CBSE Class 9 Geography - 1 || India - Size and Location || Full Chapter || By Shiksha House
Summary
TLDRIndia, known for its rich cultural and commercial heritage, is one of the world's oldest civilizations. Over the past five decades, it has transformed into one of the fastest-growing economies, with advancements in agriculture, industry, and technology. India's strategic location and extensive coastline have facilitated trade and cultural exchanges. It shares borders with several countries and has a diverse topography, including the Himalayas and vast coastlines. Historical trade routes, such as the Silk Road, have contributed to its development and global influence. Post-independence, India reorganized into 28 states and 7 union territories, further enhancing its economic and cultural diversity.
Takeaways
- 📜 India is known for its rich commercial and cultural heritage, home to some of the oldest civilizations such as the Indus Valley Civilization.
- 📈 Over the last five decades, India has evolved into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, with substantial development in agriculture, industry, and technology.
- 🌏 India is located in both the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres, stretching from 8.4°N to 37.6°N latitude and 68.7°E to 97.25°E longitude.
- 🏞️ The Tropic of Cancer divides India almost into two equal halves, and the country has a total area of 3.28 million square kilometers, making it the seventh largest country in the world.
- 🌊 India is bordered by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, and the Indian Ocean in the south, with a total coastline of 7,516.6 kilometers.
- 🕰️ Due to its longitudinal expanse, there is a time lag of two hours between the eastern and western ends of India, but the entire country follows a standard time along the 82.5°E longitude.
- 🌐 India's strategic location in South Asia, between East and West Asia, makes it a crucial point for trade routes, both historical and modern.
- 🚢 The Suez Canal reduced India's distance from Europe by approximately 7,000 kilometers, enhancing its trade connectivity.
- 📚 India has historically contributed to the world through trade routes with ideas, commodities, and cultural exchanges, including the spread of epics, mathematical concepts, and architectural influences.
- 🏰 Post-independence, India reorganized its princely states into 28 states and 7 union territories, with Rajasthan being the largest state and Goa the smallest by area.
Q & A
What ancient civilization was located in India?
-The Indus Valley Civilization.
How has India evolved over the last five decades?
-India has evolved from a culturally rich country to one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, with substantial development in agricultural, industrial, and technological sectors.
What is the total area of the Indian landmass?
-The total area of the Indian landmass is 3.28 million square kilometers.
Which natural features border India?
-Young fold mountains cover the northwestern, northern, and northeastern borders of the country.
What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer in relation to India?
-The Tropic of Cancer, at 23.30 degrees north latitude, cuts across the country, dividing it almost into two equal halves.
How long is India's total coastline?
-India's total coastline, including the outlines of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands, measures 7,516.6 kilometers.
Why is there a time lag between the eastern and western ends of India?
-There is a time lag of two hours due to the huge longitudinal expanse of the country, which creates a significant distance between the eastern and western endpoints.
Which major bodies of water border India?
-India is bordered by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, and the Indian Ocean in the south.
How does India's strategic location affect its connectivity with other regions?
-India's strategic location, extending southward into the Indian Ocean, connects it to Southeast and East Asian countries in the east and African and European countries in the west, facilitating significant trade and cultural exchange.
What major trade routes historically passed through India?
-The Silk Road, an extensive network of trade routes connecting Asia to the Mediterranean world, passed through India and was significant in the development of great civilizations.
What impact did the opening of the Suez Canal have on India's distance from Europe?
-The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 reduced India's distance from Europe by approximately 7,000 kilometers.
Which Indian states share a border with Pakistan?
-The Indian states that share a border with Pakistan are Gujarat, Punjab, and Jammu and Kashmir.
What are the northeastern neighbors of India?
-The northeastern neighbors of India are China, Nepal, and Bhutan.
Which Indian states share their border with Bangladesh?
-The Indian states that share their border with Bangladesh are Meghalaya, West Bengal, and a small part of Assam.
What is the smallest state in India by area?
-Goa, with an area of 3,702 square kilometers.
Which island countries are neighbors of India in the south?
-Sri Lanka and the Maldives are India's neighbors in the south.
Outlines
🏛️ India's Rich Heritage and Growing Economy
India, known for its rich commercial and cultural heritage, is home to ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley. Over the past five decades, India has evolved from a culturally rich image to one of the world's fastest-growing economies. The country has seen substantial development in agriculture, industry, and technology. India's history is marked by significant contributions from ancient times through British rule to modern independence. The country's geographical location spans both the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres, with the Tropic of Cancer dividing it nearly in half. India covers 3.28 million square kilometers, making it the seventh-largest country in the world. It has diverse natural features, including young fold mountains and extensive coastlines. The southernmost tip of India, Indira Point, was submerged in the 2004 tsunami.
🕰️ Time Lag and Standard Time in India
India's longitudinal expanse causes a time lag between its eastern and western ends. For example, while it might be daylight in Gujarat, the sun could be setting in Arunachal Pradesh due to the 3000-kilometer distance between the two points. Despite this, the entire country follows a single standard time based on the longitude of 82.30 degrees East, which passes through Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh. India's latitudinal stretch influences the duration of days and nights, with variations as one moves northward. The country's strategic central location in Asia, protruding into the Indian Ocean, has historically facilitated trade routes connecting it to other parts of the world.
🌐 India’s Strategic Position in Global Trade
India's strategic location in the Indian Ocean has been pivotal in its development and contributions to the world. Historically, trade routes through India enabled the exchange of ideas and commodities. The ancient Silk Road, passing through India, connected various great civilizations and facilitated cultural and intellectual exchanges. India's significant contributions through these routes include literature, mathematical concepts, and architectural influences. The Western world refers to the Indian numeral system as the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, due to its transmission through Arab traders. Indian architecture, with its domes and minarets, shows Persian and Greek influences, highlighting the blend of cultural exchanges.
🗺️ Political and Geographical Divisions of India
Before independence, India had provinces and princely states, with provinces under British rule and princely states governed by local rulers. Post-independence, these states merged into the Indian Union, which now comprises 28 states and 7 union territories. India's southern half features a vast coastline, shared by several states and union territories. Goa is the smallest state, while Rajasthan is the largest. India shares borders with several countries, including Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Bangladesh, each with unique historical and geographical connections to India.
🌏 India's Northern and Eastern Neighbors
India shares its northern borders with China and Nepal. China, one of the world's oldest civilizations, borders several Indian states from Jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh. Nepal, with its capital at Kathmandu, is bordered by multiple Indian states, including Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Bhutan, another northeastern neighbor, shares borders with Indian states like Sikkim and Assam. India's eastern borders connect it to Myanmar and Bangladesh. Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, borders several northeastern states, while Bangladesh, previously East Pakistan, shares extensive borders with India. Bangladesh gained independence in 1971 and is one of the most densely populated countries.
🌊 Southern Neighbors: Sri Lanka and Maldives
India's southern neighbors are the island countries of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Sri Lanka is separated from India by the Palk Strait, connecting the Bay of Bengal and the Gulf of Mannar. Colombo, the commercial capital, is the largest city, while Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is the administrative capital. The Maldives, south of the Lakshadweep Islands, is the smallest Asian country by area and population, with its capital at Malé. This overview highlights India's strategic position and its historical and geographical connections with neighboring countries.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Indus Valley Civilisation
💡Tropic of Cancer
💡Standard Time
💡Suez Canal
💡Silk Road
💡Provinces and Princely States
💡Rajasthan
💡Afghanistan
💡Bay of Bengal
💡Indian Ocean
Highlights
India has been home to some of the oldest civilizations in the world, such as the Indus Valley Civilisation.
In the last five decades, India has evolved into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.
India has shown substantial development in the agricultural, industrial, and technological sectors.
India's total area is 3.28 million square kilometers, making it the seventh-largest country in the world.
The Tropic of Cancer divides India almost into two equal halves.
India's coastline, including the outlines of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands, measures 7,516.6 kilometers.
India's longitudinal expanse causes a time lag of two hours between the eastern and western ends of the country.
India follows a standard time along longitude 82.30 degrees East, which passes through Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh.
The opening of the Suez Canal in Egypt in 1869 reduced India's distance from Europe by approximately 7,000 kilometers.
India has a longer coastline than any other country in the Indian Ocean, contributing to its significant global maritime presence.
The Silk Road passing through India was an extensive network of trade routes connecting Asia to the Mediterranean world.
Before independence, India had provinces ruled by British officials and princely states ruled by local rulers.
Post-independence, princely states were merged with the Indian Union, leading to the current 28 states and 7 union territories.
Rajasthan is the largest state in India, while Goa is the smallest state area-wise.
India shares its borders with several countries, including Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Bangladesh, and has maritime neighbors Sri Lanka and the Maldives.
Transcripts
known for its rich commercial and
cultural heritage
India has been home to some of the
oldest civilizations in the world such
as the Indus Valley Civilisation
the last five decades have seen India
evolving from its culturally rich image
to one of the fastest-growing economies
of the world
the country has shown substantial
development in the agricultural
industrial and technological sectors
in addition to this India has also
contributed significantly to world
history
from the ancient times of the Indus
Valley Civilisation through the British
rule to free India the country has
witnessed it all
let's learn a little more about this
country that is emerging as a
fascinating blend of culture and
technology
we'll start by locating India on the
world map
as you can see
India spreads across both the eastern
and the Northern Hemisphere's
India's latitudinal stretch is between
8.4 degrees not and 37.6 degrees not and
the longitudinal stretch is between 68
point seven degrees east and
ninety-seven point two five degrees east
a study of the map shows that the Tropic
of Cancer at twenty-three point three
zero degree north latitude cuts across
the country
dividing it almost into two equal halves
you
did you know the Tropic of Cancer is the
northernmost latitude at which the Sun
can appear directly overhead at noon
coming down beyond the mainland the
country extends further to the south
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are the
extensions of India in the southeast
and the luxury islands in the southwest
so you see that India is a big country
but exactly how big
what is the country's area
the total area of the Indian landmass is
3.2 eight million square kilometers
this accounts for nearly 2.4 percent of
the total land area of the world
if you compare India's size to that of
other countries India is the seventh
largest country in the world
now let's focus on the outline of the
country in the map
let's see if you can make out the
natural features bordering the country
as you can see
young thought mountains cover the
northwestern
northern and northeastern borders of the
country
the total land boundary of India
measures 15,000 200 kilometers
starting from 22 degrees north latitude
down towards the south
India is bordered by the Bay of Bengal
in the east
the Arabian Sea in the West and the
Indian Ocean in the south
in fact the t-bird shape of southern
India divides Indian Ocean each of the
Arabian Sea and B of Bengal
in his total coastline including the
outlines of the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands and the luxury deep islands
measures seven thousand five hundred and
sixteen point six kilometres
did you know the southernmost tip of
India
called the Indra point got submerged
under the sea in the tsunami that struck
the country in December 2004
now looking at the map can you identify
which extent is larger
the east-west stretch or the north-south
stretch
the east-west stretch of India looks
smaller than the north-south stretch
however
if you actually measure the distance
both measure the same approximately 3000
kilometers
it is this huge distance of three
thousand kilometers that causes a lag
between the local times at the eastern
and the western ends of the country
let's discuss a scenario to understand
the concept of time lag
it is 6:00 p.m. in the evening in
Gujarat where you live
suppose you are talking to a friend in
Arunachal Pradesh
your friend mentions that he is standing
at the window
watching a beautiful sunset
however
if you look around you
it is still broad daylight for you
how is it that it's still daylight in
your city
while the Sun has already set where your
friend lives in Arunachal Pradesh
this happens because of the huge
longitudinal expanse of the country
there is a huge distance between the
eastern and western end points of the
country
this leads to a time lag of two hours
between the local times of the two
places
however in tractors the clocks in both
locations will show the same time
because the entire country follows a
standard time
India's standard time is the time along
longitude 80 2.30 degree East
this longitude passes through Mirza
pooed in Uttar Pradesh
this longitude is referred to as the
standard meridian of India
why India's longitudinal stretch gives
rise to a time lag between the East and
the West
it's latitudinal stretch influences the
duration of days and nights
for example the duration of days and
nights is the same in Kanyakumari
which is on the southernmost tip of
India
however
as you move northward
the duration of days and nights begins
to vary
in the previous module
you learned about India's size and
location on the globe
now let's look at India's location in
relation to other countries on the map
can you make out from the map
in which part aphasia India is located
as you can see
India lies to the south of Asia and is
centrally located between East and West
Asia
the Deccan Peninsula in the south of
India protrudes to the south
thereby extending the Indian boundary
into the Indian Ocean
does
India acts as a southward extension of
the Asian continent
India is very strategically located in
the center
chants Indian Ocean routes connected to
southeast and East Asian countries in
the east
and to African and European countries in
the West
did you know
the opening of the Suez Canal in Egypt
in 1869 has reduced India's distance
from Europe by approximately seven
thousand kilometers
it connects the Mediterranean Sea with
the Indian Ocean
India's long coastline has added to its
means of contact with the rest of the
world through the sea route
in fact
India has a longer coastline than any
other country in the Indian Ocean
it is because of India's important
position in the Indian Ocean that the
ocean is named after India
however
in general
the land roots have been more popular
than sea roots
and frequented by travelers and traders
in fact
in ancient times
before the sea routes were explored
traders used passes in the mountains to
travel in and out of India
did you know
the Silk Road passing through India is
an extensive network of trade routes
connecting the East
list
and south of Asia to the Mediterranean
world
including North Africa and Europe
the Silk Road was a significant factor
in the development of great
civilizations in China
India
Egypt
Basia
Aradia
and room
now let's examine how India strategic
location contributed to its development
and enabled it to contribute
significantly to the word
traders have been using both the land
and sea routes passing through India to
exchange ideas as well as commodities
for example
ancient scholars took ideas from epics
like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata
and teachings of the bhagavad-gita
to the world through these routes
commodities like spices and muslin were
also exported through these roots
some other significant contributions
that India shared with the world through
these routes include
stories from the Panchatantra
mathematical basics
such as Indian numerals and the decimal
system
interestingly
the Western world commonly refers to the
Indian numeral system as the
hindu-arabic numeral system
because it reached Europe through the
Adams
the image shows a clock in a park in the
Arabic town of sattva
with Indian numerals on its face
just as these roots helped India to
reach out to the world with its ideas
and commodities
the also enabled Western influences to
reach India
you can see shades of Western influence
in Indian architecture
for example
domes
minarets
and moghul tombs of sandstone and marble
are all based on Persian designs
this is the Aegean / palace
a former royal palace situated in
agartala
the capital of Tripura
can you identify which culture the
sculpture represents
the sculpture in the Aegean the palace
represents Greek influence in India
to conclude
you can see that trade routes through
the land and sea played a key role in
the intellectual and architectural
development of India
and all this was possible only because
of India strategic location on the map
before independence India had primarily
two types of states provinces and
princely states
while provinces were directly ruled by
British officials appointed by the
Viceroy
the princely states were ruled by local
rulers who inherited the states from
their forefathers
however post-independence these princely
states were merged with the Indian Union
and later on the country went through
several reorganizations under the state
reorganization Act
the present-day India has 28 states
you
and 7 union territories
you
as you can see the southern half of
India has a huge coastline stretching
from the west to the east
if you examine the coastline
the coastal states of India are
gujarat
Maharashtra
Gulla
good massacre
Karuna
tamanna do
under Pradesh
Arisa
and West Bengal
in addition to these states
the coastline is shared by the union
territories of aunt Amman and Nicobar
Islands
Domon and do you
the lux would be violence
put the cherry
among these coastal states
you will also find the smallest state of
India
area wise
can you identify this state
it's Goa
with an area of 3702 square kilometres
conversely
Rajasthan is the largest state
at measuring 340 2269 square kilometers
Rajasthan shares its western border with
Pakistan
which has its capital at Islamabad
the other Indian states that share a
common border with Pakistan in the West
our Gujarat
Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir
in addition to Pakistan
the state of Jammu and Kashmir shares
it's not western border with Afghanistan
too
Afghanistan has its capital in Kabul
due to its strategic position
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal
point for trade and migration between
the East and the West
now let's look around further and
identify the other neighboring countries
which share common frontiers with India
let's start with the northeastern
neighbors China
NEPA and Bhutan
as you can see
the Chinese border stretches all the way
from the state of Jammu and Kashmir in
the knot
to Arunachal Pradesh in the east
passing along the states of Himachal
Pradesh
Barranca
and SiC him
China is known to be one of the oldest
civilizations in the world with its
capital at Beijing
India also shares its northern border
with Nepal which is the world's smallest
in the state the capital of Nepal is
Katmandu
you
which Indian states share their border
with Nepal
the Indian states that shared their
border with Nepal include with the
Rancho
Uttar Pradesh
be hot
West Bengal
and Sikkim
among these Sikkim West Bengal along
with Assam and Arunachal Pradesh also
share its border with Putin Putin has
its capital as pimp ooh
these were the northeastern neighbors of
India let's move further east
with which countries does India share
its eastern border
into shares its eastern border with
Myanmar and Bangladesh
you may remember Myanmar by another name
the earlier name of Myanmar was Burma
Myanmar has its capital at Rangoon
Myanmar shares its border with most of
the northeastern states of India
starting from Arunachal Pradesh to
Nagaland
money poor
meesa Ram
and Tripura
tripura also shares its border with
bangladesh in fact bangladesh is
bordered by India on almost all sites
except in the south
the other Indian states that share a
common border with Bangladesh are
makalya
West Bengal
and a small part of Assam
did you know Bangladesh was earlier
known as East Pakistan and was part of
Pakistan
only in the year 1971
was it declared an independent country
came to be known as Bangladesh
meaning the country of Bengalis
because of its large Bengali population
speaking of population
Bangladesh
with its capital and taka
is one of the most densely populated
countries in the world
so you learned about all the neighboring
countries that share their borders with
India
there aren't two other neighbors that
don't share their borders with India
these are the island countries of sri
lanka
and the Maltese
India's neighbors in the south
if you look at the map closely you will
see that sri lanka is separated from
india
by a narrow channel of C called the park
straight
the Strait connects the Bay of Bengal in
the east to the Gulf of Mannar in the
south
the capital of Sri Lanka is sri
jayawardenepura koti
however Columbo the former
administrative capital of the country
still is the largest city in the country
and also its commercial capital
moving east from sri lanka you come to
the Maldives Islands
which are to the south of the luxury
deep islands
Maldives is the smallest Asian country
both in area and population
and has its capital at Mali
that was a brief overview of India and
its neighboring countries
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