How Palestinians were expelled from their homes
Summary
TLDRこのスクリプトは、1948年のナクバ(大流離失)を背景に、イスラエル建国のためにパレスチナ人たちが暴力的に故郷から追われた悲劇的な出来事を紐解いています。イギリスの支配、バルフォール宣言、そして国連の分割計画に抗議する彼らの歴史と文化を紹介し、その後のイスラエルの建国とパレスチナ人たちの流離失所を描いています。彼らは故郷を失い、多くの村が破壊され、今では多くのパレスチナ人が無国籍の難民となっています。このスクリプトは、彼らの悲しみと復帰への希望を伝える重要な歴史の側面を提供しています。
Takeaways
- 🏡 1948年のナクバ(Nakba)は、イスラエル建国のために、何十万人ものパレスチナ人が故郷から強制的に離れることが原因で起こった大災害です。
- 📜 歴史的な地を所有していたパレスチナ人の多くが、イスラエルの建国に伴い、暴力的に故郷から追い出されました。
- 🕌 パレスチナは、長い間イスラム教徒、キリスト教徒、ユダヤ人の聖地として重要な場所であり、これらの宗教の人々にとって重要な聖地を持っています。
- 🏛 オスマン帝国末期には、パレスチナに住む人々は主にイスラム教徒でしたが、キリスト教徒やユダヤ人の少数派もいました。
- 🌍 第一世界大戦前には、アラブ民族主義運動、シオニズム、そしてイギリスの政治的勢いがこれらの土地の制御を競い合っていました。
- 📜 バルフォール宣言は、パレスチナにユダヤ人の国家家を設立することを支持する旨のイギリスの宣言であり、パレスチナのアラブ大衆に対しては政治権利を認めていませんでした。
- 🔄 1930年代には、ナチス党とヒトラーの台頭に伴い、ヨーロッパからのユダヤ人からの移民が急増し、パレスチナでの土地の緊張が高まりました。
- 🛡️ 1947年の国連の分割計画では、パレスチナを2つの国家に分割し、エルサレムを国連が管理する別々のエンティティとして残すと提案しました。
- 🗓️ 1948年5月14日に、イギリスの委任統治が終了する1日前に、シオニストはイスラエルを建国宣言しました。
- 🏹 ディア・ヤシンの虐殺は、シオニストの過激派による1948年の事件であり、多くの子供や高齢者が殺害されました。
- 🏚️ ナクバの間、何百ものパレスチナの村が破壊され、約750,000人のパレスチナ人が強制的に国外に追いやられました。
- 🗺️ 今日では、イスラエルはナクバを通じて総領土の85%以上を掌握しており、600万以上のパレスチナ人が故郷を失った難民となっています。
Q & A
1948年に起こった何らかの出来事について話しているのはどの村ですか?
-1948年に起こった出来事について話しているのは、エルサレムの主要な道路に面した小さな村です。
ナクバとは何を意味していますか?
-ナクバとは、1948年に数千人のパレスチナ人が故郷から暴力的に追い出された一連の災害的な出来事のことを指します。
イギリスはどのようにしてパレスチナの支配を始めましたか?
-イギリスは第一次世界大战後の国連委任統治によってパレスチナの支配を始めました。
バルフォール宣言とは何であり、どのような影響を与えましたか?
-バルフォール宣言は、イギリス政府がパレスチナにユダヤ人の国民の家を設立することを支持する旨の宣言で、パレスチナのアラブ住民の政治権を無視してユダヤ人の移住を促進する道を開きました。
1930年代にパレスチナでなぜ暴力が勃発したのか説明してください。
-1930年代にはヒトラーとナチ党の台頭により、ヨーロッパからのユダヤ人からの逃避が急務となり、パレスチナへの大規模なユダヤ人移民が始まり、土地に関する緊張が暴力に発展しました。
1947年の国連の分割計画とは何であり、なぜパレスチナ人はそれを拒否したのか?
-1947年の国連の分割計画は、パレスチナを2つの国家に分割し、エルサレムを国連が管理する独立したエンティティにするというものでした。パレスチナ人は、彼らの人口比率に見合わず土地の半分以上をユダヤ人国家に与えることに抗議し、拒否しました。
デア・ヤシンの虐殺とはどのような出来事ですか?
-デア・ヤシンの虐殺は、1948年に極端なユダヤ人勢力によって行われた村の住民に対する虐殺であり、その影響はパレスチナ人間の大規模な逃亡に寄与しました。
プラン・ダレトとは何であり、どのような目的を持っていたのか?
-プラン・ダレトは、1948年にハーガーナによって採用された計画で、ユダヤ人国家の境界を獲得し、国連の分割計画に基づくユダヤ人居住地の外の地域を守ることを目的とされていました。
イスラエルの建国がナクバを終わらせたと思いますが、実際にはどうでしたか?
-イスラエルの建国はナクバを終わらせなかった反面、隣接するアラブ諸国がイスラエルと戦争を始め、パレスチナ人はさらに殺害され、追い出されました。
ナクバの後、パレスチナ人はどのように扱われましたか?
-ナクバの後、パレスチナ人は故郷に帰還する権利を奪われ、多くの人々が隣接する国々で難民として生きることになりました。
イスラエルはナクバを通じてどの程度の土地を獲得しましたか?
-国連の分割計画ではイスラエルに56%の土地が割り当てられていましたが、ナクバを通じてイスラエルは78%の土地を獲得し、その後85%以上に増加しました。
パレスチナ人の物語を忘れずに伝え続けるために、彼らはどのような象徴的な物品を持っていますか?
-パレスチナ人は家に帰還する希望を象徴するために、家鍵を持っていることを忘れずに持ち続けています。
Outlines
🏚️ パレスチナの歴史とナクバ
1948年のナクバを背景に、750人の小さな村がイスラエル建国のために消された物語。この地域は数百年にわたりパレスチナ人が住んでおり、オスマン帝国末期には圧倒的にムスリムが多かった。しかし、英国のバルフォール宣言により、パレスチナにユダヤ人の国家を設立するよう支持するようになり、その後のユダヤ人移民やパラマリタリー組織の活動が、パレスチナ人を暴力的に故郷から追い出すことになった。
🛑 ナチス政権下のユダヤ人移民とパレスチナ人との緊張
1931年にはパレスチナアラブは85万人以上いたが、ヒトラーの台頭とユダヤ人からの移民の増加に伴い、土地に関する緊張が高まった。ユダヤ人移民が肥沃な土地を買い、佃農を退去させたことで、多くのパレスチナ人を失地させた。パレスチナ人は英国植民地勢力とユダヤ人移民に反発し、激しい弾圧を受けた。しかし、1947年に国連がパレスチナを2つの国家に分割するプランを提案し、パレスチナ人には受け入れられない条件だった。
🗓️ イスラエル建国とナクバの拡大
1948年5月14日にイスラエルが建国宣言を行ったが、その翌日、アラブ諸国はイスラエルと戦争を開始。この戦争中、多くのパレスチナ人が故郷を追われ、難民となり、国連の分割計画に反対していた。しかし、イスラエルは戦争を勝利し、ナクバを通じてパレスチナを78%の土地を掌握。その後、イスラエルはパレスチナの証拠を消し、地名を変え、森林を植えた。しかし、パレスチナ人は故郷を忘れずに、故郷への帰りを願っている。
🔄 ナクバの結果とパレスチナ人への影響
ナクバの結果、約75万のパレスチナ人が強制的に追われ、500以上の村が破壊された。イスラエルは国連の分割計画で割り当てられた56%の土地を78%獲得し、今日では総面積の85%以上を占めている。6百万人以上のパレスチナ人が故郷を失った。彼らは5月15日に独立記念日を祝うイスラエルと対照的に、家と故郷への帰りを願いながら抗議している。ナクバはパレスチナ人にとって、歴史的な瞬間ではなく、終わったわけではない大災害である。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡ナクバ
💡イスラエル
💡バルフォール宣言
💡ハガナ
💡デイル・ヤシンの虐殺
💡ユダヤ復国主義
💡アラブ独立運動
💡イギリス
💡国連分割計画
💡パレスチナ人
Highlights
The village faces the main road to Jerusalem and is central to the story of the 1948 events.
The village had only 750 people who all knew each other, illustrating the close-knit community.
The 1948 events are described as a 'black spot' in history, purposefully concealed and distorted.
The village massacre was part of the series of events known as the Nakba, leading to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians.
The creation of Israel in 1948 is referred to as being 'born in a bath of blood', highlighting the violent origins.
Historically, the region was home to Palestinians with a distinct culture, despite being referred to as Arabs.
The political forces during World War I included the Arab independence movement, Zionists, and the British, each with different goals.
The Balfour Declaration in 1917 was a betrayal to the Arabs, promising a Jewish national home in Palestine without consulting the local population.
The British mandate post-World War I led to an increase in Jewish migration and the Zionist movement's growth.
The slogan 'A land without people for, a people without land' was used to justify the displacement of Palestinians.
The 1930s saw an increase in Jewish emigration to Palestine due to the rise of the Nazi Party, leading to tensions and violence.
The British response to the Palestinian rebellion was brutal, deploying more troops than in India and arming Zionist militias.
The UN's 1947 Partition Plan was met with shock and rejection by Palestinians, as it proposed an unfair division of land.
Plan Dalet, adopted by Zionist forces in 1948, aimed to control the Jewish state area and defend settlements, often outside the UN borders.
The Deir Yassin massacre in 1948 was a pivotal event, with extremist Zionist forces attacking despite a peace pact, resulting in many civilian deaths.
The aftermath of Deir Yassin caused widespread fear among Palestinians, leading to mass displacement as refugees.
The creation of Israel was followed by war with neighboring Arab countries, further exacerbating the Nakba and Palestinian displacement.
The Nakba resulted in the forcible displacement of Palestinians and the destruction of over 500 villages, with Israel capturing more land than allotted.
Today, Palestinians commemorate the Nakba, holding keys as a symbol of lost homes and the hope to return, reflecting an ongoing catastrophe.
Transcripts
And it faces the main road to Jerusalem.
This is a story about what happened here in 1948.
We are only 750 people.
And everybody knows each other.
It was a black spot in the history.
That history has been carefully concealed...
purposefully distorted, and in the West, largely forgotten.
They put our village as an example of what they can do.
The massacre in this village was one of many
in a series of catastrophic events...
that became known as the Nakba.
When hundreds of thousands of Palestinians
were violently displaced from their homeland...
in order to create the state of Israel.
“In May of 1948, a new Jewish state
Israel was born in a bath of blood.”
The borders of Palestine have been changed forcefully over time.
But historically, this region has been home to Palestinians for centuries
with hundreds of villages and thriving cities.
One of them being the central city of Jerusalem...
with holy sites important to Jewish
Christian and Muslim people.
By the late Ottoman Empire, Palestinians living here
were overwhelmingly Muslim
with minority Christian and Jewish native populations, too.
But regardless of religion
Palestinians were often referred to as Arabs.
People of the Arabic speaking world
despite their distinctive culture.
Palestinians have long distinguished themselves as Ahl Filastīn...
or the people of Palestine.
They developed a distinctive Arabic accent.
They developed regional food, regional dress, and family ties.
But by the time World War I began...
several key political forces
were competing for control of these lands.
First, there was a growing Arab political movement...
looking for independence from the Ottoman Empire
in hopes of a unified Arab state that would include Palestine.
Then there were Zionists
a political group that had one main goal:
The creation of a Jewish state.
Zionism was a response to an increasingly brutal climate
for Jewish people, particularly in Europe and Russia...
where there was a massive wave of antisemitism...
including large scale attacks in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
After briefly considering other areas for a new state
including Uganda and Argentina...
Zionist leaders decided on Palestine
because of its connection to early religious history.
But there was a third key group with political interests here.
The British.
Control of the region would allow them to expand
their spheres of influence and protect trade routes to India.
During World War I, since both the British
and the Arab independence movement wanted Palestine...
they decided to go after the Ottomans together
with an important pledge.
Through a series of letters in 1916
an Arab leader and a British official agreed
that if Arabs would help the British fight the Ottomans
and give the British economic and other foreign privileges in Arab lands...
in return, the British would recognize and support
an independent Arab state.
Soon the Arabs started doing their part
in revolting against the Ottomans
making it easier for the British to move in.
But the next year the British issued a new declaration
and betrayed the Arabs.
“In 1917, Lord Allenby conquered the Holy Land...
and the Jews were promised a national home in Palestine.”
Without consulting the native Palestinian population...
the British issued what's known as the Balfour Declaration:
Supporting the establishment in Palestine
of a national home for the Jewish people.
So instead of supporting the idea of Palestine
as part of a unified and independent Arab state...
the British pledged to help secure this land for Zionists.
It was a strategic move.
This declaration opened up a pathway for Britain
to gain power in Palestine.
Under the guise
that it was supporting the self-determination of another people...
of a people in Palestine...
who don't reside there yet.
As for Palestine's majority Arab population
the declaration referred to them as non-Jewish communities...
who would be given civil and religious rights...
but not political rights.
A few years later, after World War I ended
Britain gained control of Palestine through a mandate...
that also required them to put the Balfour plans
for Jewish settlement in motion.
And they did.
Between 1922 and 1931
the Jewish population more than doubled.
The migration helped the Zionist movement gain steam.
And a slogan took off.
“A land without people for, a people without land.”
And it sends a message to Western leaders...
that the people who had been living in Palestine for generations...
could just be easily moved elsewhere.
The idea was that those inhabitants weren't a people
with ties to that land.
Palestine was, of course, a land with a people.
In 1931, there were more than 850,000
Palestinian Arabs in the region, still the vast majority.
But with the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party in particular...
“Hate became a rallying call.”
Jewish flight from Europe became even more urgent.
And Palestine started to see
the biggest wave of Jewish emigration yet.
Violence broke out, rooted in tensions over land.
Jewish settlers purchased swaths of fertile land
and evicted tenant farmers
creating a crisis of hundreds of thousands
of landless, dispossessed Palestinian-Arabs.
Though Palestinians fiercely rebelled against
both British colonial forces and Jewish settlers
they were brutally crushed by the British.
They put in Palestine
more troops to repress that rebellion
than they had stationed in India at that time.
All of India.
These troops killed thousands of Palestinians
including many of their leaders
and the British began training and arming Zionist militias
to suppress the rebellion, too.
But the rebellion continued.
So in an attempt to prevent further Palestinian resistance...
the British began to limit Jewish immigration into Palestine.
This ended up angering Zionist extremists
leading to more violence.
So in 1947, after decades of trying to manipulate
both Palestinian Arabs and Zionists to keep their control over Palestine...
Britain gave up...
and handed the question of Palestine to someone else.
“To the United Nations
also came the problem of Palestine.”
“In recent years
this small country had been the scene of disorder and bloodshed.”
They figured, here is this new thing called the United Nations.
Here. In your lap.
Palestine. First gift.
So the United Nations has now to figure out
how do you disentangle this thing...
that the British who helped create.
A UN special committee proposed the land be divided into two states...
a Jewish state and an Arab state, with Jerusalem
as a separate UN-controlled entity.
It was called the Partition Plan of 1947.
The plan shocked Palestinians.
We could not accept the partition plan
because at that time the population was almost 2 to 1.
But the plan proposed giving over half the land
and often the most fertile areas to the Jewish state.
From a purely pragmatic perspective...
the partition plan didn't make much sense for Palestinian Arabs.
That wasn't the only problem with the plan.
Within this proposed area of the Jewish state...
were hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs...
including both Muslims and Christians who had lived there for generations.
On a moral level...
the idea of making hundreds of thousands
of Palestinian Arabs minorities in their own homeland...
seemed unjust and unfair.
In November 1947, the UN put the plan to a vote.
In the aftermath of the Holocaust
and after lobbying from US leaders and Zionists
the UN voted in favor of partition.
“And finally, a momentous decision to partition the Holy Land’s
10,000 square miles.”
Britain announced their mandate over Palestine
would end on May 15th, 1948.
Even as Palestinians continued to reject
the UN's decision to partition the land.
After the partition took place, you know, in 1947...
you know, we really were scared
that something might happen to us.
By the end of 1947
Zionists had several well-developed paramilitary forces...
the largest one known as the Haganah.
And more extremist militias like Irgun.
On March 10th, a couple of months before the British mandate would end
the Haganah adopted what was called Plan Dalet.
Or Plan D.
On paper, the main goal was to gain control of the Jewish state
as laid out in the partition plan, while also defending
Jewish settlements outside of the borders.
In reality, that's where the majority of these operations took place...
outside of the UN's proposed Jewish state.
Some carried out by Haganah and others by more radical militias.
Many of these operations focused on isolating Jerusalem
and the roads to it.
A set of brutal instructions called for
the destruction of Arab villages by setting fire to
blowing up and planting mines.
Especially those population centers
which were difficult to control.
In case of resistance
it called for the population to be expelled
outside of the borders of the state...
villages emptied
and for the occupation and control of Arab villages
along main transportation arteries.
One of the most widely publicized village massacres
happened here in Deir Yassin.
We lkived in Deir Yassin
which is about 4 miles west of Jerusalem.
91 year old Dawud Assad
was there the day of the massacre and was 18 at the time.
On April 9th, 1948, extremist Zionist forces
executing Plan D closed in on Deir Yassin...
even though the village had made a local peace pact
with neighboring Jewish settlements.
Friday morning they attacked us.
Dawud escaped through a trench.
I went down, all the way down here like this.
So about 4 hours walking to Jerusalem.
To this day, the archive of the Israeli army refuses to release
many of the images and intelligence reports on Deir Yassin.
But one UN report detailed circumstances of great savagery...
including women and children stripped, lined up...
photographed and slaughtered.
Roughly 100 people, largely children and the elderly
were killed in the village.
As for Dawud, he later reunited with the group of Deir Yassin captives
in Jerusalem, including his sister and mother.
My mother says...
So everywhere there’s a commotion, you know?
News of what happened in Deir Yassin
spread quickly with far reaching effects.
The Zionist militias used it as a propaganda tool
to tell people about it everywhere.
The idea was that if you don't leave...
we will do to you what happened in Deir Yassin.
Stories came out about women being raped
about babies being killed
and induced a great deal of fear among the Palestinian Arab population
many of them fleeing as a result.
“Jewish troops surrounded Arab forces from the city of Haifa.”
After taking Deir Yassin
Zionist paramilitary groups cleared major cities
including Haifa and Jaffa
and took hundreds of smaller villages and towns, too.
Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were forced to flee
pouring into neighboring states as refugees.
Plan D became the blueprint for carrying out
the ethnic cleansing of historic Palestine
to make room for a new state.
And on May 14th, the day before the British mandate ended...
Zionist declared the state as Israel.
But the creation of Israel didn't end the Nakba.
Neighboring Arab countries that were overwhelmed
by Palestinian refugees immediately went to war with Israel.
“Now united and a league of Arab States...
they are insistent that the entry of refugees
into Palestine must be ended.”
The fighting lasted for months.
Arab armies eventually lost, while Palestinians
continued to be killed and forced out throughout that time.
Palestinians who fled often carried only enough
to stay away for a few weeks
hoping they'd eventually return home.
A lot of them locked their doors
put their key in their pocket and then moved to safer ground.
When you leave the house and you take your keys with you
it’s because you're planning to go home.
In the case of the Palestinians
those refugees weren't allowed to return.
Refugees trying to return were often shot at.
Zionist paramilitary operations also tried to prevent them
from returning again by destroying the villages.
That act of preventing their return compounded the Nakba.
So the Nakba is both the forcible displacement
of Palestinians from their homes and lands and country...
as well as preventing them to return
once the fighting was over.
Palestinian society was dismembered, crushed.
More than half of the Palestinian people
became refugees, stateless, dispossessed of their land.
Over time, the state of Israel
covered up the physical evidence of an Arab Palestine.
Place names were often changed from Arabic ones to Hebrew ones.
The Jewish National Fund embarked on a massive effort
to plant thousands of acres
of pine forests and recreational areas
on top of hundreds of ruined Palestinian villages.
Even though these forests have now grown into big pine trees
Palestinians have not forgotten their homelands.
While we know that roughly 6,000 Israelis
lost their lives in the violence of the Nakba...
records for Palestinian deaths weren't kept.
It's estimated to be around 15,000.
By the end of the Nakba
roughly 750,000 Palestinians had been forcefully expelled...
and more than 500 villages destroyed.
Though the UN’s partition plan allotted Israel 56% of the land
through the Nakba, Israel captured 78% of the land.
It was everything except what's now known as
the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip.
Today, that's up to at least 85% of the total area.
Turning 6 million Palestinians
into refugees without a homeland.
It's why around the same time
that Israelis are celebrating Independence Day...
Palestinians are out protesting on May 15th.
Holding up keys as a symbol of the homes they lost
and the hope to return.
For them, the Nakba isn't just a moment in history.
It's a catastrophe that never really ended.
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