Communication Aids and Presentation Strategies (Public Speaking Lecture)

Summary

This lecture focuses on public speaking, emphasizing its historical significance and contemporary challenges. It covers strategies for effective communication, including audience analysis, selecting a topic, and crafting a compelling thesis. The speaker discusses organizing speeches using Monroe's Motivated Sequence and managing anxiety through various techniques. The session aims to equip students with the skills to deliver impactful speeches by understanding their purpose, researching thoroughly, and practicing delivery.

Takeaways

• 🗣️ Public speaking is a skill with a history dating back to ancient Greece and remains relevant in the 21st century for various purposes including advocacy and social change.
• 🎓 The principles of public speaking have been taught for thousands of years and are considered valuable for academic, professional, and personal development.
• 🤔 Students often face challenges with public speaking, finding it difficult or struggling to see its value, despite its recognized benefits.
• 💡 Public speaking can transferable skills such as organizing thoughts, researching, adapting to audiences, and using persuasive techniques.
• 🔍 Before crafting a speech, it's crucial to analyze the audience demographically, psychologically, and situationally to tailor the message effectively.
• 🎯 Determining the speech's purpose—whether to inform, persuade, or entertain—is a foundational step in speech preparation.
• 📝 Creating a thesis statement is key to focusing the speech's central message and ensuring a coherent presentation.
• 🔎 Research is vital for supporting speech content with credible and relevant information that can persuade or inform the audience.
• 📈 Using strategies like examples, explanations, statistics, analogies, and visual aids can strengthen the speech and make it more compelling.
• 📝 Monroe's Motivated Sequence is a recommended structure for speeches, guiding the audience from attention to action through need, satisfaction, and visualization.
• 🌟 Effective delivery is as important as content; managing anxiety and practicing vocal and physical delivery ensures the message is well-received.

Q & A

What is the historical context of public speaking mentioned in the script?

The script mentions that public speaking has been around since ancient times, with the first public speaking texts written by Greek educators and philosophers around 2,000 years ago.

Why is public speaking still considered a challenge in the 21st century despite its long history?

Some students find it hard to see the value in public speaking, and others find it challenging and struggle with the thought of speaking in public, indicating that the challenge persists regardless of the time period.

What are some of the transferable skills that public speaking can develop?

Public speaking can develop skills such as organizing thoughts, conducting research, adapting to various audiences, and utilizing persuasive techniques.

What are the four main parts of a lecture on public speaking as outlined in the script?

The four main parts are selecting and narrowing a topic, researching and supporting the topic, organizing the speech, and delivering the speech.

How does the script suggest analyzing an audience for a public speech?

The script suggests analyzing the audience through demographic, psychological, and situational analysis to adapt the speech to their age, education level, attitudes, beliefs, values, and the physical context of the speech.

What are the three main purposes of a speech according to the script?

The three main purposes of a speech are to inform, to persuade, and to entertain.

What is a thesis statement and why is it important in a speech?

A thesis statement is a one-sentence central idea of the entire speech. It is important because it serves as a guide or a magnet that pulls the ideas together into a centralized theme, preventing the speaker from getting lost.

What are some strategies for supporting material in a speech?

Supporting strategies include using examples, explanations, statistics, analogies, testimony, and visual aids to reinforce the speech content.

Can you explain Monroe's Motivated Sequence and how it can be used to organize a speech?

Monroe's Motivated Sequence is a five-step method for organizing a speech: attention (grabber), need (problem), satisfaction (solution), visualization, and action (call to action). It helps structure the speech in a way that engages the audience and guides them towards the speaker's goal.

How can signposting be used in a speech to improve clarity and organization?

Signposting uses signals or transitional phrases to guide the audience through the speech, indicating where the speaker is in the discussion and helping them follow the progression of ideas.

What are some strategies to manage public speaking anxiety as mentioned in the script?

Strategies to manage public speaking anxiety include systematic desensitization (frequent practice), cognitive restructuring (changing perspective on public speaking), and skills training (practicing vocal and physical delivery).

How does the script suggest dealing with communication apprehension in public speaking?

The script suggests confronting communication apprehension by remembering that it is common, taking deep breaths, dressing professionally, channeling nervousness into positive energy, starting early with research, practicing and getting feedback, visualizing success, and thorough preparation.

What aspects of vocal delivery should a speaker pay attention to during a speech?

A speaker should pay attention to rate (speed of speech), volume (loudness), pitch (high or low voice), articulation (clarity of sounds), pronunciation (correctness of words), and fluency (smooth flow of speech).

How can a speaker ensure effective physical delivery in the context of remote presentations?

A speaker can ensure effective physical delivery by practicing facial expressions, eye contact, posture, gestures, and appearance, and by adjusting these elements to be as impactful as they would be in a face-to-face setting.

Outlines

00:00

🎙️ Public Speaking: History and Challenges

This paragraph delves into the historical context of public speaking, tracing its roots back to ancient Greek educators and philosophers who wrote the first texts on the subject around 2000 years ago. It acknowledges the enduring challenges faced by students in the 21st century, such as difficulty in seeing the value of public speaking and the struggle with anxiety. The paragraph emphasizes the importance of public speaking in various aspects of life, including academia, career, personal relationships, and civic engagement, and introduces transferable skills like organizing thoughts, researching, and adapting to different audiences.

05:00

📊 Analyzing the Audience for Effective Public Speaking

The focus of this paragraph is on the crucial step of audience analysis for effective public speaking. It outlines three types of analysis: demographic, psychological, and situational. Demographic analysis involves examining social and cultural categories like age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Psychological analysis delves into the audience's attitudes, beliefs, and values, which are depicted as layers from attitudes as the outermost to values as the innermost layer. Situational analysis considers the physical context and setting of the speech. The paragraph underscores the importance of adapting to the audience to create an impactful speech.

10:02

🎯 Determining Purpose, Topic, and Thesis for Public Speaking

This paragraph discusses the importance of determining the purpose of a speech, which can be to inform, persuade, or entertain, and how this purpose guides the selection of the topic and the formulation of a thesis statement. The thesis statement is described as the central idea of the speech, serving as a guide to keep the speech focused. The paragraph also touches on the process of brainstorming and narrowing down to a specific topic, emphasizing the significance of a clear and concise thesis statement in organizing and delivering a speech.

15:04

🔍 Research and Supporting Material for Public Speaking

The paragraph emphasizes the importance of research in gathering supporting material for a public speech. It discusses the necessity of discerning credible and relevant information from the vast sources available, especially in the digital age. The paragraph also outlines various supporting strategies such as using examples, explanations, statistics, analogies, testimony, and visual aids to reinforce the speech content. It highlights the need for statistics to be understood in context and used to defy audience expectations, while analogies and testimonies provide relatable and impactful evidence.

20:04

📝 Organizing the Speech: Strategies and Techniques

This paragraph provides an in-depth look at how to organize a speech, starting with the arrangement of main points using various setups like topical, chronological, problem-solution, cause-effect, and Monroe's Motivated Sequence. It also discusses the use of signposting to guide the audience through transitions in the speech. The paragraph suggests starting with an attention grabber and ending with a compelling conclusion that summarizes the main points and leaves a lasting impression on the audience.

25:04

🚀 Delivering the Speech: Managing Anxiety and Enhancing Delivery

The paragraph addresses the common challenge of public speaking anxiety and offers strategies for managing it, such as systematic desensitization, cognitive restructuring, and skills training. It stresses the importance of not ignoring anxiety and confronting it as a normal part of the public speaking process. The paragraph also provides tips on reducing anxiety, such as remembering that embarrassment isn't fatal, taking deep breaths, dressing professionally, and channeling nervousness into positive energy. Additionally, it touches on the importance of early preparation, practicing, and seeking feedback to improve delivery.

30:06

🌟 Final Thoughts on Public Speaking and Preparation

In the concluding paragraph, the speaker summarizes the key points of the lecture, reiterating the importance of preparation, practice, and delivery in public speaking. They encourage the audience to incorporate the tips and techniques discussed into their own speeches and express anticipation for the speeches to be delivered in the following week. The paragraph leaves the audience with a sense of readiness and confidence to tackle their public speaking engagements.

Keywords

💡Public Speaking

Public speaking refers to the act of addressing an audience in a formal setting. It is a fundamental skill that has been taught for thousands of years, as mentioned in the script, with origins in ancient Greek education. In the context of the video, public speaking is the central theme, focusing on how to effectively communicate with an audience, particularly in academic and social advocacy settings.

💡Transferable Skills

Transferable skills are abilities that can be applied across various areas of life, including both academic and professional environments. The script highlights these skills in relation to public speaking, such as organizing thoughts, conducting research, and adapting to different audiences. These skills are crucial for effective communication and are developed through the practice of public speaking.

💡Persuasive Techniques

Persuasive techniques are methods used to influence the attitudes, beliefs, or actions of an audience. In the script, these techniques are discussed as part of the public speaking process, where the speaker aims to move the audience towards a particular viewpoint or course of action. Examples from the script include the use of evidence, emotional appeals, and storytelling to persuade the audience.

💡Topic Selection

Topic selection is the process of choosing a subject for a speech. The script emphasizes the importance of analyzing the audience before selecting a topic to ensure that the speech is relevant and impactful. The video discusses how to narrow down a topic to a thesis statement, which serves as the central idea of the speech.

💡Demographic Analysis

Demographic analysis involves examining the characteristics of an audience, such as age, gender, race, and socioeconomic status. The script describes how understanding these demographics can help a speaker adapt their speech to better resonate with the audience, by choosing appropriate vocabulary and content.

💡Psychological Analysis

Psychological analysis pertains to understanding the attitudes, beliefs, and values of an audience. The script explains that this analysis is crucial for creating an impactful speech, as it allows the speaker to tailor their message to the audience's psychological dispositions, potentially influencing their perceptions and actions.

💡Situational Analysis

Situational analysis is the examination of the physical context and setting of a speech. The script discusses the importance of considering the arrangement of the venue, the available technology, and the speaker's positioning to ensure effective communication, especially in the context of online presentations.

💡Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Monroe's Motivated Sequence (MMS) is a five-step method for organizing the main points of a speech. The script outlines these steps as attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action. This sequence is highlighted as a useful tool for structuring speeches to effectively engage and persuade the audience.

💡Signposting

Signposting in the context of public speaking refers to the use of verbal cues to guide the audience through the speech. The script mentions signposting as a technique to help the audience follow the speaker's train of thought, making the speech more organized and easier to understand.

💡Vocal Delivery

Vocal delivery encompasses the aspects of speech that relate to the voice, including rate, volume, pitch, articulation, and pronunciation. The script emphasizes the importance of vocal delivery in effective public speaking, as it can convey emotion, emphasize key points, and ensure clarity of message to the audience.

💡Physical Delivery

Physical delivery pertains to the non-verbal aspects of public speaking, such as facial expressions, eye contact, posture, and gestures. The script discusses how these elements contribute to the overall impact of a speech, helping to engage the audience and reinforce the speaker's message.

💡Public Speaking Anxiety

Public speaking anxiety is the fear or apprehension experienced when speaking in front of an audience. The script provides strategies for managing this anxiety, such as systematic desensitization, cognitive restructuring, and skills training. It also offers practical tips for reducing anxiety, like deep breathing and dressing professionally.

Highlights

Public speaking has been a fundamental skill for over 2000 years, with the first texts on the subject written by ancient Greek educators and philosophers.

Despite being taught for millennia, public speaking remains a challenge for modern students who often struggle to see its value or find it intimidating.

Public speaking is a powerful tool for addressing social issues and comes with transferable skills beneficial in various aspects of life, including academia, career, and personal relationships.

Key transferable skills from public speaking include organizing thoughts, conducting research, adapting to different audiences, and utilizing persuasive techniques.

The process of creating an effective public speech involves four main parts: selecting and narrowing a topic, researching and supporting the topic, organizing the speech, and delivering it.

Analyzing the audience is crucial for effective public speaking, involving demographic, psychological, and situational analyses to adapt the speech accordingly.

Demographic analysis considers age, gender, race, socio-economic status, and other social categories to tailor the speech content to the audience.

Psychological analysis delves into the audience's attitudes, beliefs, and values, which are essential for impactful speeches aiming to influence societal perspectives.

Situational analysis focuses on the physical context of the speech, including the setting and available technology, especially important in the new normal of online presentations.

Determining the purpose of the speech, whether to inform, persuade, or entertain, guides the selection of the topic and the development of the thesis statement.

A thesis statement is a one-sentence central idea of the speech that serves as a guiding principle and ensures the speaker stays focused on the core message.

Researching and supporting the speech involves finding credible and relevant material, understanding the context of statistics, and using various supporting strategies like examples and analogies.

Organizing the speech effectively is key, with methods like Monroe's Motivated Sequence providing a clear structure to guide the audience through attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Signposting is an essential technique for guiding the audience through the speech, helping them follow transitions and understand the flow of ideas.

Delivering the speech requires managing public speaking anxiety through strategies like systematic desensitization, cognitive restructuring, and skills training.

Vocal and physical delivery are critical in speech presentation, including rate, volume, pitch, articulation, pronunciation, facial expressions, eye contact, posture, and gestures.

Practicing with visual aids and focusing on both vocal and physical delivery ensures the speech is engaging and effectively communicates the intended message.

Transcripts

hello everyone welcome to our

sixth mojo and this is titled

communication aids and presentation

strategies but

for the purposes of your upcoming

speeches i'm going to focus more

on public speaking in this particular

lecture okay so let's begin with

contextualizing public speaking

all right so public speaking has been

there since time immemorial

in fact ancient greek educators and

philosophers

wrote the first public speaking text and

these were around

like 2 000 years ago and you could only

imagine like how

long public speaking has been there and

how long the principles of public

speaking

have been around you know thousands of

years

and of course these principles have been

taught

to students to millions of students but

you see that

until now okay until this modern day

until this 21st century

there's still a challenge confronting

students

with regards to public speaking some

students

find it hard to see the value in it and

some students just find it

really challenging and they struggle at

the thought

of public speaking so we know for sure

that public speaking has its own purpose

why it exists in the first place right

and in the academe and even in real life

when confronting social issues public

speaking is a very powerful

avenue and we all know that public

speaking also has

uh you know transferable skills that

will help us

not only in the academe but also in

college classes

in your career in your future career

personal relationships even and even in

our

civic life so some of these transferable

skills might be

organizing your thoughts like outlining

your information doing research

and adapting to various audiences that's

very important

and of course utilizing you know

persuasive techniques or

like simple public speaking techniques

which we're about to discuss in this

lecture

okay so with that uh with that being

said with all those things being said

let us try to work out on how we could

at least

start with a public speech how we could

try to you know do our own public speech

and do it effectively all right at the

very least

we are not actually expecting you to be

brilliant speakers from the first time

that you speak

publicly no it's not like that when you

do a public speech it's more of

you doing it over and over again for you

to be able to

uh be good at it okay same thing with

other life skills by the way

so for this lecture uh it's going to be

composed of four parts

uh the first part being selecting and

narrowing your topic the second part

is how you move from your topic which is

researching and supporting your topic

and of course if you already have uh

these two

then it's now time to organize your

speech and then later on the final part

would be

to deliver your speech so that's

delivering your speech those are the

four parts so let's begin

with the very first part which is

selecting and narrowing a topic okay so

the first thing that you have to do

is to analyze your audience which is the

very goal of this module

so you see that we have to really adapt

to various audiences right and we have

to

make sure that these audiences are being

catered

and this is part of our cultural

sensitivity as well this is part of

the things that we have been discussing

about cross-cultural communication and

such

and because propositive communication is

really all about purpose

then audience is really at the core of

it okay so

the the question is how do you analyze

your audience so we have three different

types of analysis

when it comes to audience the first one

is going to be

demographic right so um demographic

analysis

would mean looking at the demographics

right

and when we define demographics these

are

uh the broad social cultural categories

uh when we say the social cultural

categories these diseases are like

age gender race socio-economic status

you know

educational level ethnicity what else uh

sexual orientation um what else

nationality okay so some

those are the things that we use to

segment a larger population

right you see that in during census but

we have uh

we are looking into demographics okay so

when you analyze

your student your audiences sorry uh

regarding

these particular demographics you're

trying to see

where you can adapt okay in terms of

their age maybe

because when you talk to people older

than you

it's a different thing and when you talk

to people that are of your

age it's a different thing and of course

when you talk to people younger than you

of the is of different thing as well

same thing with education level

right you cannot really talk about uh

talk jargons or very technical

medicinal terms for people who are

layman in terms of medicine

so you might as well choose your

vocabulary wisely

okay so these are just examples of how

you can um

adjust or analyze your audience

in terms of the demographics right

number two or secondly would be

psychological analysis or psychological

audience analysis

so when you say psychological audience

analysis

we are looking into your audience's

psychological dispositions okay and this

positions toward

the topic toward you as a speaker

and toward the situation itself towards

the context

and we are actually looking at their

attitudes beliefs

and values because these three inform

those dispositions okay let me transfer

to the next slide real quick

so as you can see here this is a figure

that shows you psychological

dispositions of

an audience or even any person given at

that matter

all right so as you can see here we have

three layers the innermost layer will be

the values

and then the second layer would be the

beliefs it's in the middle

and the outermost layer would be the

attitudes

right so what do

these all right what do these mean okay

what what do

psychological dispositions mean all

right when you're doing

a speech you have to consider all these

things because

again number one you have to be

sensitive number two you have to observe

respect

for whatever differences you you may

experience or you they may have

uh and you actually want

to create an impact right and you

creating an impact have something to do

with these

uh with these particular layers of

psychological dispositions right

let me uh differentiate these layers

okay

attitudes being the outermost layer this

has something to do with your audience's

likes and dislikes

all right so likes and dislikes whether

their favor

uh whether it's favorable for them

whether they're not really in favor of

them

you know um and these are very

reactionary in nature

meaning how they react okay how they

approach

a certain uh circumstance

so this is basically uh

influenced by very external factors like

for example

uh a survey or a poll uh

that says this particular politician is

actually

the masses favorite or are a majority of

the people

like has a very high approval rate for

this politician

other people might easily be manipulated

and they may like that politician just

given a particular survey

and the attitude towards that politician

might change

okay they like that politician already

so these

kinds of uh circumstances fall under the

attitudes of people

towards a certain concept topic or

circumstance or even person

right whether they like or dislike it

that's as simple as that

okay now beliefs being

uh more inner okay it's much much inner

now beliefs are

not just about likes and dislikes

beliefs are

what your audience believe to be

true or false okay so if attitudes are

just about

likes and dislikes whether they like

this or not beliefs are

what they believe is true or what they

believe

is false and this might be rooted

in what they have been taught or

what they have previously experienced in

life

like for example uh

beliefs when for example the audience

believes that

politicians are all dirty politicians

are all corrupt

politicians are are people

who are uh you know greedy and stuff

like that

these are beliefs that are influenced by

perhaps what have been taught to them or

what they have experienced themselves

since they have experienced politicians

who are really

no good for their community however for

example when they met

vico soto who happens to be an

anti-corrupt

corruption champion for example and he

has proven it time and time again

then your belief about politician might

change

all right so that belief that you think

politicians are all greedy or

are all corrupt might change so what you

believe is true back then

you now believe that it is false since

there is an experience that you have

encountered

that might have changed it all right so

uh again beliefs would be what the

audience

uh knows is true or

is false now the values being the

innermost

layer and most of the time the

the the one where everything else is

anchored on okay this is very deeply

rooted

in our culture in our in our psyche or

in the beliefs that we have faith

in or sorry or in the things that we

have faith in okay

um the set of principles that we have

okay these are our values

and if attitudes are likes and dislikes

if beliefs are what is true or false

values are what is good and what is

wrong

okay so when people believe that this is

good then people believe that this is

wrong and in your speech for example you

would want to influence

that particular notion or that

particular values

then you have to make sure that you

touch deeply

okay into what might uh cause an impact

to their values because not

because a survey will not change it a

particular

experience would not change it

however a an experience that is a matter

of

life and death an experience that is

traumatic

might be able to change the value so

again going back

to our first um step on how to

select a topic or narrow a topic which

is

analyzing our audience the psychological

uh analysis of your audience is very

very crucial

okay because again when you want to

have an impactful speech and when you

want

to make at least an effect

a positive change towards a society you

have to target

not only people's attitudes

not only people's beliefs but people's

values as well

and this will come in people's

re-evaluation of our personal set of

principles

how we view the world our perspectives

you know

and uh these are very crucial things to

actually consider

when you're writing your own speech and

delivering it

eventually okay and then the third one

and now

uh would be situational analysis of your

audience so

it's not enough that you analyze the

the abstract contexts okay you could

also

uh analyze the physical context which is

the situational analysis when you do

situational analysis

what you do is you actually what

consider the physical surroundings

okay and setting of the speech so where

are your audience seated

what what would be the arrangement of

the seats in the room where will you be

as a speaker

okay is there any gadget or equipment

available for you

uh what are the technology that you're

gonna use okay so in this case

since we are in the new normal setup and

you're gonna do your speech online

and you're gonna do it via you know

computer-mediated technology then you

have to make sure that you

are aware of what particular um

gadgets or equipment are available to

you

that would best fit your need to be able

to record a particular speech

okay what are the what are the things

the the materials that you're gonna be

needing how are you gonna position

yourself

uh how are you gonna film it etc etc so

uh how would your audience

you know see you on the other side of

the screen because remember it's a very

different thing when you see your

audience physically

but in the new normal setup you don't

have the chance to see them physically

because

number one it's gonna be recorded number

two you're just one end of the screen so

how would you appear you know how would

you package yourself

for the person in the other side okay

so something like that next after you've

analyzed your audience you have to

determine your purpose your topic and

your thesis so let's have purpose first

right

so for the purpose um a speech

can actually fall under or can actually

have

three main purposes number one would be

to inform

second would be to persuade and third

would be to entertain

okay and of course these particular

purposes can branch out into many sub

purposes depending on really what your

purpose is

and sometimes they overlap so

you know very well that the inform is

just a purpose

to make yours your audience more aware

of things

to to help your audience understand some

concepts

relay information that would help them

etc etc

so to persuade is more likely

what you're gonna use for the advocacy

speech because this is advocacy

and you're trying to persuade people to

act

you're trying to persuade people to

listen to you

and listen to the cries of people

affected by this particular issue or

problem the society

okay and uh thirdly would be to

entertain you basically just want to

you know uh give people a good laugh

amusement or something that really would

be a stress reliever

something that would uh make them

feel like you know feel lighter

about this life all right and then once

you are done with your purpose like

what do you really want to do in your

speech you come up with your topic and

in this case you're not going to

think about your topic anymore because

you already have a topic in mind right

which is your

group's advocacy now uh

if you don't have a topic in mind yet

for example this is a speech that you're

doing from scratch this is not for this

is not for propositive comp this is for

other class

and you're asked for a topic what you do

is you brainstorm first

okay you brainstorm like what you did

right the first time that you're talking

about your advocacy so you brainstorm

first i saw your options as to what

could be alternatives

etc etc so you write the pros and cons

you write the

you write all the things that you would

want to write at first and then you try

to

sort things out you try process of

elimination

and you try what topic would work best

for you

okay and now from a topic you're going

to narrow it down to a thesis statement

and i always ask you for a thesis

statement right

because a thesis is the very core

message

of your speech so a thesis statement or

theses

is actually a one sentence central idea

of the entire speech so if you have

a thesis statement in mind you're not

going to be lost because you have some

sort of like a guide or a magnet that

pulls

your ideas together into one centralized

theme

okay so that you don't really get lost

okay

so a thesis statement is like your your

directional uh

magnet okay this is uh what you have to

defend

at the end of the day this is what you

have to explain at the end of the day

all right so once you have these things

you may now proceed to

researching and supporting your speech

so that's the second thing that you have

to do

in order to have a successful public

speech

so what do you do when you research and

support your speech of course

the first thing to do is to find

supporting material and we've already

talked about apa remember we've already

talked about credible sources

we've already talked about these things

and you know

while while the information

is all at our fingertips this 21st

century

okay especially in the advent of

technology research skills

are more important than ever all right

so our challenge now is not the source

because they're everywhere the challenge

now is

not accessing information but

discerning what information is credible

okay what information is relevant what

information do i

need what information do i eliminate

okay how do i

assess the legitimacy of these

information so these are the research

skills that we have to have

right now and when you're having a

speech

you better have credible sources where

you better have relevant sources because

you only have a few minutes to do it

right and your support material

would mean a lot in order for you to

move your audience in that

period of time okay so you have

different source materials like

periodicals newspapers books

general references these would be

dictionaries encyclopedias etc

interviews so once you have supporting

materials already

you have to sort them out right you have

to just filter what you need

now you have uh to utilize supporting

strategies where you're gonna

incorporate

your um supporting material okay and

these are some of the supporting

strategies that you can use you can use

examples so examples are

what cited cases that are representative

of a larger whole

so when you use examples you're trying

to use

cases instances people

that could exemplify your claim

or that could provide evidence to your

statement or to your claim

okay explanation as easy as it may seem

it's just clarifying ideas

by providing information about what

something is

all right or or why something is that

way or how something works or came to be

okay for example so these are uh how you

explain

statistics are numerical

presentation or representation of

information and you all know what

statistics are okay

and so and you know statistics are very

very powerful

figures okay they're very very powerful

figures

now i have a few tips for you to be able

to use statistics

wisely or effectively okay firstly

is that you make sure that you

understand the context from

which a statistic emerges emerges

because not

not because the statistic seems

wonderful okay i will pick this

and put this in my speech and it will

startle everybody

okay make sure that you understand the

context because if you overuse

statistics and if you use them out of

context

they become very dangerous as well okay

so make sure

that you use statistics because you

understand the context from which it

emerges

okay don't ever use them um if it's like

a

false example or false case or not

really a related

relevant case okay don't use the

statistic for that

okay um second you

have to use statistics that defy

audience expectations okay like people

people believe that this is true and

then you counter them you present this

particular

uh statistics that actually startled

them or that actually

oh really is that true then you back it

up with your source which is credible

so that could actually like get their

attention and that could actually

uh you know give room for them to listen

to you and

okay so again let's see how what you're

gonna say about this okay because i

didn't know this

right and then you could also use like

charts like percentages ratios to convey

your information if this the six would

seem very overwhelming

so make sure that your statistics are

actually digestible as well to your

audience sk

because if statistics aren't really not

digestible

uh it will be in vain it will be useless

but if the statistics really is

understandable

down to the very layman of mathematics

then

that could be uh very very effective

on your end okay next we can use

analogies

so analogies actually are

comparisons of ideas of circumstances or

items so for example

uh we have oh we have two different

analogies okay we have the literal

analogy and we have the figurative

analogy when literal analogy we really

literally compared to two different

items so for example

philippines and america we compare them

as to the

nationalized healthcare system okay for

example japan and the us we compare them

as to the

the economy the tiger economy that

they they have okay um when we say

figurative analogy

this is comparing two different things

so example just as the wind brings

changes in the weather okay so this

revolution bring change to countries

okay something like that

since ed suggest you know we just

celebrated edsa

okay oh where did i go okay

so testimony you all know what a

testimony is right a testimony

is nothing but a quoted information from

people

with uh with direct knowledge about a

certain subject or situation

or a life story that they actually

experienced or

witnessed okay and then of course visual

aid visual aids are also strategies

supporting strategies in terms of

speaking

because they help the speaker reinforce

the speech

content visually okay which helps to

amplify the message

in turn okay so visual aids objects

boards flip charts all of these

would help in terms of reinforcing the

speech okay

let's move on to part three which is

organizing your speech now that you have

that you already have content okay

because you've already researched for

it you've you've already planned for

what strategies you will utilize when

you write your speech already now it's

time for you to write it

okay so organizing your speech first

thing to do you have to organize your

points how would you

okay want to present

the content of your speech okay there

are different

uh setups that you may use in organize

in organizing your points so first one

is topical so this is just mean by topic

so topic one topic two topic three topic

four

you just um organized it that way and

then you proceed to writing them

per topic okay chronological would mean

more like

uh step one step two step three what

happened first what happened next what

happened last okay chronological will be

more of the narrative side it would be

more of what comes first and then what

comes next what comes last

all right problem solution you present

the problem first

and then you try to offer a solution to

it just the same

we know with paragraph development that

we've been studying since elementary

english right

next is cause and effect so you

you present the cause what are its

effects and

the effects might be like the the

problem that we

that we experience from that particular

cause or the cost may be the advocacy

and the effects would be a better world

so something like that

now this one is one of my favorite

because this is very

concrete k steps in terms of organizing

your main points so this is called

monroe's motivated

um speech sequence or mono's motivated

sequence or mms okay

so mms has five steps okay

namely attention need satisfaction

visualization and action and

personally i find this very useful in

terms of organizing a speech okay

number one you start with attention

grabber okay so

how do you get attention off your

audience okay

maybe um you use humor you use startling

statistic

or whatever whatever you find like an

interesting material from the

from those that you've gathered or

something like that then you might be

able to get the attention of the

the audience now if your audience's

attention is one

then half your battle is won okay

because if

your speech won't really be getting any

attention from the very start then it

would fail

because you're not going to get them to

listen to your points and

you know if if the the the call to

action will be based on the points that

you're providing and no one's listening

then of course it would be in vain but

if your audience is hooked

once you deliver that first line that

first sentence

then half your battle is won okay it

means that they're

tuning in to you and they're giving you

time

and they're giving you the benefit of

the doubt okay they're giving you

the room to actually you know penetrate

their attitudes their beliefs and values

okay now next is the need all right

so after you grabbed our attention you

how you would want to discuss

why is there a need for you to talk

about what you're talking about

okay why is there a need for you to

address this particular problem

why is there a need for you to stand

there and speak

why is there a need for you to voice out

okay something like that and then

number three would be satisfaction now

since you've already provided the

problem here because that's the need

how do you now satisfy that need

how do you now address that problem what

do you now propose are you proposing

something

that's from the status quo are you

proposing something that's different

from what's serving in the status quo

are you really proposing something

that's totally new or are you proposing

something that

they oppose okay this is why audience

you know audience analysis is very

important okay because your satisfaction

stage may mean

something different from what they are

trying to

believe in okay so next is visualization

stage you may want to let them visualize

what world would it make if your

proposal is done if they're all going to

move

if they're all going to change their

behavior what particular

world can we visualize together and the

number five

action given these contexts and given

the

things that we can visualize out of it

what is

your call to action now next is

incorporate support material which we've

already

discussed earlier now let's go to

using of sign posting so when you use

sign posting this is just a matter of

using signals

in order for you to uh

introduce the next uh content or the

the transition between your thoughts

and using sign posting would guide your

audience

uh in terms of where you are now and it

would actually help them understand you

better because

it's like they could follow you through

uh because

this sign posting are one is one of the

things that help you be more organized

in your speech

okay so for example you say first let's

discuss this blah blah blah then you

discuss

and then you say now that we've

discussed this let us take a look into

this blah blah blah okay these are kinds

of signposting

which are transitions between words or

sorry transition between

thoughts now you could also have signed

posting at the end

you could you could even have sign

posting in the beginning

right what are you gonna discuss can

that's that's gonna be uh

sign posting as well but if your

strategy is not to use signposting

that's okay as well

because in the introduction uh

it's quite plain if you just say good

morning everyone

today i'm going to discuss one block two

blah blah three blah blah

it's really plain and we understand

the the need for us to

get the attention right so you're not

going to start very plainly like that so

you can actually start very creatively

so again you can use sign posting

sparingly and you can

just use it like in between transitions

of content

and then in towards the doors the ending

when you're already concluding

okay so like just use them to your

liking and to your preference okay

so for an introduction you may use humor

some tips long so

cite a starting fact and statistic just

like what i've said earlier

you may use a quote ask a question or

tell a story

however asking a question is kind of

obsolete and it's

kind of like really common so if you

think of something

more creative than that then go for it

okay for conclusion

you may need to summarize your uh the

importance of your topic review your

main points and

end with a bang okay what does this mean

because

ending your speech is as important as

beginning your speech right your end

should be as powerful as how you begin

and as as your main points because

tendency is

the first thing that the audience would

remember would be the last thing that

they heard from you

in this case your ending so make sure

that your ending

is that compelling make sure that your

ending

is you know is gonna make them stand

and and it's gonna make them applause

okay aim for that

aim for that impact because that kind of

impact is what makes

you know great speakers great out there

okay the impact that they leave when

they end the speech

okay now let's move on to

delivering your speech

okay now that you have organized your

body

uh now that you've organized your speech

you are now

uh ready to deliver your speech okay so

first we look into

managing the public speaking

anxiety right you know what

in most cases bad delivery

distracts us from a message that is good

so that means no matter how good your

content

is if the delivery is poor

then we can actually fail altogether

because people would not want to listen

to a poor delivery

right so only very few people were not

judgmental

or all guilty of this would be trying to

absorb what you're trying to say but

you know the average person person would

not care

right that's how judgmental we are and

so

we have to really you know give

attention to other

to our delivery as much as we give

attention to our content of course when

we have

good content everything else would

follow

and now we have to work on our delivery

okay

so um if we

like feel or feel yourself feel anxious

okay if you feel uncomfortable if you

like if you're confronted with that

big anxiety towards you know

public speaking you're not alone

please know that you're not alone

everybody has that

you know communication apprehension that

we call and it's one of the top

most fears among students okay it's

public speaking

not math actually okay but anyway

communication apprehension is a fear or

anxiety experienced by a person

due to a real or perceived communication

you know with another person or person

so in this case public speaking

is an example of communication

apprehension okay because we have a

we have a perceived communication

failure we have perceived communication

tension

okay we are we have the fear of the

uncertain

okay we don't know what's gonna happen

when i speak we don't know

what people are gonna react we don't

know

how people are gonna treat me or how

people are gonna look at me in the first

place so these things

are actually some of the problems that

bring us this communication apprehension

or this public speaking anxiety okay

lack of confidence

so how do we address it okay we have

uh three different um

strategies that experts advise when it

comes to managing your speaking

anxiety first of which would be

systematic this sensitive

desensitization okay but when we

desensitize it means that

we try to be as numb as possible

so this is systematic the sensitivity

the sensitization sorry

in terms of public speaking is like this

you try to desensitize okay

yourself of public speaking by doing it

more

frequently okay because again when you

do

an activity more frequently you're going

to be if you're getting familiar with it

more and more and all the more that

you're that you know your your

all your fears are gone the

uncertainties are gone because you're

doing it you're getting more familiar

with it so it means that the more you

practice public speaking

the more desensitized you're gonna be

and of course again

this is just one avenue for you to do a

public speaking

you i advise you or i suggest that you

try to

get as many avenue as you can in order

for you to have public speaking

opportunities because that will

desensitize you

okay that is one big uh secret

of great public speakers why they are so

confident on stage

that is because they are desensitized

right they do

this very often and

they are very comfortable at the stage

okay so next is

cognitive restructuring so when we say

cognitive restructuring we try to

restructure

okay what we think of

this particular public speaking thing

okay

do we think of it as a performance or do

we think of it

as mainly a conversation when you think

of it as a performance then you need to

restructure

your cognitive concepts because when you

do that

and instead think of a public speaking

as a conversation

towards people who are going for a

better society just like you do

then probably the anxiety would be

lessened and lessened

until it's reduced to the very minimal

level

okay when you restructure what your

brain tells you when you restructure

your cognitive concepts towards

public speaking it would help you a lot

right so you could use like

positive uh restructuring therapy

you could you know a simplest change of

words

can be used as a technique for cognitive

restructuring like for example

uh if you don't use the word stage

fright

you just use anxiety public speaking

anxiety that makes a lot of difference

because stage would mean performance and

there's no stage

in front of a classroom for example

you're not really performing on stage

right you are speaking to people you're

conversing to people

right and that stage is not really a

stage but the platform

right this is an avenue this is an

opportunity so if you just

try to change your vocabulary of these

things you know how little by little

this changes your perspective towards

public speaking

and then of course skills training you

have to really practice and practice and

practice

practice your vocals practice your

posture practice your facial

you know practice your speech okay

because uh the skills training is is

very much different

when you practice outlining your speech

more often

you know practicing your of uh facing

the public more often and that's gonna

you know that's gonna win you the battle

so you have to really acquire those

skills

and of course these skills are very

important because these are life

skills not only one subject skill

these are 10 ways on how to reduce

anxiety so let me just read it to you

number one remember you

are not alone public speak anxiety is

common so don't ignore

it you confront it just like any other

life problem

don't ignore it confront it okay

secondly remember you can't literally

die of embarrassment audiences are

forgiving and understanding

okay your teachers are forgiving and

understanding your classmates are

forgiving and understanding so please

you know um be comfortable number three

remember

it always feels worse than it looks okay

number four take deep breaths

it releases endofins which naturally

fight the adrenaline

adrenaline that causes anxiety okay so

take deep breaths um this would

especially work

before you even go to

that platform and speak okay before you

even go to

in front of the camera and record your

speech okay

look the part dressed professionally to

enhance confidence

you feel sometimes how you're dressed or

the way you look affect your posture

and your posture affects your confidence

as well

okay so sometimes our moods depend on

the clothes we wear or sometimes the

clothes we wear are actually anchored on

the moods we feel at the moment

right so same thing with public speaking

number six channel your nervousness into

positive energy and motivation so

instead

of like fears you

you transfer it into positive stress

right

the fear of the you know the the fear

translated into excitement of what

people might think

of excitement of what or how people

might react okay

excitement of how this could impact a

positive change

okay seven start your outline and

research early of course better

information

equals higher confidence if you're not

really sure about what you're saying

then more probably you're not gonna be

very confident about it

okay number eight practice and get

feedback from a trusted source

don't just practice for your cat okay

and then number nine

visualize success through positive

thinking number ten prepare prepare

prepare

okay practice is a speaker's best friend

so you just

don't go there and prepare it unless

it's impromptu

but because this is a manuscript speech

speech activity

and this is a prepared speech activity

you have lots and lots of time

to prepare so when you are rehearsing

actually

you can rehearse as early as when you're

writing

your speech okay you can rehearse this

early as you're outlining the speech

you know what i do that when i research

when i outline i

recite to myself like if this were a

speech already

how am i gonna say it okay and if this

sounds good if this does not

okay something like that so you can do

that as well right okay

lastly do deliver yours

do pay attention to vocal delivery like

your rate your volume repeats your

articulation pronunciation

so we all know that rate is the

is how fast or slow you speak right so

there should be a variation of that

volume refers to how loud you are or how

soft your voice is

okay loud for emphasis softness for

uh some sort of like flavor or

like intensity of emotions that could be

very you know subtle

okay is how high or low your

speaker's speakers voices

so this would actually add to the um to

the

emotions of the speech as well and this

would add to

how audience can relate to you okay

articulation refer refers to how

clarity you know this is the clarity

of the sounds and words that you produce

okay

well pronunciation focuses on

the correctness of the words that you're

producing

okay this is clarity this is correctness

and then fluency

um when we say fluent cinema this refers

to

the flow of your speech okay whether uh

the

flow is smooth or there are some fluency

hiccups

when we say fluency hiccups these are

like the fillers

these are some sort of pauses that are

unexpected and that are not really

pleasant

because you're thinking of what you're

saying next or you're

really forgot what you're about to say

something like that okay so

avoid uh fluency hiccups by

preparing preparing preparing for your

speech

next is pay attention to physical

delivery and you all know this facial

expression eye contact posture gestures

appearance now

the challenge is in the new normal setup

you have to really make sure that your

physical delivery would still be as

effective

as it would have been if this were a

face-to-face

speech game then of course practice with

your visuals alright

so that's the end of the lecture i hope

that you got something

and if you could incorporate something

else from

these then you incorporate them in your

own speech and progress

and i'm looking forward to your speeches

by next week

okay all the best everybody