Sejarah dan Teori: Siapa Dalang Gerakan 30 September 1965?

Summary

The September 30, 1965 tragedy is one of Indonesia's bloodiest events, with lingering controversies about who was responsible. The incident led to the deaths of seven Army officers, including influential generals in Sukarno's government. Multiple theories exist: the PKI's involvement, Sukarno's role, internal Army conflicts, CIA's interference, and the complex interplay of various actors. These theories reflect the ongoing debate and the need for a deeper understanding of Indonesia's history to avoid repeating past mistakes.

Takeaways

• 🔴 Tragedy 30 September 1965 is one of the bloodiest events in Indonesian history, with ongoing controversy and theories about who is responsible.
• ⚔️ The tragedy resulted in the deaths of seven army officers, including six influential generals and Captain Pierre Tendean, an aide to General Abdul Haris Nasution.
• 👮‍♂️ Bripka Karel Sadsuitubun, a guard for Deputy Prime Minister II Dr. J. Leimena, was also killed.
• 🕵️‍♂️ Multiple theories exist about who is responsible for the tragedy, including internal and external actors.
• 📚 The first and most prominent theory blames the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), as suggested by Nugroho Notosusanto and Ismail Saleh in their book, which was used as a reference for the film 'Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI'.
• 📖 The second theory accuses President Soekarno, detailed in the book 'The Sukarno File' by Antonie C.A. Dake, which faced significant backlash from Soekarno's supporters.
• 📚 The third theory, proposed by historian Benedict Anderson in 'A Preliminary Analysis of the October 1, 1965, Coup in Indonesia', attributes the events to internal conflicts within the Indonesian Army.
• 🇺🇸 The fourth theory involves the CIA, as detailed by Peter Dale and John Roosa, suggesting American and British intelligence agencies were involved due to Cold War interests.
• 🌏 The fifth theory, presented by Soekarno in his 'Nawaksara' and 'Pelengkap Nawaksara' speeches, posits that the tragedy resulted from a complex mix of neocolonialism, communism, and irresponsible elements.
• 🧩 Theories are interrelated, highlighting the need for further research to gain a comprehensive understanding of this historical event and to avoid repeating past mistakes.

Q & A

What is the 'Tragedi 30 September 1965' in Indonesian history?

The 'Tragedi 30 September 1965' refers to a bloody event in Indonesian history that led to significant controversy and debate over who was responsible for the incidents.

How many military officers died in the tragedy of September 30, 1965?

Seven military officers died in the tragedy, including six influential generals in Sukarno's government and one captain who was an aide to General Abdul Haris Nasution.

What are the various theories surrounding the responsibility for the September 30 tragedy?

There are several theories, including the involvement of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), President Sukarno, internal conflicts within the military, foreign involvement such as the CIA, and the idea that there was no single perpetrator.

Who are Nugroho Notosusanto and Ismail Saleh, and what is their contribution to the understanding of the event?

Nugroho Notosusanto and Ismail Saleh are historians who, in their 1968 book, identified the PKI as the mastermind behind the events of September 30, 1965, which has been a reference for the New Order's version of history.

What is the significance of the 'Cornel Paper' in the analysis of the September 30th events?

The 'Cornel Paper', written by Benedict Anderson and Ruth McVey, offers an argument that the events were the result of internal military conflict, particularly within the Diponegoro Command in Central Java.

What role did Soeharto play according to the theories mentioned in the transcript?

According to the transcript, Soeharto is said to have spread information that the PKI was behind the 1965 coup attempt, which he then used to seize power, including replacing Sukarno as president.

What is the 'Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI' film and its relation to the historical narrative?

The 'Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI' film is a cinematic work that is based on the book by Nugroho Notosusanto and Ismail Saleh, which portrays the PKI as the orchestrator of the September 30th events.

What is the theory that suggests the involvement of the CIA in the 1965 events?

The theory posits that the CIA was involved due to the Cold War context, with the United States and Western countries interested in preventing Indonesia from falling into communist hands.

What was the reaction to the book 'The Sukarno File' which implicated Sukarno in the events?

The book 'The Sukarno File' faced strong protests from Sukarno's family and supporters, who accused it of historical distortion and character assassination.

What does the term 'Nawaksara' refer to and its significance in the context of the September 30th events?

The term 'Nawaksara' refers to speeches by Sukarno to the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS), where he argued that the September 30th events were caused by neocolonialist, colonialist, and imperialist elements, along with irresponsible actors.

What does the final theory suggest about the complexity of the 1965 events?

The final theory suggests that the 1965 events were a complex political moment involving more than one issue, indicating that there was no single perpetrator and that various factors contributed to the tragedy.

Outlines

00:00

😔 The Controversial 1965 Indonesian Tragedy

The first paragraph discusses the bloody events of September 30, 1965, in Indonesia, which remain a subject of controversy and numerous theories regarding the responsible parties. It mentions the deaths of seven military officers, including influential generals under Sukarno's administration and Captain Pierre Tendean, an aide to General Abdul Haris Nasution. The paragraph also touches on the unresolved question of responsibility for the tragedy and introduces various theories, including the claim that the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) was the mastermind, as suggested by historians Nugroho Notosusanto and Ismail Saleh. This theory has been widely disseminated through the film 'Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI' and has become a foundational narrative of the New Order era. Additionally, the paragraph presents other theories, such as Sukarno's involvement and internal military conflicts, as analyzed by Benedict Anderson and Ruth McVey in the 'Cornel Paper'.

05:02

🕵️‍♂️ Diverse Theories on the 1965 Coup

The second paragraph delves into different theories about the 1965 coup in Indonesia. It starts with Benedict Anderson's view that Suharto spread information blaming the PKI for the coup to consolidate his power, eventually replacing Sukarno as president. Anderson's work was banned by the Suharto regime, and he was not allowed to enter Indonesia until the Habibie administration. The paragraph then discusses the theory of American involvement, specifically the CIA's role, as presented by Peter Dale Scott in his book, linking the coup to the Cold War and Western interests in preventing a communist Indonesia. It also mentions British intelligence's alleged involvement and the theory that there was no single perpetrator, as suggested by Sukarno in his 'Nawaksara' speeches. The paragraph concludes by reflecting on the interconnectedness of these theories and the need for further historical investigation to gain a comprehensive understanding and learn from past mistakes.

Keywords

💡Tragedi 30 September 1965

This term refers to the events of September 30, 1965, in Indonesia, where a coup attempt led to the deaths of six high-ranking Army generals and one officer. It marks one of the bloodiest and most controversial moments in Indonesian history, leading to mass killings and the eventual rise of Suharto to power. The tragedy's cause and the parties responsible are still subjects of debate and conspiracy theories.

💡PKI (Partai Komunis Indonesia)

The Indonesian Communist Party, which was one of the largest communist parties in the world at the time, is often blamed for orchestrating the September 30 coup. The script discusses how this theory was popularized and became the official narrative under Suharto's New Order regime, supported by historical works like those of Nugroho Notosusanto and Ismail Saleh.

💡Soekarno

The first President of Indonesia, Soekarno, is a key figure mentioned in various theories about the 1965 events. One theory implicates him as being behind the coup, while others view him as a victim of the subsequent power struggle. Soekarno's role and responsibility in the events remain a contentious issue, with differing interpretations affecting his legacy.

💡Suharto

Suharto, who later became Indonesia’s second president, played a pivotal role in the aftermath of the September 30 events. According to some theories, Suharto used the chaos to consolidate military power and eventually oust Soekarno. His regime promoted the narrative that the PKI was solely responsible for the coup, leading to widespread anti-communist purges.

💡Benedict Anderson

A prominent scholar who co-authored the 'Cornell Paper,' which presents an alternative theory that the September 30 events were the result of internal conflict within the Indonesian military, particularly between different factions of the Army. His work challenges the dominant narrative that the PKI was the main culprit, suggesting a more complex interplay of forces.

💡CIA and MI6

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the United States and the British MI6 are mentioned in theories suggesting foreign involvement in the 1965 coup. These theories posit that Western intelligence agencies had interests in preventing Indonesia from aligning with communist powers during the Cold War, potentially supporting the anti-communist purge that followed.

💡G30S/PKI film

This is a government-sponsored film titled 'Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI' ('The Treachery of G30S/PKI'), which became a key piece of propaganda during Suharto’s New Order regime. The film depicts the PKI as the sole perpetrator of the 1965 coup, reinforcing the official narrative that justified the regime’s actions against communists.

💡Biro Khusus

A special bureau allegedly formed by the PKI in 1964 to infiltrate and influence the military, according to the dominant narrative pushed by the New Order. This bureau is said to have been instrumental in planning and executing the coup, although this interpretation is contested by various historians and alternative theories.

💡Cornell Paper

A significant scholarly work co-authored by Benedict Anderson and Ruth McVey, titled 'A Preliminary Analysis of the October 1, 1965 Coup in Indonesia.' This paper presents an analysis that attributes the events of 1965 to internal conflicts within the Indonesian military rather than a sole PKI conspiracy, challenging the New Order’s official narrative.

💡Neocolonialism-Imperialism

A concept mentioned in Soekarno’s speeches, specifically in his 'Nawaksara' and 'Pelengkap Nawaksara' addresses to the MPRS. Soekarno blamed foreign neocolonial and imperialist forces, alongside misguided elements within Indonesia, for the turmoil in 1965. This perspective suggests a broader geopolitical context for the events, beyond internal Indonesian dynamics.

Highlights

The 30 September 1965 tragedy is one of the bloodiest events in Indonesian history, with many controversies and conspiracy theories still surrounding it.

Seven military officers were killed in the tragedy, including six influential generals in Sukarno's government and Captain Pierre Tendean, an aide to General Abdul Haris Nasution.

There is still no clear answer about who is responsible for the tragedy, with various theories emerging about the series of events that led to the loss of up to 3 million lives.

The first and strongest theory among the public is that the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) was behind the G30S coup attempt.

Historians Nugroho Notosusanto and Ismail Saleh were among the first to suggest the PKI's involvement in the G30S coup in their 1968 book.

The book by Notosusanto and Saleh became the basis for the New Order's version of history and the film 'Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI'.

A second theory suggests that Sukarno himself was the mastermind behind the G30S movement, as presented in Antonie C.A. Dake's book 'The Sukarno File'.

Dake's book faced strong protests from Sukarno's family and supporters, who accused it of distorting history and character assassination.

In response to the accusations, the Bung Karno Foundation published 'Bung Karno Difitnah' in 2006 to counter the claims made in 'The Sukarno File'.

A third theory points to internal conflicts within the Indonesian Army as the cause of the 1965 events, as argued by prominent historian Benedict Anderson.

Anderson and Ruth McVey's 1971 book 'A Preliminary Analysis of the October 1, 1965 Coup in Indonesia', also known as the Cornell Paper, offers a different perspective on the coup.

The Cornell Paper suggests that the events of October 1, 1965, were a result of internal military disputes, particularly involving officers from the Diponegoro Command in Central Java.

Soeharto is said to have spread information blaming the PKI for the G30S coup, which he then used to seize power and replace Sukarno as president.

The Cornell Paper was criticized by the Soeharto regime and banned, with Anderson being denied entry to Indonesia until the Habibie administration.

A fourth theory proposes the involvement of the CIA in the G30S events, with Peter Dale's book 'CIA and the Overthrow of Sukarno' linking it to the Cold War.

The book by Dale suggests that the US and Western countries had an interest in preventing Indonesia from falling into communist hands.

John Roosa's book 'Dalih Pembunuhan Massal' also reveals the CIA's involvement in anti-PKI propaganda.

Some sources also mention the involvement of British intelligence, MI6, in anti-PKI propaganda due to Britain's interests in the Malaysia confrontation at the time.

A fifth theory posits that there was no single perpetrator behind the 1965 events, as suggested by Sukarno in his 'Nawaksara' and 'Pelengkap Nawaksara' speeches.

Sukarno believed that the G30S events were caused by neocolonialism, colonialism, and imperialism, along with irresponsible elements within the PKI leadership.

Sukarno's responsibility was rejected by the MPRS, which officially announced the revocation of his presidential mandate on March 12, 1967.

The view of no single perpetrator implies that the 1965 events were a complex political moment involving more than one issue.

The various theories about the 1965 events are interconnected, but the historical puzzles of Indonesia still need further exploration for a complete understanding and to learn from past mistakes.

Transcripts

Tragedi 30 September 1965 adalah salah satu peristiwa paling berdarah

dalam sejarah Indonesia.

Namun, hingga hari ini masih banyak kontroversi dan seliweran teori soal

siapa sebetulnya yang bertanggungjawab pada peristiwa-peristiwa ini.

Tragedi ini juga mengakibatkan kematian tujuh perwira Angkatan Darat.

Enam di antaranya merupakan jenderal yang cukup berpengaruh

dalam pemerintahan Soekarno.

Satu orang perwira lainnya yaitu Kapten Pierre Tendean,

merupakan ajudan Jenderal Abdul Haris Nasution.

Lalu ada Bripka Karel Sadsuitubun,

pengawal kediaman resmi Wakil Perdana Menteri II dr.J. Leimena.

Pertanyaan soal siapa yang bertanggungjawab atas tragedi ini

memang masih akan menjadi simpul yang tak terselesaikan.

Yang jelas kini telah berkembang berbagai teori terkait rangkaian peristiwa

yang oleh Sarwo Edhie Wibowo – mertua Pak SBY yang kala itu

menjabat Komandan RPKAD – disebut menelan korban hingga 3 juta jiwa.

Teori-teori ini menjadi pergunjingan masif di masyarakat dalam berbagai diskursus,

entah terkait aktor dari dalam negeri, maupun yang dari luar negeri.

Teori yang pertama dan yang paling kuat ada di masyarakat adalah

yang menyebut PKI sebagai sebagai dalang.

Teori ini menyebutkan bahwa pihak yang bertanggung jawab atas

Jumat subuh kelabu itu hanyalah PKI.

Salah satu sejarawan yang paling awal menyebut PKI sebagai dalang

di balik G30S adalah Nugroho Notosusanto dan Ismail Saleh lewat buku

“Tragedi Nasional percobaan KUP G 30 S/PKI di Indonesia”.

Buku yang terbit tahun 1968 ini yang menjadi referensi pembuatan film

“Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI” yang masih kita saksikan sampai sekarang.

Buku ini bisa disebut sebagai tulang punggung penulisan sejarah versi Orde Baru.

Perebutan kekuasaan ini telah direncanakan sejak PKI menjadi partai

terbesar keempat dalam Pemilu 1955.

PKI disebut telah membentuk Biro Khusus pada 1964

untuk melakukan pematangan situasi sekaligus menyusun kekuatan,

tidak terkecuali di bidang militer.

Seperti dikutip dari Tirto, disebutkan bahwa DN Aidit berperan

sebagai pemimpin gerakan, Sjam Kamaruzzaman selaku pemimpin pelaksana,

Pono sebagai wakil pemimpin, dan Bono bertugas sebagai pemimpin observasi.

Teori kedua adalah yang menyebut Soekarno sebagai dalang Gerakan 30 September.

Teori ini menarik karena salah satunya termuat dalam buku The Sukarno File

yang ditulis oleh Antonie C.A. Dake.

Presiden RI pertama itu disebut bertanggung jawab atas

segala akibat yang terjadi dalam peristiwa berdarah G30S.

Buku Sukarno File ini mendapat protes yang keras dari keluarga Soekarno.

Juga ada aksi demonstrasi di beberapa daerah dari para pendukung Bung Karno.

Buku ini dituduh sesat sejarah dan menjadi upaya pembunuhan karakter

terhadap Soekarno.

Untuk menyanggah gagasan tersebut,

Yayasan Bung Karno meluncurkan buku Bung Karno Difitnah di tahun 2006.

Kemudian, teori ketiga adalah yang menyebut dalang dari peristiwa 1965

adalah akibat konflik internal di Angkatan Darat.

Teori ini salah satunya ditulis oleh sejarawan terkemuka Benedict Anderson.

Pada tahun 1971, Anderson bersama Ruth McVey menulis buku tentang

analisis peristiwa G30S 1965 berjudul A Preliminary of the October 1,

1965 Coup In Indonesia.

Ini karya yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan Cornel Paper.

Cornel Paper menawarkan argumen lain bahwa peristiwa yang terjadi

pada 1 Oktober 1965 merupakan akibat dari pertikaian internal di dalam militer.

Hal itu secara khusus dipicu oleh konflik antara perwira dari Komando Angkatan Darat

Diponegoro di Jawa Tengah.

Secara garis besar, Benedict Anderson menyebutkan Soeharto menyebarkan

informasi bahwa dalang di balik G30S 1965 adalah PKI.

Soeharto kemudian memanfaatkannya untuk membawa militer ke tampuk kekuasaan,

termasuk menggantikan Soekarno sebagai presiden.

Nah, buku ini kemudian dituduh salah kaprah dan rezim Soeharto

memasukkan Cornell Paper dalam daftar buku yang haram dibaca.

Bendict Anderson pun tak diperbolehkan masuk ke Indonesia.

Ia baru boleh ke Indonesia setelah Habibie manjabat.

Teori keempat soal dalang G30 S adalah soal keterlibatan

badan intelijen Amerika Serkat, CIA.

Teori ini dikemukakan oleh Peter Dale dalam buku CIA dan Penggulingan Soekarno.

Keterlibatan CIA dalam peristiwa G30S ini berkaitan dengan Perang Dingin

yang terjadi pada 1960-an.

AS serta negara Barat memiliki kepentingan agar Indonesia tidak jatuh

ke tangan komunis.

Nah untuk mewujudkan kepentingan itu, CIA membangun relasi

dengan militer Indonesia, termasuk dengan Soeharto.

Buku Dalih Pembunuhan Massal yang ditulis John Roosa juga mengungkap

soal keputusan untuk mengganyang PKI.

CIA disebut terlibat dalam berbagai propaganda anti-PKI.

Belakangan ada beberapa sumber yang juga menyebutkan badan intelijen Inggris,

MI6, ikut dalam propaganda anti PKI.

Ini terkait kepentingan Inggris dalam konfrontasi Malaysia kala itu.

Dan teori kelima adalah yang menyebutkan bahwa tidak ada

pelaku tunggal di peristiwa 1965 itu.

Teori ini setidaknya bisa dilihat dalam pidato "Nawaksara"

dan "Pelengkap Nawaksara" oleh Soekarno yang disampaikan kepada MPRS.

Ini sebelum ia digulingkan dari kursi presiden.

Soekarno menganggap peristiwa G30S disebabkan oleh

unsur-unsur Neokolonialisme-Kolonialisme-Imperialisme alias Nekolim.

Hal itu kemudian ditunjang oleh keblingeran pimpinan PKI

serta adanya oknum yang tidak bertanggung jawab.

Pertanggungjawaban Soekarno itu ditolak oleh MPRS.

Pada 12 Maret 1967, MPRS mengumumkan secara resmi pencabutan

mandat Soekarno sebagai presiden.

Pandangan soal tidak ada pelaku tunggal ini menyiratkan bahwa peristiwa

1965 adalah momentum politik yang kompleks yang melibatkan lebih dari

satu isu yang saling tunggang menunggangi.

Lalu, mana teori yang paling tepat?

Well, kelima pandangan itu memang punya pertalian satu sama lain.

Walaupun demikian, puzzle-puzzle sejarah Indonesia masih perlu untuk didalami lagi.

Dengan demikian, kita bisa mendapatkan pemahaman yang utuh tentangnya

dan belajar darinya agar tidak mengulangi kesalahan-kesalahan yang sama.