ROCK-FORMING MINERALS (Physical & Chemical Properties) | EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE | Science 11 MELC 3
Summary
TLDRThis educational video introduces the identification of rock-forming minerals through their physical and chemical properties. It clarifies that minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids with a crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition, distinguishing them from substances like water and tube ice. The video explores properties such as luster, hardness, color, streak, crystal form, cleavage, fracture, and specific gravity. It also delves into chemical properties and common rock-forming minerals like quartz, feldspar, micas, amphiboles, pyroxene, olivine, and calcite, highlighting their industrial uses and geological significance.
Takeaways
- 💎 Minerals are the fundamental components of rocks and are naturally occurring inorganic solids with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition.
- 💧 Water is not considered a mineral because it lacks a solid crystalline structure, and tube ice is not naturally occurring.
- ❄️ A snowflake is an example of a mineral as it possesses all the properties defined for minerals.
- 🔦 Luster refers to the way light is reflected from the surface of a mineral, with metallic and non-metallic types exemplified by pyrite and kaolinite, respectively.
- 💪 Hardness measures a mineral's resistance to being scratched, with a Mohs scale of hardness from 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond).
- 🎨 Color in minerals can vary due to impurities and geological processes, but streak is a more reliable property for identification than color.
- 📐 Crystal form or habit is the natural shape of a mineral before cleavage or fracture, while cleavage is the tendency to break along specific planes of weakness.
- 🌡 Specific gravity is the ratio of a mineral's density to that of water, measured by the amount of water displaced.
- 🧪 Chemical properties of minerals can be tested through various methods, and their classification is based on their chemical compositions.
- 🌐 Silicate minerals, like quartz and feldspar, are the most abundant, making up over 90% of rock-forming minerals.
- 📚 Common rock-forming minerals include quartz, plagioclase feldspar, alkali feldspar, micas, amphiboles, pyroxene, olivine, and calcite, each with specific uses and characteristics.
Q & A
What are the fundamental components of rocks?
-Minerals are the fundamental components of rocks. They are naturally occurring, inorganic solids with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition.
Is water considered a mineral?
-No, water is not considered a mineral because it is not solid and does not have an orderly crystalline structure.
What are the two main types of luster found in minerals?
-The two main types of luster are metallic and non-metallic. Examples include metallic luster found in pyrite and non-metallic luster in kaolinite.
What is the Mohs scale of hardness, and what is its range?
-The Mohs scale of hardness is a scale that measures the scratch resistance of various minerals, ranging from 1 (softest, like talc) to 10 (hardest, like diamond).
Why is streak considered a more reliable property than color for identifying minerals?
-Streak is more reliable than color because it does not vary and is the color of a mineral in powdered form, whereas minerals with the same color may have different colored streaks.
What is the natural shape of a mineral before any cleavage or fracture develops?
-The natural shape of a mineral before any cleavage or fracture is known as the crystal form or habit.
What is cleavage, and how does it differ from fracture?
-Cleavage is the property of some minerals to break along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces. Minerals that do not exhibit cleavage are said to fracture, which can result in irregular shapes like glass shards, splinters, or fibers.
What is specific gravity, and how is it measured?
-Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a mineral to the density of water, and it is measured based on the amount of water displaced by the mineral.
What is the most stable and least ambiguous basis for the classification of minerals?
-The most stable and least ambiguous basis for the classification of minerals is based on their chemical compositions, such as silicates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, carbonates, native elements, and halides.
What are some common rock-forming minerals mentioned in the script?
-Some common rock-forming minerals mentioned are quartz, plagioclase feldspar, alkali feldspar, micas, amphiboles, pyroxene, olivine, and calcite.
What is the raw material for making glass, and which mineral is it derived from?
-Silicon dioxide, which is found in quartz, is the raw material used for making glass.
What is the major component of sedimentary rocks such as limestone, and what metamorphic rock is produced from it?
-Calcite is the major component of sedimentary rocks like limestone, and when subjected to metamorphism, it produces marble.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to Mineral Identification
This video script introduces the concept of identifying rock-forming minerals through their physical and chemical properties. It clarifies what constitutes a mineral, emphasizing that minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids with a crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition. The script dispels misconceptions about common substances like water, tube ice, and snowflakes, explaining why only snowflakes qualify as minerals. The lesson then delves into the physical properties of minerals, such as luster (reflective properties), hardness (resistance to scratching), color, streak (color in powdered form), crystal form or habit, cleavage, and fracture. It also touches on specific gravity and chemical properties, highlighting the significance of chemical composition in mineral classification, with a focus on groups like silicates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, carbonates, native elements, and halides.
💎 Common Rock-Forming Minerals and Their Properties
The second paragraph of the script focuses on the identification and properties of common rock-forming minerals. It begins by discussing the luster of minerals, distinguishing between metallic and non-metallic types, with examples like pyrite and kaolinite. The script then explains hardness, referencing the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, and the importance of streak as a more reliable property than color due to variations in mineral coloration. The description of crystal form or habit, cleavage, and fracture provides insight into the natural shapes and breaking patterns of minerals. The script also covers specific gravity and introduces a variety of common minerals, including quartz, plagioclase feldspar, alkali feldspar, micas, amphiboles, pyroxene, and all divine. It concludes with a brief mention of olivine and calcite, their uses, and the geological transformations they undergo, such as the formation of marble from limestone through metamorphism.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Mineral
💡Luster
💡Hardness
💡Color
💡Streak
💡Crystal Form or Habit
💡Cleavage
💡Fracture
💡Specific Gravity
💡Chemical Composition
💡Rock-Forming Minerals
Highlights
Video discusses identifying rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
Learning competency focuses on identifying common rock-forming minerals.
Minerals are inorganic solids with a crystalline structure and definite chemical composition.
Water is not considered a mineral as it lacks a solid crystalline structure.
Tube ice is not a mineral due to its non-naturally occurring nature.
Snowflakes are considered minerals as they meet the mineral definition criteria.
Luster is the reflection of light from a mineral's surface, with metallic and non-metallic types.
Hardness measures a mineral's resistance to scratch, on a scale from 1 to 10.
Color in powdered form (streak) is a more reliable property than color for mineral identification.
Crystal form or habit refers to the natural shape of a mineral before cleavage or fracture.
Cleavage is the property of minerals to break along specific planes, forming smooth surfaces.
Specific gravity is the ratio of a mineral's density to water's density.
Chemical tests, such as taste and reaction, are used for mineral classification.
Mineral classification is primarily based on their chemical compositions.
Silicates are minerals containing silicon and oxygen, making up over 90% of rock-forming minerals.
Quartz, made of silicon dioxide, is used as a raw material for making glass.
Plagioclase feldspar is an important industrial mineral used in ceramics.
Alkali feldspar, commonly pink to white, is used as a raw material for porcelain.
Micas are silicate minerals common in intrusive igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks.
Amphiboles are silicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Pyroxene crystals are commonly faceted as gemstones, such as precious chain.
Olivine is a silicate mineral, transparent and commonly faceted as gemstones.
Calcite is the major component of sedimentary rocks like limestone and metamorphic marble.
Transcripts
hello grade 11.
in this video you will learn about
identifying wrap forming minerals
using their physical and chemical
properties
[Music]
our discussion will focus on the
learning competency
identify common rock-forming minerals
using their physical
and chemical properties
do you consider water as a mineral
how about tube ice or snowflakes are
these minerals
minerals are the fundamental components
of rocks
they are naturally occurring
inorganic solid with an orderly
crystalline structure
in a definite chemical composition
[Music]
therefore water is not a mineral because
it is not solid
in crystalline tube ice is also not a
mineral because it is not naturally
occurring
but a snowflake possesses all the
properties under the definition
of a mineral now let's discuss the
physical and chemical properties of rock
forming minerals
let's start with luster this refers to
the way
light is reflected from the surface of a
mineral
types of luster we have the metallic and
the non-metallic
examples are metallic cluster pyrite and
non-metallic plaster kaolinite
next is hardness it is a measure of the
resistance of a mineral to scratch
the most scale of hardness measures the
scratch resistance of various minerals
from a scale of one to ten
with dark as the softest and diamond as
the hardest mineral
this was designed by mineralogist
friedrich moss
next is color minerals display a variety
of colors
resulting from impurities and also from
geologic processes like
weathering examples
of coloring azerite is purple
sulfur is yellow we also have
strict minerals color in powdered form
streak is a more reliable property than
color because street does not vary
minerals that have the same color may
have different colored strip
example is this one the hematite next
is the crystal form or habit it is the
natural shape of the mineral before the
development of
any cleavage or fracture
we also have cleavage the property of
some minerals to break along specific
planes of weakness to form smooth
flat surfaces minerals that do not
exhibit cleavage
are said to fracture when broken some
break leg glass some into splinters
or fibers last is the specific gravity
which is the ratio of the density of the
mineral and the density of water
measured based on the amount of water
displaced
to determine chemical properties sample
chemical test
is done for example order
taste and reaction to assay
the most stable and least ambiguous
basis for classification of minerals is
based on their chemical compositions
silicate for example is a mineral
containing the two most abundant
elements in the earth's crust
namely silicon and oxygen over 90
percent of rock forming minerals belong
to this group
we also have oxides sulfates sulfides
carbonates the native elements and
the halites
now let's talk about the common wrap
forming minerals
first we have quartz quartz is usually
called silica
it is made up of silicon dioxide which
is the raw material for making glass
next we have plagioclase feldspar
which is an important industrial mineral
used in ceramics
next we have alkali feldspar it is
commonly pink to white used as a raw
material to make porcelain
we also have micas micas are family of
silicate minerals
they are common materials in intrusive
igneous rocks
and also found in sedimentary we also
have the amphiboles
are a family of silicate minerals they
are a component of many igneous and
metamorphic
we also have pyroxene these crystals
are commonly faceted as gemstones for
instance precious chain
is a pyroxene next is all divine
a silicate mineral clear and transparent
olivine crystals are commonly faceted
as gemstones last is calcite
calcite is the major component of
calculus sedimentary rocks such as
limestone
metamorphism produces marble
and that's it now let's check your
understanding
direction identify the properties of
rock-forming minerals described in the
following
one refers to the way light is reflected
from the surface of a mineral
answer
that's correct luster two
minerals color in powdered form
answer
very good strict number three
it is a measure of the resistance of a
mineral to scratch
there you have it hardness
and that's the end of our lesson
congratulations
[Music]
you
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