reminder of the key points quickly this
is the video for you but don't just use
this video I've got a psych boost app
it's designed to test your knowledge of
all the topics in AEV psychology
actively using flash cards it's on IOS
and Android and you can use it for all
of paper one for free if instead you
want tutorial support videos with
questions from all free papers you can
access over 16 hours of these as well as
hundreds of pral resources over on my
patreon but enough of that let's get
started careg infant interactions in
humans attachment infants and caregivers
develop deep and Lasting emotional bonds
both members of this emotional
relationship see closeness and feel more
secure when close their attachment
figure reciprocity similar to a
conversation this is a mutual
turn-taking form of interaction both
caregiver and infant contribute to the
interaction by responding to the other's
signals and cues interactional synchrony
is a simultaneous interaction between
the infant and caregiver who appear to
be acting rhythmically with matching
coordinated behavior and matching
emotional states imitation the infant
directly copies the caregiver's
expression sensitive responsiveness the
adult caregiver correctly interprets the
meaning of the infant's communication
and is motivated to respond
appropriately Meto and mo an
experimenter displayed facial gestures
such as sticking a tongue out and
opening their mouth in Shar to 12 to 21
day old infants finding infants had the
ability to observe and reciprocate
through imitation cond and sander
1974 videotaped interactions between
adults and neonates focusing on the
movements of the neonates in response to
adult speech finding evidence of
interactional synchrony and coordination
many studies use multiple observers
blind to the true aims of the experiment
to provide interr reliability the use of
complex camera systems to document and
slow down micro sequences provides High
internal validity infants cannot
directly communicate their thoughts or
emotions therefore findings and
caregiver infant interaction research
depend on inferences assumptions about
the infant's internal mental states
which are considered unscientific social
sensitivity is a concern when
investigating Child R techniques
including Norms around caregiver infant
interactions as some women may find
their life choices sized stag of
attachment identified by schaer stage
one asocial 0 to 6 weeks babies display
innate behaviors crying smiling that
ensure proximity to any potential
caregiver anyone can Comfort them as
they do not prefer any individual
caregiver stage two indiscriminate
attachment 6 weeks to 7 months infants
develop the ability to tell a difference
between familiar and unfamiliar
individuals smiling more at people they
see frequently stage free specific
attachment 7 to 9 months babies form a
strong attachment to a primary caregiver
most often their mother it's in this
stage that separation anxiety and
stranger anxiety develop stage four
multiple attachment 9 to 10 months plus
the infant starts to form attachments
with other regular caregivers like
fathers grandparents and siblings and
stranger anxiety starts to decrease
schaer emson 1964 conducted a
longitudinal observation of 60
workingclass babies from Glasgow it was
found that separation anxiety occurred
in most babies by 25 to 32 weeks with
stranger anxiety starting one month
later in the 18month followup 87% had
developed multiple attachments the
strongest attachment was to those
mothers with consistent caregiver infant
interactions results suggest development
occurs in the stages outlined by schaer
and the quality of caregiver infant
interaction influences the strength of
attachment between infants and their
mothers as infants and their families
are observed in their own homes the
study has a high level of mundane
realism the experience of strangers
visiting the family home or mother's Le
leaving the room was normal for the
infants the sample and shap of study may
not be generalizable or have temporal
veny as it only included a group of
working class mothers in 1960s Glasgow
the role of a father schaer found that
at 18 months 75% of infants had formed
an attachment with their father showing
separation anxiety suggesting fathers
play an important role in their infants
lives active play fathers are seen to
encourage babies in active play
activities more consistently than
mothers this stimulation is thought to
encourage risk-taking behaviors primary
caregiver if men take on the role of
primary caregiver their interactional
style changes to be more like mothers
increasing their capacity for sense to
responsiveness field 1978 found fathers
in general focus more on game playing
and less on holding additionally primary
caretaker fathers showed more
sensitively responsive Behavior similar
to mothers fisimo found a strong
attachment to the father was the best
predictor of the ability to make friends
in school suggesting an important role
for fathers in socialization social
sensitivity theories that argue the role
of the mother cannot be replaced by the
father like Bobby may lead to Father Le
single families and families of two
fathers feeling they cannot fully
provide for the needs of infants
economic implications research could
lead to legislation that ensures equal
paternity and maternity leave this may
reduce the number of males in the
workforce reducing economic activity but
also help to address the gender pay Gap
animal studies of attachment Loren Loren
tested in printing Birds forming a
strong bond with and following their
mother shortly after hatching theen 1935
procedure gr like goose eggs were
randomly divided half were taken to be
hatched by the Rens and the other half
were hatched by the biological mother in
later studies he varied the time between
hatching and when the goslings first
observed a moving object Loren found the
goslings he had hatched imprinted on him
Loren placed all of the goslings in a
box when the goslings were released from
the box the goslings who had imprinted
on Loren found him and continued to
follow him Loren found that goslings had
a critical period of around 32 hours if
a goling did did not see a large moving
object to imprint on these first few
hours it lost the ability to imprint
Lorenzo's research suggests imprinting
is a strong evolutionary biological
feature of attachment in certain Birds H
H tested the CED love theory that babies
love Mothers because they feed them
Hollow 1958 procedure infant Reese's
maak monkeys were placed in cages with
two surrogate mothers one that provided
milk but not comfort as its body was
constructed of exposed wire the other
surrogate mother provided comfort as the
wire was covered with a cloth but not
food time spend with each mother was
recorded as well as a wi Sur get the
infant ran to when frightened by a
mechanical monkey Hollow found that the
infant monkeys spent most of their time
with the Comfort providing cloth mother
only visiting the food mother when they
needed to eat they returned to the cloth
M when frightened in follow-up research
harow found that the maternal
deprivation studies had caused resulted
in permanent social disorders hollow's
research suggests that re mechanics have
a biological nature need for physical
Conta contact contact Comfort the
generalization of animal behavior to
human psychology is problematic humans
and animals have very different biology
and humans have various social and
cultural experiences that inform their
behavior hollow's findings on contact
Comfort have been highly influential
Balby argued similar to maax infants
crave comfort from their mothers
attempting to form a monotropic
relationship Loren's findings on the
critical period in geese have been
highly influential Bobby argued there's
a similar critical period for humans
there are practical applications of har
and the render's work knowledge
initially gained from these studies and
later developed by Balby have been
applied to Early Child Care for example
immediate physical contact after birth
har is criticized on ethical grounds for
harm caused to many intentionally
orphaned primary infants and for causing
high stress levels and public knowledge
of these studies has harmed psychology
reputation explanations of attachment
learning theory doand and Miller's 1950
theory of covered love is based on the
principle of learning theory it argues
infants become attached to their
caregiver because they learn that their
caregiver provides food classical
conditioning food is an unconditioned
stimulus producing pleasure an
unconditioned response as the mother is
present every time the baby is fed the
mother becomes associated with the
pleasure of being fed she changes from
being a neutral stimulus to a condition
stimulus oper conditioning positive
reinforcement when a parent feeds a
crying baby the baby is more likely to
repeat the crying Behavior to get food
the parent feeding behavior is NE
reinforced by the baby stopping its
crying behavior when fat attachment is a
second drive this will ultimately lead
to satisfying a primary drive in this
case hunger learning theory has faed
validity it makes intuitive sense that
babies cry more when they learn crying
gains them attention and ultimately food
the Behavior's principles used to
explain attachment are backed up by a
long history of well-controlled research
such as at Pike pavlof and Skinner
Harlow's research on Reese's mechanics
rejects a c of theory showing that
infant monkey become attached to a cloth
mother that did not provide milk not a y
monkey that provided milk most parents
would say their relationship with their
children is more complicated than the
result of simplistic stimulus
associations suggesting applying
learning theory to attachment is
environmentally reductionist bal's
monotopic Theory an evolutionary
explanation of attachment Balby argues
infants have an innate instinctual drive
to form an especially strong attachment
to their mother monotropy and stay in
close proximity this is vital to infant
surv rival babies instinctively use
signals called social releases crying
smiling vocalizations that attract the
caregivers attention mothers are
biologically programmed to instinctively
find these behaviors cute or distressing
infants should use their mother as a
safe base to explore their environment
and show stranger anxiety BBY suggest
that strong monotropic attachment must
form in the first 30 months after birth
critical period and a lack of monotropy
results in permanent negative social
intellectual and emotional consequences
for the infant BBY claims a child's
monotropic attachment to its mother
forms a schema called an internal
working model this is a blueprint for
future relationships Bob's ideas have
been developed and applied to Early
Child Care for example immediate
physical contact between the mother and
their babies in the first few hours
after birth is encouraged and he
inspired Mary answorth Bobby's work is
based on Loren's findings research on
orphans suggest unlike geese Early
Childhood is sensitive not critical
important but suitable care can lead to
recovery counter to Bob's claim of
permanent damage the internal working
model is highly deterministic people
like to think that they have complete
conscious control over their
relationships including responsibility
for the success of relationships not
that this is set in infancy Bobby argues
the father's role is to provide
resources for the family while the
mother's monotropic role is crucial this
is likely a reflection of 1940s
worldview that is likely correct in its
time but now lacks temporal
validity hey there I just still watching
I'm guess and you'll find this video
useful as I release content right up to
the exams don't forget to subscribe so
you know when new videos are
uploaded asworth strain situation and
cultural variations asworth types of
attachment answorth identified behaviors
that indicated attachment strength
proximity to the mother exploration safe
based Behavior stranger anxiety
separation anxiety reunion response and
sensitive responsiveness Ang have
categorized infant into one of three
attachment types insecure avoidant type
A infants explore freely not using their
mother as secure base has low stranger
anxiety and separation anxiety mothers
Show Low sensitive
responsiveness secure type B infants use
their mother as a safe base they have a
moderate level of stranger anxiety and
show separation anxiety caregivers show
sensitive responsiveness insecure
resistant type c infants are clinky and
have high stranger and separation
anxiety when the mothers return the
infants appear ambivalent with mixed
emotions
seeming to both crave and reject her
attention mothers are inconsistent with
sensitive responsiveness a a strange
situation inworth 1970 and 1973
procedure a structured observation of
infant and mother pairs in a lab setting
the eight stages included the mother
leaving the room and the stranger
entering behaviors that indicated
attachment strength were recorded
asworth findings provided evidence for
free distinct attachment types that seem
to correlate with a level of sensitive
responsiveness shown by the mother
findings 66% of infants were secure 34%
insecure including 22% insecure avoidant
and 12% insecure resistant anor's
research suggests that a secure
attachment develops due to the attention
of a consistently sensitive responsive
mother The Strain situation is a highly
controlled observational research study
with standardized procedures and clear
behavioral categories this
standardization has resulted in precise
replications of the strain situation
predictive validity children classified
as securely attached tend to have better
social emotional and academic outcomes
in later childhood and adulthood
McCarthy found adults with secure
friendships and romantic relationships
were securely attached infancy as the
strange situation was developed in
America it may be a culture-bound test
not valid when applied to other cultures
in some cultures children are taught to
be more or less independent low
ecological validity as the observation
is not in a familiar environment like
the family home the mother knows her
behavior is mared so she may show sense
of responsiveness due to demand
characteristics
kagan's alternate temperament hypothesis
suggests infants have inherited a high
or low reactive temperament high
reactivity results in distressed babies
and low reactive infants Show Low
distress cultural variations in
attachment banor 1988 procedure
conducted a large scale matter analysis
of 2,000 infants in 32 studies from
eight countries each study classifi the
attachment types of infants and mothers
using the strain situation findings
General secure attachment was the most
common typee in all countries insecure
resistant was the least common type
avoidant was more common in
individualistic Western cultures and
resistant in collectivist cultures
individual Germany had the most insecure
avoidant infants 35% Japan 27% had the
most insecure resistant suggests as
secure attachment is the most common
type there is a globally preferred
attachment style which potentially has a
biological basis there are cultural
variations for example German families
encourage independent avoidant behavior
and Japanese mothers spends a
significant amount of time with infants
explaining the extreme resistant
reactions ainsworth's 1970 and Van
endor's 1988 findings May lack temporal
liity Simon Elli in 2014 found fewer
secure and more avoidant infants in
modern Italian families due to the
changing nature of family life as the
dominant attachment style was Secure for
all country studies this may be evidence
for Bob's theory that that there is a
biological instinctive drive to parent
in a way that produces secure
attachments many of the countries
represented only had one study included
such a small sample is not
representative of the country's
population for example the sample may
have over represented groups such as
Urban infants this Metro analysis
included a very large sample as strength
of this is any poorly conducted study or
unusual results only have a small fact
on the overall results increasing
confidence in the validity of the
findings using the strength situation to
assess attachments in nonwestern
countries may be an example of
ethnocentrism it may suffer from
cultural bias as secure styles of
attachment are more common in Western
culture Bob's theory of maternal
deprivation if the child's monotropic
attachment is disrupted during the
critical period due to prolonged
separation from the mother this
deprivation has negative and
irreversible consequences the critical
period is an infant's first 30 months 2
and a half years however there's a risk
up to 5 years consequences of
deprivation Social Development
delinquency behaviors often outside
acceptable Norms such as committing
petty crime emotional development
affectional psychopathy children are
unable to show caring behaviors to
others or empathy for other people's
feelings and have little guilt about
their harmful actions intellectual
development low IQ cognitive abilities
are lower than peers continuity
hypothesis deprivation affects the
infant's internal working model leading
to unsuccessful relationships bal's 1944
44 thieves study 44 child thieves and a
control group were assessed for
affectional psychopathy and paternal
deprivation found 14 thieves had
affection of psychopathy 12 Eternal
deprivation Bobby's research is
correlational deprivation and
delinquency could be linked to a third
Factor such as extreme poverty or
contact with criminal relatives Bob's
work and attachment led to significant
positive changes to policies related to
child welfare such as visiting time for
mothers in hospitals the ratio of carers
and infants at nursery school and the
length of maternity leave monotropy May
exaggerate the importance of the mother
as a primary caregiver alphab bias
underestimating the role of the father
in encouraging risk-taking developing
socialization and taking on a sensitive
responsive role ran orphan studies as
institutions are unable to provide the
same level of physical and emotional
care to young children as families
institutionalization is for to influence
childhood development negatively
deprivation is not receiving suitable
emot care from a primary attachment
figure due to frequent or extended
absences of the primary caregiver
privation is a total lack of care so
there's no ability to form an attachment
Bond rter ER 1998 to 2011 conducted a
longitudinal study of 165 ranian orphans
who lacked physical and emotional care
from staff many were malnourished and
abused they were then adopted into
British
families procedure children were adopted
while under 6 months between 6 months
and 2 years and and older than 2 years
each group were assessed at the ages of
4 6 11 and 15 main findings ag6 overly
friendly Behavior to strange adults
disinhibited attachment was more common
in infants adopted after 2 years old age
11 children adopted after 6 months
showed delayed physical emotional and
intellectual development children
adopted after 24 months had an average
IQ of 77 intellectual problems continued
at the 15-year follow-up in a small
number of cases quasi autism Tendencies
were identified practical applications
Romanian orphan research has changed
policies around adoption and car in
orphanages Hodes and tizard 1989 found
children adopted into caring families
cope better on measures of Behavioral
and peer relationships then children
returned to abusive families goldb 1947
found that early fostering led to
significantly higher levels of mental
ability IQ and social
skills the children in R's ER study were
not randomly assigned for adoption was
selected by the new parents in Romania
it's possible this resulted in a bias
with the more sociable children picked
for adoption at a younger age Balby
argues if children miss a window for
development the harm is permanent
however often studies that show recovery
suggest a sensitive period the damage
caused while severe can be addressed
with later care the influence of early
attachment internal working model
according to Balby infants develop a
schema based on their attachment to
their primary caregiver this SCH acts as
a template for how relationships work
the continuity hypothesis suggesting
individuals future relationships will
follow a pattern based on the internal
working model Hansen shaver argue that
an adult relationship type is a
continuation of the infinite attachment
style secure insecure avoidant and
insecure resistant and secure children
will be more socially capable than
insecure types Bob's maternal
deprivation Theory suggests children
with a disrupted attachment with their
primary caregiver in the critical period
will have problems with social emotional
and intellectual development affecting
adult relationships hasard and shav's
1987 love quiz assess child's attachment
type and participants adult relationship
Styles found 56% secure look for a
balance between closeness and
Independence 25% avoidant avoided
intimacy and 19% anxious couldn't cope
well with Independence there was a
correlation between adle and child
attachment types McCarthy in 1999
studied women assessed using the stange
situation as infants found adults with
long-lasting and secure animal
friendships and romantic relationships
were securely attached in infancy Maran
Wilson 1988 found children assesses
bullies had low scores in Parental
warmth and high scores in Parental
neglect those assessors victims scored
highly on Parental punitiveness
punishments kagan's temperament
hypothesis suggest infant and adult
relationships are due to inherited
temperament high reactivity babies go
into inhibited and anxious adults and
low reactive infants grow into outgoing
adults adults early attachment research
is correlational so it's impossible to
establish a cause and effect
relationship between Early Childhood
attachment and later adult relationship
Styles there may be another variable
such as poverty don't forget you can now
test yourself on the attachment unit in
the Cy stat all of the topics in paper
one are free and you can get it on iOS
or Android if you want to see model
answers to attaching questions or access
my other resources there's also patreon
speaking of patreon I want to thank all
of my patients for their support with
the help of all these students and
teachers I'm able to teach part-time so
I can work on the main mission of s
boost the development of a free- to
watch and hopefully high quality a level
psychology course so thanks to them good
luck with your revision and I will see
you in the next psych pce
video
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