Exposing Pakistan's Disturbing Past: Atrocities Too Evil To Comprehend
Summary
TLDR1947年,英国放弃南亚殖民地,印度和巴基斯坦诞生。边界按宗教划分,但这种分界引发了更深的冲突。巴基斯坦分为西巴基斯坦和东巴基斯坦(即今天的孟加拉国),两地之间的文化、语言差异巨大。东巴基斯坦的孟加拉人长期受压迫,最终在1971年争取独立,引发巴基斯坦的血腥镇压。孟加拉独立战争导致了大规模的种族灭绝,最终在印度的介入下,孟加拉国赢得独立。尽管屠杀造成了巨大的伤亡,国际社会对这一事件的关注逐渐消失,责任人也未被追究。
Takeaways
- 🇬🇧 英国在1947年放弃南亚帝国时留下了两个大国:印度和巴基斯坦。
- 🗺️ 这些国家的边界是按照宗教划分的,但这种划分并未解决宗教冲突,反而加剧了分裂。
- 🌍 巴基斯坦由两个地理上分离的地区组成:西巴基斯坦(现巴基斯坦)和东巴基斯坦(现孟加拉国)。
- 💡 尽管东巴基斯坦人口占多数,但西巴基斯坦的精英阶层控制了国家,导致东巴基斯坦人遭受歧视。
- ⚡ 1970年的严重洪水和气旋导致东巴基斯坦民众的不满达到顶点,支持自治甚至独立的呼声高涨。
- 🗳️ 在1970年的选举中,东巴基斯坦的阿瓦米联盟赢得了绝大多数席位,但巴基斯坦政府拒绝承认其胜利。
- 🪖 1971年3月,巴基斯坦政府发起军事行动,试图通过武力镇压东巴基斯坦的独立运动。
- 💔 在接下来的战争中,巴基斯坦军队对东巴基斯坦进行了大规模屠杀,造成大量人员伤亡。
- 🤝 印度支持孟加拉国的独立,最终在1971年12月与孟加拉国联手击败了巴基斯坦军队。
- 📜 这场战争最终导致孟加拉国的独立,但也留下了深远的社会和经济创伤,以及未曾得到应有惩罚的战争罪行。
Q & A
大英帝国在1947年放弃南亚殖民地后,留下了哪些国家?
-大英帝国在1947年放弃南亚殖民地后,留下了两个主要国家:印度和巴基斯坦。
南亚的分治是基于什么标准进行的?
-南亚的分治主要是按照宗教信仰的界限划分的,将印度教和穆斯林多数地区分开。
巴基斯坦在1947年由哪些地区组成?
-1947年的巴基斯坦包括今天的巴基斯坦西部和孟加拉国东部。
为什么东巴基斯坦的孟加拉族群与西巴基斯坦的关系紧张?
-东巴基斯坦的孟加拉族群与西巴基斯坦的关系紧张,主要是因为西巴基斯坦的乌尔都语精英主导了国家,而孟加拉族群在教育、军事、政治等方面受到歧视和压迫。
1971年3月,巴基斯坦政府对东巴基斯坦采取了什么行动?
-1971年3月,巴基斯坦政府发起了“探照灯行动”,通过军事打击,针对东巴基斯坦的主要城市和重要领导人,试图镇压独立运动。
孟加拉国的独立战争是如何开始的?
-孟加拉国的独立战争开始于1971年,当时东巴基斯坦的孟加拉族群在巴基斯坦政府的镇压下发动了游击战,争取独立。
在1971年的孟加拉国独立战争中,巴基斯坦军队是如何对待孟加拉平民的?
-巴基斯坦军队在1971年的孟加拉国独立战争中对孟加拉平民进行了大规模的屠杀和性暴力,特别是针对男性进行系统性屠杀,并对女性进行了大规模的强奸。
印度在1971年的孟加拉国独立战争中扮演了什么角色?
-印度在1971年的孟加拉国独立战争中支持孟加拉独立,不仅提供军事培训和装备,还在战争后期直接介入,最终帮助孟加拉赢得独立。
1971年孟加拉国独立战争结束的结果是什么?
-1971年孟加拉国独立战争以孟加拉国胜利告终,巴基斯坦军队投降,孟加拉国正式独立。
孟加拉国独立战争后的长期影响是什么?
-孟加拉国独立战争后的长期影响包括社会创伤、性暴力幸存者的边缘化、暴力犯罪上升以及因合作问题导致的民族冲突。
Outlines
🇮🇳 印度与巴基斯坦的诞生
1947年,英国放弃南亚殖民地,导致印度和巴基斯坦两国的诞生。尽管两国的边界是按宗教划分的,但地理和文化的复杂性远超简单的地图分界。巴基斯坦的领土分为西部的巴基斯坦和东部的现今孟加拉国。然而,这一分裂并未减少宗教冲突,反而为战争和种族屠杀埋下了伏笔。
🇵🇰 巴基斯坦的内部分裂与歧视
巴基斯坦在1947年成立时,包括现今的巴基斯坦和孟加拉国。尽管两地的穆斯林信仰相同,但语言、种族和文化差异使得东部的孟加拉人被西巴基斯坦的乌尔都语精英阶层歧视和剥削。特别是,孟加拉地区的资源被掠夺,而回报甚微,导致了强烈的不满情绪。
⚔️ 孟加拉独立战争的开端
1970年,巴基斯坦的选举使孟加拉的阿瓦米联盟获得了压倒性胜利,但西巴基斯坦拒绝接受这一结果。随后,孟加拉人发起了大罢工,要求更多的自治。随着谈判的破裂,巴基斯坦政府决定通过军事手段解决危机,这标志着孟加拉独立战争的开始。
🔫 “搜索光行动”与种族屠杀的开始
1971年3月25日,巴基斯坦发动了“搜索光行动”,大规模袭击东巴基斯坦的主要城市,目标是消灭孟加拉独立运动的领导阶层。这一行动在达卡大学进行了著名的屠杀,标志着对孟加拉人的种族屠杀正式开始。
🛡️ 孟加拉的抵抗与游击战
尽管遭受严重打击,孟加拉人在谢赫·穆吉布的号召下展开了抵抗。虽然早期的抵抗零散且缺乏协调,但随着时间的推移,游击战逐渐成型,并得到了印度政府的支持,形成了对巴基斯坦的有效反击。
🔥 大规模屠杀与性暴力
巴基斯坦的军事行动不仅针对年轻男性,还系统性地对妇女和女孩实施性暴力。成千上万的孟加拉妇女遭受了强奸和虐待,这种暴行既是为了恐吓孟加拉人,也是为了摧毁其社会结构。
🇮🇳 印度的介入与国际反应
孟加拉的难民危机促使印度干预,尽管国际社会的反应不一,但印度成功说服了美国停止对巴基斯坦的军事援助,并在1971年12月成功地与孟加拉抵抗力量联手,击败了巴基斯坦军队。
⚖️ 孟加拉国的胜利与战争的余波
1971年12月,孟加拉与印度联军攻入达卡,标志着孟加拉国的胜利和独立。然而,战争的遗留问题,包括种族屠杀的后果、社会创伤以及复仇性暴力,仍然对孟加拉国产生了深远影响。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡南亚
💡印巴分治
💡孟加拉国独立战争
💡种族灭绝
💡穆克蒂巴希尼
💡1971年孟加拉国大屠杀
💡难民危机
💡印度军事介入
💡雅亚汗
💡谢赫穆吉布·拉赫曼
Highlights
英国在1947年放弃南亚帝国时,留下了两个大国:印度和巴基斯坦,这些国家的边界是按宗教划分的。
巴基斯坦分为西巴基斯坦和东巴基斯坦,分别是现在的巴基斯坦和孟加拉国,但两者之间存在着语言、种族和文化差异。
东巴基斯坦的孟加拉族群虽然是人口多数,但在教育、军事、政治等方面受到歧视,尤其是印度教少数民族。
1970年,严重的洪水和气旋使东巴基斯坦数千人死亡,而政府的应对无效,加剧了对自治和独立的支持。
在1970年的第一次民主选举中,谢赫·穆吉布领导的孟加拉人民联盟赢得了东巴基斯坦的绝大部分席位,成为巴基斯坦的最大党派。
巴基斯坦政府拒绝承认选举结果,并试图通过军事力量镇压孟加拉民族主义者,导致1971年3月爆发武装冲突。
3月25日,巴基斯坦发起代号“闪电行动”的军事打击,针对孟加拉独立运动领导人、知识分子、学者等进行大规模屠杀。
达卡大学成为主要攻击目标之一,巴基斯坦军队在一夜之间屠杀了至少10名教师和100名学生。
巴基斯坦的军事行动导致大量孟加拉平民死亡,仅3月28日就有1.5万孟加拉人丧生。
从5月到9月,孟加拉游击队训练了约10万名战士,以抵抗巴基斯坦的占领。
印度在1971年开始向孟加拉提供支持,并在12月对巴基斯坦发动了军事干预,迅速取得胜利。
12月16日,印度和孟加拉联军攻占达卡,迫使巴基斯坦军队投降,战争结束。
尽管有大量证据,巴基斯坦至今仍否认在孟加拉犯下的暴行,并且没有任何巴基斯坦官员因此受到惩罚。
孟加拉国的独立战争和随后的种族灭绝被认为是20世纪最为激烈的种族灭绝之一,造成了数百万人的死亡和流离失所。
战争结束后,孟加拉社会面临男性人口大量减少、暴力犯罪激增以及性暴力受害者被社会排斥等严重问题。
Transcripts
when Britain let go of its Empire in
South Asia in 1947 it left behind two
massive States India and Pakistan their
borders were drawn along religious lines
but is geography really so simple as a
line on a map South Asia's Muslim
majority areas laid to the northwest of
the subcontinent and in the Northeast
the Nations we know today is Pakistan
and Bangladesh respectively the British
thought that such a division between
India and Pakistan would minimize
religious conflict instead it drew the
battle lines for divisions that would
spill over into war and attempted
genocide today on a day in history we
look at the genocide inflicted upon
Bangladesh during its Liberation war in
the suffering that surrounded the birth
of a new nation whose only crime was
winning an election before we begin
don't forget to like this video And
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like this one
the Dominion of Pakistan came into
existence in 1947 covering the modern
area of Pakistan in the west and
Bangladesh in the East their shared
Muslim faith was not enough to bridge
the many linguistic ethnic and cultural
gaps between the two sides of the
country west Pakistan and its
urdu-speaking Elites dominated the
entire State although the ethnically
Bengali East were the majority of the
population the Bengali majority was
discriminated against in education the
military politics and other aspects of
life this discrimination fell especially
hard on the Hindu minority but the
Muslim majority was also characterized
as a lesser cultural interracial group
to the Western Pakistani the Pakistani
government also tried to suppress
Bengali culture arts and literature as
two Hindu leaning on top of this
economic exploitation of the East
Resources with minimal return investment
also create created resentment and left
the East feeling more like a colony than
an equal partner despite this the
bengalis were reputed for their
non-violence their discontent was
funneled through Democratic means namely
the awami league AO under the leadership
of Sheikh mujibor Rahman also known as
Sheikh mujib the AL pushed for more
autonomy for East Pakistan but try as
they might the bengalis did not get the
Democratic resolution they'd hoped for
1970 was the breaking point severe
flooding in August and a devastating
cyclone in November killed thousands in
the East but the government response was
weak and incompetent Decades of
discrimination only made the government
response sting more in support for
Bengali autonomy even outright
Independence surged things changed when
Pakistan's military dictator General
Yaya Khan allowed Pakistan's first ever
Democratic elections to take place in
December of that year
Sheikh mujib and the awami league
eagerly seized the opportunity to
campaign and force the Pakistani
government to concede to their demands
for more autonomy
the Pakistani authorities had
miscalculated they believed the AL was a
vocal minority Al might win 60 or 70
seats in the East but nowhere near
enough to be a serious problem they were
wrong when the results came in
167 of East Pakistan's 169 seats went to
the AO they weren't just the largest
party in the East but the single largest
party in Pakistan as a whole Yaya Khan's
government refused to concede they'd
favored the Pakistan People's Party of
zulfikar alibuto Bhutto refused to
recognize his rival's victory and
famously threatened to break the legs of
any official who accepted mujib's
Victory Yaya Khan Bhutto and mujib met
in early 1971 to negotiate through the
crisis but got nowhere and it was clear
that the Pakistani authorities would not
allow the AL to take up their Democratic
man dates in March 1971 Yaya Khan
blocked the ale from forming their new
government in response Sheikh mujeeb and
the AL called for a general strike
across all of East Pakistan Farmers
railroad workers soldiers government
officials police teachers and more
walked out grinding the entire region to
Halt one final attempt to negotiate
failed and Pakistan decided that the
only solution to the crisis was false
throughout March Yaya Khan had been
secretly transferring thousands of
soldiers into East Pakistan in
preparation for a military solution to
the crisis Yaya delegated this task to
General Tika Khan who'd already earned
the nickname of the Butcher of
Balochistan for his brutal suppression
of unrest in that region Yaya Khan
believed that overwhelming military
force would crush the Bengali
nationalists and force the rest into
submission kill 3 million he said and
the rest will eat out of our hands
on the night of March 25th Yaya launched
operation Searchlight it was a massive
coordinated strike on almost every major
city in East Pakistan Pakistani troops
targeted Al Party leaders civil
officials police intellectuals academics
and anyone else who could act as a
leadership class to the independence
movement were hunted down the most
well-known attack on that night occurred
at Dhaka University the Pakistani
authorities wanted to eliminate the
academics and students of Bangladesh's
best university to deprive the people of
some of its greatest potential leaders
Pakistani troops entered the campus and
went room to room dormitory by dormitory
rounded up teachers and students marched
them into the open and executed them at
least 10 teachers and a hundred students
were massacred in a single night some of
the students were forced to dig Graves
for the massacre victims before being
executed them elves this was the first
stage of the genocide by decapitating
the Bengali leadership Pakistan hoped to
leave the rest of the bengalis as weak
and easy prey the next day Sheikh mujib
issued a telegram to the public
announcing that they would meet the
Pakistani attacks with equal force East
Pakistan was no more and the nation of
Bangladesh was now fighting for its
freedom he wrote Today Bangladesh is a
sovereign and independent country the
bengalis are fighting the enemy with
great courage for an independent
Bangladesh may Allah Aid us in our fight
for Freedom Joy Bangla May Bangladesh be
victorious
Sheikh mujib was arrested shortly after
and spent the rest of 1971 in prison in
his absence the bengalis heeded his
court fights five battalions of the East
Bengal Regiment mutinied and civilians
armed themselves for guerrilla warfare
against their aggressors this Collective
resistance became known as the mukti
bahini
Bangladesh's limited military forces put
up a spirited resistance to the
Pakistani military but they were
outnumbered and outgunned the Pakistani
attacks were brutal by March 28th some
estimates say up to 15 000 bengalis had
been killed and another 15 000 were dead
by early April without a centralized
leadership the early Bengali resistance
was amateurish and uncoordinated by the
middle of May Pakistan controlled most
major towns and cities while the
bengalis and their government in Exile
had been driven mostly into the
countryside
from May 1971 the war took on a more
gorilla character as Bengali forces
tried to reorganize and retake the
cities between May and September up to
100
000 young men were trained as Guerrilla
Fighters the Indian government also
began extending limited support to
counter their old rival of Pakistan the
pakistanis tightened their hold on the
urban areas continuing Mass arrests and
executions for alleged Rebels and
launching strategic assaults on villages
to Route Bengali forces increasingly the
pakistanis feared that any fighting age
men were potential Rebels when they
entered a village the young men were
rounded up and massacred this left men
with a choice wait and hope the
pakistanis would spare you or flee if
they were to be treated like Rebels many
young men decided to become them and
thousands joined the gorillas as their
only hope of survival some in Bangladesh
joined the Pakistan II many of these
collaborators belong to specific ethnic
groups such as the baharis which led to
Sharp ethnic divisions that would last
well beyond the war
typical Massacre occurred at the Village
of baronga on May 26 1971 Pakistani and
Allied Forces entered the village in the
silhat district where they gathered all
of The Village's men outside the school
they then separated out the Hindus from
the Muslims after extorting valuables
from both groups many of the Muslims
were released but the Hindus were tied
up and executed in the schoolyard at
least 78 men were gunned down one
Survivor vividly recalled the massacre
bullets from machine guns were fired at
the helpless people with their hands
tied at the back there was blood
everywhere but it did not end there to
ensure everyone was dead they set them
on fire
the mass extermination of young men is a
common feature of genocides by removing
the fighting population they were
simultaneously wiping out the
reproducing population and ensuring that
there was no one to protect the older
men women and children who were left
behind the scale of male-focused
genocide has led some Scholars to
characterize this as a gender site
however that did not mean women didn't
Suffer Without men to protect their
communities women were exposed to
violence from the rampaging soldiers
rape was a systemic and organized part
of Pakistan's military operations women
and girls were assaulted on mass
sometimes in front of their families in
every village that the military entered
part of it was simple inhuman cruelty
but it was also psychological the
attacks were psychologically damaging to
the women and to any Witnesses
especially since Bengali culture Christ
honor in female Chastity although we can
never know for certain it's thought that
at least two hundred thousand women and
girls from pensioners to little children
were subjected to Sexual Violence by
Pakistani forces in 1971.
the ongoing violence shocked the world
and created a staggering Refugee crisis
most of them flowed into India India was
quick to throw its support behind
Bangladesh an independent Bangladesh
would be a significant blow to the
strength of India's old enemy and would
end Indian fears of fighting a two-front
war against Pakistan on a more practical
level 10 million Bengali refugees most
of them Hindu poured into India in 1971.
it was an unsustainable amount and India
was desperate to resolve the crisis
before the problem got worse India began
courting international support for
Bangladesh in campaigning for countries
to withdraw support from Pakistan the
Soviet Union was quick to join India in
condemning the violence and signaling
its support for Bangladesh by contrast
China and the Islamic world were firmly
behind Pakistan the Western world was
somewhat divided officially the US and
Pakistan were tentative allies and the
Nixon Administration was working hard to
cultivate good relations with China
however popular opinion in the West Was
firmly pro-bangladesh especially his
videos and news reports of Pakistani
violence filled Western newspapers and
TV broadcasts the Indian government was
caught in a geopolitical bind they were
concerned that a military intervention
would antagonize China or the US and
potentially cause a Cascade that could
lead to a major International war prime
minister Indira Gandhi conducted a
whirlwind diplomatic tour to Moscow
Washington DC London and elsewhere to
erode support for Pakistan and clear the
way for Indian involvement she managed
to persuade the Nixon Administration to
end military aid for Pakistan in October
1971. at the same time that Pakistani
delegation to Beijing was politely but
firmly told that China would not
intervene to help Pakistan if India
involved itself in Bangladesh
Pakistan interpreted India's actions as
a sign of aggression they launched a
preemptive strike on Indian air bases on
December 3rd but the attacks failed to
inflict any significant damage India
took this as an act of war and responded
with strategic strikes on Pakistan's air
and Naval bases the next day which the
stated Pakistan's military capabilities
within days Indian troops moved across
the border and linked up with the
Bangladeshi Freedom Fighters for a
combined campaign to kick the pakistanis
out of Bangladesh their Combined Assault
was a tremendous success in less than
two weeks most of Pakistan's Air Force
was out of commission the Indian Navy
had effectively cut off Naval access
between Pakistan and Bangladesh and
hundreds of towns and cities were
retaken by the combined Bangladeshi
Indian forces on December 8th the
Bangladeshi and Indian forces were on
the outskirts of Dhaka and by December
16th they had retaken the capital
Victory came at a cost when it was clear
they were going to lose the bitter
Pakistani forces took their anger out on
civilians a spike of massacres occurred
in the final days of the war as Pakistan
tried to this soon to be
independent country on the 12th 13th and
14th of December hundreds of
intellectuals and professionals from all
sorts of occupations were killed by
retreating forces it was one final
attempt to deprive the new nation of any
potential Leaders The Liberation forces
also found evidence of the Horus
Pakistan had inflicted on civilians as
they recaptured enemy positions it was
common to find captured women held in
captivity in Pakistani military camps
where they'd been abused for months by
the occupying forces or to find mass
Graves of those the retreating forces
hadn't had time to bury finally on
December 17 1971 with Pakistan's
militarian tatters and Bangladeshi
forces back in control of their cities
the two sides declared a ceasefire
Pakistani forces in Bangladesh lay down
their arms in the war and its genocide
were over
Bangladesh was the first nation state to
earn its independence by waging a
successful war of Liberation against a
post-colonial state Additionally the
intervention of the Indian military was
one of the only examples of a genocide
being ended thanks to external
intervention most academics accepted
what happened in Bangladesh was a
genocide the mass targeting of ethnic
leaders the extermination of the Bengali
male population and the specific
targeting of Hindu minorities within
Bangladesh all meet the conditions for
genocide the death toll from the war an
accompanying genocide has divided
historians a wide range between 300
000 and 500 000 is the usual estimate
but Bangladesh officially counts three
million dead in 1971. 40 million people
were displaced in millions more suffered
injuries or sexual abuse the long-term
effects of the genocide are still being
felt many rape victims were cast out of
their families out of a belief that
rapes sullied the honor of the family
leaving an epidemic of women abandoned
after 1971. the disproportionate death
of men also had severe social and
economic consequences as essential jobs
went undone and women were forced into
the workforce to make up the shortfall
the normalization of violence and social
trauma of the genocide also led to a
sharp rise in violent crime that
continues to this day
Additionally the collaboration by some
ethnic minorities with the Pakistani
forces led to reprisal violence in the
1970s as many as a hundred and fifty
thousand people were killed by
ethnically targeted mob violence in
post-war Bangladesh for belonging to
ethnicities who were all painted as
collaborators
official efforts to prosecute
collaborators led to tens of thousands
of detentions although far fewer trials
and even fewer convictions as you might
expect accountability for Pakistan was
non-existent despite the vast amount of
video documentary and eyewitness
evidence Pakistan still denies
wrongdoing it blames the Rogue action of
soldiers for the undeniable episodes of
violence while official Pakistani
estimates vastly downplay the actual
number of casualties not a single
Pakistani faced any punishment for the
murder rape or other abuse inflicted
upon millions of people
the rest of the world's sympathy faded
once the massacres left the headlines
today the Bangladesh genocide is just
one of numerous forgotten atrocities of
the 20th century
depending on the death tolls you believe
the fact that all of this occurred in
just nine months between March and
December 1971 makes this one of the most
intense genocides in the 20th century
but as we've seen many times on this
channel the scale and severity of crimes
do nothing to guarantee their
perpetrators will be punished or that
their victims will be remembered we hope
that this video at least raised your
awareness of what really happened during
those fateful nine months in Bangladesh
if you enjoyed this video don't forget
to leave a like And subscribe to this
channel for more videos like this one
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