Geografi Kelas XII (5) Struktur Keruangan serta Perkembangan Kota

Summary

The video script discusses the concept of urban geography, focusing on the definition of a city, its characteristics that differentiate it from a village, and the patterns of urban sprawl. It delves into the physical and social features of a city, including economic activities, infrastructure, and the heterogeneity of its population. The script also explores various urban patterns such as centralization, decentralization, nucleation, and segregation, and concludes with theories of urban structure, including concentric zone theory, sector theory, and multiple nuclei theory, providing a comprehensive understanding of urban development.

Takeaways

• 🏙️ The script discusses the structure of urban spaces and the development of cities, contrasting them with villages.
• 🌐 It presents various definitions of a city, including high population density, social and economic diversity, and the ability to meet most economic needs locally.
• 🏢 The script highlights the physical characteristics of a city, such as the presence of markets, supermarkets, ample parking spaces, business centers, recreational areas, and government buildings.
• 👥 Social characteristics of a city include a heterogeneous population, individualistic and materialistic tendencies, and a predominance of non-agricultural occupations.
• 🏘️ The concept of urban patterns includes four types: centralization, decentralization, nucleation, and segregation, each describing different spatial distributions of urban activities.
• 📊 Centralization refers to activities clustering in a central area, while decentralization spreads activities away from the city center.
• 🌟 Nucleation describes a pattern where activities are concentrated but on a smaller scale compared to centralization, forming secondary centers.
• 🚫 Segregation is a pattern where urban areas are distinctly separated based on social, economic, and cultural differences.
• 📚 The script introduces three urban structure theories: Concentric Zone Theory by Burgess, Sector Theory by Hoyt, and Multiple Nuclei Theory by Harris and Ullman.
• 🔄 Concentric Zone Theory suggests that cities develop in concentric circles with the Central Business District at the center and various zones of transition and residential areas around it.
• 🔄 Sector Theory posits that urban development follows irregular sectors along transportation routes, rather than concentric zones.
• 🔄 Multiple Nuclei Theory explains that urban growth can have multiple centers, such as universities or industrial complexes, which can independently stimulate surrounding development.

Q & A

What is the main topic of the lesson discussed in the script?

The main topic of the lesson is the urban structure and development of cities, including the definition of a city, its characteristics, patterns of urbanization, and the structure of urban spaces.

According to Bintarto, what are the key features that distinguish a city from a village?

Bintarto defines a city as a concentration of human life marked by high population density, a heterogeneous socio-economic strata, and a materialistic lifestyle, including both the original inhabitants and newcomers to the area.

What is Max Weber's definition of a city?

Max Weber defines a city as a place where its inhabitants can fulfill most of their economic needs in the local market, without needing to leave the area.

What does the Indonesian Law No. 22 of 1999 on regional autonomy state about the urban area?

The law states that an urban area is a region with non-agricultural main activities, serving as a center for services, governance, social services, and economic activities.

What are the physical characteristics of a city mentioned in the script?

The physical characteristics of a city include the presence of economic facilities such as markets or supermarkets, sufficient parking areas, business centers, recreational and sports areas, government buildings, and multi-story buildings.

What are the social characteristics of a city's population as described in the script?

The social characteristics include a heterogeneous population, individualistic and materialistic behavior, less community cooperation like 'gotong royong', and a majority of non-agricultural occupations.

What are the four patterns of urbanization discussed in the script?

The four patterns of urbanization are centralization, decentralization, nucleation, and segregation.

What is the concept of 'centralization' in urbanization?

Centralization is a pattern where activities are concentrated in one area, forming a central hub for various urban activities.

What does the term 'decentralization' in urbanization refer to?

Decentralization refers to a pattern where activities are dispersed away from the central or core areas of the city.

Can you explain the concept of 'nucleation' in urban development?

Nucleation is a pattern where urban activities are clustered in smaller centers, similar to centralization but on a smaller scale, with the main urban activities located in a primary area.

What is the 'segregation' pattern in urban structure?

Segregation is a pattern where different parts of the city are separated based on social, economic, and cultural conditions, leading to distinct neighborhoods or areas for different social classes.

What are the three main urban development theories discussed in the script?

The three main urban development theories discussed are the Concentric Zone Theory by Burgess, the Sector Theory by Hoyt, and the Multiple Nuclei Theory by Harris and Ullman.

How does the Concentric Zone Theory describe the growth of a city?

The Concentric Zone Theory suggests that urban growth follows a series of concentric circles, with the Central Business District (CBD) at the center, surrounded by various zones such as the transition zone, working-class residential zone, and upper-class residential zone.

What is the Sector Theory's perspective on urban development?

The Sector Theory posits that urban development does not follow a regular concentric pattern but forms sectors along transportation routes, leading to a more irregular, 'spider-web' pattern of urban growth.

How does the Multiple Nuclei Theory differ from the Concentric Zone Theory and the Sector Theory?

The Multiple Nuclei Theory suggests that urban growth is characterized by multiple centers or nuclei, such as universities, industrial complexes, and bus terminals, which can lead to the development of new economic and residential areas around these centers without a set order or pattern.

Outlines

00:00

🏙️ Urban Geography and City Characteristics

This paragraph introduces the topic of urban geography, focusing on the structure and development of cities. It discusses various definitions of a city, highlighting the differences between a city and a village based on population density, social and economic strata, and the presence of non-agricultural activities. The paragraph also outlines the characteristics of a city, both physically, such as the presence of buildings and economic facilities, and socially, including the heterogeneity of its population and individualistic, materialistic tendencies.

05:00

🌐 Patterns of Urban Spatial Structure

The second paragraph delves into the patterns of urban spatial structure, describing four main patterns: centralization, decentralization, nucleation, and segregation. Centralization refers to activities concentrated in one area, while decentralization spreads them away from the city center. Nucleation is similar to centralization but on a smaller scale, and segregation refers to the separation of urban areas based on social, economic, and cultural differences. The paragraph aims to provide an understanding of how cities are organized spatially and the implications of these patterns on urban life.

10:02

📚 Theories of Urban Development and Spatial Structure

The final paragraph presents different theories that explain the development and spatial structure of cities. It begins with Burgess's Concentric Zone Theory, which suggests that cities grow in concentric circles around a central business district. Then, it discusses the Sector Theory introduced by Homer Hoyt, which posits that urban development follows along transportation routes, forming sectors rather than concentric zones. Lastly, the Multiple Nuclei Theory by Harris and Ullman is mentioned, which argues that cities can have multiple centers of growth, such as universities or industrial complexes, leading to a more complex and less orderly urban structure.

Keywords

💡Urban Structure

Urban Structure refers to the physical and social organization of a city, including the arrangement of buildings, roads, and public spaces, as well as the distribution of different social and economic activities. In the video's theme, urban structure is essential for understanding the development and layout of a city, with examples given such as the presence of high-rise buildings and the absence of agricultural fields, indicating a shift from rural to urban characteristics.

💡Geographic Lessons

Geographic Lessons are educational sessions focused on the study of geography, which includes understanding the physical features, human populations, and phenomena on Earth. The script mentions a geographic lesson as the context for discussing urban development, indicating that the video is part of an educational series aimed at teaching viewers about cities and their evolution.

💡City Characteristics

City Characteristics are the distinctive features that differentiate cities from other types of settlements, such as villages or towns. The video outlines physical and social characteristics, such as high population density, economic diversity, and the presence of infrastructure like supermarkets and parking facilities, which are indicative of an urban area's identity and function.

💡Central Business District (CBD)

The Central Business District, or CBD, is the commercial and financial hub of a city where the majority of economic activities take place. It is typically characterized by skyscrapers, offices, and retail spaces. In the context of the video, the CBD is mentioned as the center of urban activities, highlighting its importance in the urban structure and economic life of a city.

💡Urban Functions

Urban Functions refer to the roles and services that a city provides, such as governance, social services, and economic activities. The script discusses the non-agricultural activities of a city, emphasizing that urban areas are primarily focused on trade, services, and other economic activities, which are essential for the city's functioning and development.

💡Urban Patterns

Urban Patterns describe the distribution and arrangement of urban activities and spaces within a city. The video script mentions different urban patterns such as centralization, decentralization, and segregation, which illustrate how cities grow and evolve over time, affecting the social and economic dynamics within them.

💡Concentric Zone Theory

Concentric Zone Theory is a model developed by sociologist Ernest Burgess that explains the growth of cities in a series of concentric circles, with the CBD at the center and different zones of land use radiating outward. The script uses this theory to explain the layered structure of urban areas, with each zone having distinct characteristics and functions.

💡Sector Theory

Sector Theory, introduced by Homer Hoyt, suggests that urban development is not uniform or concentric but occurs in sectors along transportation routes. This theory acknowledges that cities can grow in irregular patterns, influenced by factors such as transportation networks and land availability, as mentioned in the script.

💡Multiple Nuclei Theory

Multiple Nuclei Theory, proposed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, posits that cities can have multiple centers of growth, each acting as a nucleus for different activities and developments. The script refers to this theory to illustrate how cities can have various focal points, such as universities, industrial complexes, and bus terminals, that contribute to the city's urban structure.

💡Urban Segregation

Urban Segregation is the physical separation of different social, economic, or ethnic groups within a city. The video script discusses this concept in the context of housing, where different classes of residents live in distinct areas, reflecting the socio-economic disparities and spatial organization of urban populations.

💡Urban Planning

Urban Planning is the process of designing and regulating the use of space in urban areas to accommodate the needs of the population while ensuring the city's sustainable growth. Although not explicitly mentioned in the script, the discussion of urban patterns and structures implies the importance of urban planning in shaping the development of cities.

Highlights

The lecture begins with a discussion on the definition of a city, highlighting different perspectives from various experts.

A city is described as a high-density human settlement with a heterogeneous socio-economic structure, according to Bintarto's definition.

Max Weber's definition emphasizes that a city's inhabitants can meet most of their economic needs within the local market.

Indonesian Law No. 22 of 1999 defines an urban area as one with non-agricultural activities, focusing on services and governance.

The physical characteristics of a city include the absence of rice fields and the presence of multi-story buildings and commercial centers.

Social characteristics of a city include a heterogeneous population, individualistic and materialistic attitudes, and less community cooperation.

The city's economic activities are predominantly non-agricultural, focusing on services and various economic sectors.

The lecture introduces four patterns of urban spatial structure: centralization, decentralization, nucleation, and segregation.

Centralization refers to activities concentrated in one area, while decentralization disperses activities away from the city center.

Nucleation describes a pattern where urban activities are clustered in smaller centers, resembling centralization on a smaller scale.

Segregation is a pattern where different social, economic, and cultural groups are spatially separated within the city.

Agnes W. Burgess's Concentric Zone Theory is introduced, explaining urban development in layers with the Central Business District at the center.

Homer Hoyt's Sector Theory suggests that urban development follows sectors along transportation routes, forming a 'spiderweb' pattern.

The Multiple Nuclei Theory by Harris and Ullman explains urban growth from multiple growth centers, leading to a complex urban structure.

The lecture emphasizes the importance of understanding the social and economic factors that influence urban spatial patterns.

The theoretical contributions provide insights into urban planning and the development of sustainable city structures.

Practical applications of these theories can guide policymakers in addressing urban challenges and enhancing city functionality.

The lecture concludes with an invitation for questions and further discussion, encouraging active engagement with the material.

Transcripts

Hai Oke Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi

wabarakatuh Yan anak ada pelajaran

geografi kali ini pembahasan kita adalah

tentang struktur keruangan serta

perkembangan kota kalau di pertemuan

selanjutnya kita sudah bahas tentang

Desa Nah sekarang kita paste punk

kotanya apa aja yang kita pas yang

pertama kita akan membahas tentang

definisinya yang kedua ciri-ciri kota

apa sih yang membedakan kota dengan Desa

Kanada cirinya yang ketiga pola

keruangan kota dan yang terakhir nanti

kita akan bahas tentang struktur

keruangan kota

jadi ada 4 pembahasan ya

oke jam pertama kita akan coba bahas

tentang definisi kuota apa sih kota itu

atau beberapa ahli yang mendefinisikan

tentang kota seperti yang pertama yaitu

bintarto mengatakan bahwa kota sebagai

kesatuan jaringan kehidupan manusia yang

ditandai kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi

diwarnai dengan strata sosial ekonomi

yang heterogen serta corak

materialistis masyarakat kota terdiri

atas mulut asli daerah tersebut dan

pendatang jadi dari definisi ini kita

bisa menangkap ya Apa sih itu kota ya

yang kedua yaitu pengertian kota menurut

Max Weber Apa itu kota-kota adalah suatu

tempat yang penghuninya dapat memenuhi

sebagian besar kebutuhan ekonominya di

pasar lokal jadi ndak usah keluar dari

wilayahnya cukup di daerah lokal situ

kebutuhannya sudah terpenuhi itu

dianggap kota

yang ketiga definisi tentang kota

menurut UU Nomor 22 tahun 99 tentang

otonomi daerah

kawasan perkotaan adalah kawasannya

mempunyai kegiatan utama bukan pertanian

dengan susunan fungsi kawasan Khan

sebagai tempat pelayanan jasa

pemerintahan pelayanan sosial dan

kegiatan ekonomi

Oke jadi Beberapa definisi kota seperti

itu lalu apa sih definisi kota itu

silahkan kalian bisa simpulkan sendiri

jadi kota itu adalah suatu kawasan yang

kegiatannya bukan pertanian ya berarti

di bidang perdagangan dan jasa di

macem-macem nantinya bangunannya banyak

sekali tidak ada sawah di situ yang ada

adalah bangunan gedung bertingkat Oke

kalian bisa mendefinisikan sendiri apa

itu kota

selanjutnya kita akan membahas tentang

ciri-ciri kota ya kita bahas apa sih

ciri kota

[Musik]

kalau kita lihat dari ciri kota ada dua

ciri kita bisa melihatnya secara fisik

maupun secara sosial

Hai Yuk kita lihat satu-persatu

barangkali

Hai service ICT yaitu meliputi wujudnya

bukan manusianya Bagaimana jodoh kota

banyak sekali sarana perekonomian

Seperti apa ya seperti pasar atau super

supermarket tempat parkir yang memadai

nya banyak sekali tempat parkir kan

karena di situ banyak sekali daerah

pusat bisnis atau daerah perekonomian

tempat rekreasi dan olahraga rekreasi

yang dimaksud disini Yap lupa

warna-warna itu lunak ya bukannya

rekreasi naik gunung kalau naik gunung

ya tetep aja wisata itu ada di daerah

pedesaan

calon alun-alun Utara Kota gedung-gedung

pemerintahan gedung-gedung bertingkat

naik itu semua ada di daerah kota itu

merupakan ciri fisik dari kota bisa

dipahami ya

hai oke bagaimana dengan ciri sosialnya

masyarakatnya heterogen heterogen

artinya macem-macem

bersifat individualistik dan

materialistik Maksudnya apa ya Kalau

dari segi Gotong royongnya kurang

walaupun tak semua anak ya kemudian

lebih banyak memperhitungkan dan faktor

ekonominya Maksudnya materialis seperti

itu dihitung-hitung jawal Bunda semua

juga sih tapi kebanyakan seperti itu

karena memang banyak orang yang ke kota

untuk bekerja maka yang dihitung adalah

ekonominya ketiga yaitu mata pencaharian

nonagraris ya banyak bergerak dibidang

jasa banyak bergerak dibidang

perda-perda gangan jadi seperti itu

corak kehidupannya bersifat gesellschaft

ya sebatas hubungan kerja aja setelah

kerja Sudah selesai kalau di daerah

pedesaan gemescraft guyub peguyuban

seperti itu ya kesenjangan

yang antara golongan masyarakat kaya dan

masyarakat miskin ya kebanyakan seperti

itu makanya nanti akan ada pola

keruangan nanti kita lihat ya di

pembahasan ini nanti yaitu ada

sekresi yaitu kelompok yang kayak ada

kelompok yang miskin

norma-norma agama tidak begitu ketat ya

mungkin karena masyarakatnya hidrogen

tidak semua keyakinannya sama pandangan

hidup lebih rasional ya menerapkan

strategi keruangan yaitu pemisahan

kompleks atau kelompok sosial masyarakat

secara tegas jadi jelas tuh atau

batas-batasnya pilipili punyaku induk

nyamuk jelas

deh Jadi itu ya ciri-cirinya baik secara

fisik maupun secara sosial

selanjutnya kita akan bahas tentang pola

keruangan kota Olla itu bentuknya nak ya

jadi bentuk keruangan kota Seperti apa

ya kita bahas nah pola keruangan kota

Hai ada empat pola dalam golongan kota

itu yang pertama adalah pola

sentralisasi Sentral bisa kalian sedikit

Tamiya dari kata ini yang kedua pola

desentralisasi

di bukan memusatkan yang ketika pola

nukleasi dan yang keempat adalah pola

segregasi yang saya baca deskripsi ya

Oke kita bahas satu persatu Apa itu pola

sentralisasi

Sentral berarti merupakan pola dimana

pola persebaran kegiatan yang cenderung

mengelompok pada suatu wilayah jadi ada

mengelompok di satu tempat

itu kegiatannya di situ nah itu yang

disebut dengan pola sentralisasi

pola dimana pola persebaran kegiatan

yang cenderung mengelompok cat

kegiatannya di situ terus itu pola

sentralisasi

kekurangannya seperti itu Naya yang

kedua ada pola desentralisasi

desentralisasi

nih lamanya sentralisasi yaitu merupakan

pola persebaran yang cenderung menjauhi

Pusat atau inti kota selanjutnya yaitu

pola nukleasi apa sih nukleasi ini

merupakan pola persebaran kegiatan kota

yang menyerupai pola sentralisasi jadi

kayak memusat gitu tetapi skala Ukuran

lebih kecil itu enggak sebesar yang

sentralisasi inti kegiatan perkotaan

berada di daerah utama jadi kayak

sentralisasi cuma segalanya lebih kecil

berarti sentralisasi itu besar jauh

jelas besar karena memusat kota itu

pusatnya pusat kegiatannya memusat di

satu tempat itu Nah kalau laisasy kayak

gitu juga cuman segalanya kecil

terakhir ada pola sekresi nah ini

endscreen ya merupakan pola persebaran

kota yang terpisah-pisah berdasarkan

keadaan sosialnya ekonomi nah budaya dan

sebagainya maka tidak heran kalau kalian

diperkotaan ada sebuah Pemukiman atau ya

semacam perumahan gitu ya formal kelas

elit kita ada pemukiman ya penduduk

menengah kebawah karena bisa lihat nanti

bentuknya rumah-rumah penduduk yang di

pemukiman elit sama di kelas menengah

kebawah jauh berbeda

Edis berbeda Naya ada empat pola Dage

semoga kalian bisa memahami

terakhir kita akan bahas struktur

keruangan kota

apa saja struktur keruangan kota itu

struktur keruangan kota ada banyaknya

tapi Disini yang saya bahas yang paling

banyak dibahas aja kalau saya pas semua

terlalu panjang videonya yang pertama

yaitu teori konsentris miliknya borj

jadi Teori ini dikembangkan oleh Agnes W

Burgess yang menyatakan bahwa

perkembangan suatu kota dan mengikuti

Pola lingkaran lingkaran konsentrik

Pola lingkaran lingkaran konsentrik

masing-masing zona tumbuh sedikit demi

sedikit ke arah luar pada semua bagian

sehingga pada akhirnya akan terbentuk

pola keruangan yang berlapis-lapis

dengan daerah CBD Central bisnis distrik

sebagai pusatnya Oke sekarang kita lihat

gambar disebelah kanan yang bawah ini

atau nomor

1234566 satu ini adalah pusat

kegiatannya yang kita sebut dengan

Central bisnis distrik

kemudian Disini di daerah sekitar

lapisan nomor satu itu akan ada zona

peralihan

mulai beralih

mudah nomor 3 di sini ada Perumahan para

pekerja

yang keempat ada zona punggungan yang

lebih baik hatinya kelas menengah gitu

ya atau yang lebih baik secara ekonomi

nya kemudian terakhir di sini ada zona

penglaju Hai langsung sama antara gambar

yang diatas dengan yang dibawa ini sama

enak ya jadi menurut produce ada

lapisan-lapisan seperti ini Oke semoga

kalian bisa paham ya kalau ada gambar

seperti ini berarti itu teorinya Buruj

teori konsentris

ada teori sektoral dan sektor-sektor

Siapa yang memperkenalkan ini yaitu oleh

How much she ndak tahu baca namanya

jelasin ya tulisannya Homer hoyt gitu ya

Ia menyatakan bahwa perkembangan unit

kegiatan di daerah kota tidak mengikuti

zona yang teratur secara konsentris jadi

enggak kayak yang punya nyebur j-stage

tetapi dengan membentuk sektor-sektor

tertentu sektor-sektor tersebut bisa

terjadi di sepanjang jalur transportasi

darat maupun air sehingga perkembangan

kota lebih menyerupai gurita atau

seperti gurita ia kalian nilai sendiri

Hai tapi yang penting kalian bisa pahami

ketika melihat gambar ini

jelas yang ditengah adalah CBD Central

bisnis distrik mudah di sini ada jalur

khusus yaitu high-class residen artinya

pemukiman kelas atas orang-orang

perekonomiannya tinggi kemudian yang

hijau ini adalah medium class Residence

artinya Perumahan kelas menengah dan

yang orange kecil ini adalah Perumahan

kelas bawah sedangkan yang ungu adalah

daerah industri jadi bisa kalian pahami

seperti Nia gambarnya ini yang dimaksud

dengan teori sektoral selanjutnya yaitu

teori Inti Ganda di-share tiga teori aja

ya karena tiga Doremi yang paling banyak

diulas ketika pujian atau ya Tes tes

masuk perguruan tinggi jadi ada Teori

ini sebenarnya banyak sekali sih

teorinya cuma saya lebih fokus ke sini

aja ya dan semoga kalian bisa memahami

Teori ini Ganda ini atau kita sebut

dengan multipel nug teori dikemukakan

oleh harus dan Ullman 45 pertumbuhan

kota berawal dari pusat pertumbuhan jadi

ada pusat-pusat nya itu kemudian menjadi

bentuk Kompleks karena muncul nukleus

nukleus baru Knuckle sedikit apa Satria

sebagai kutub pertumbuhan seperti

perguruan tinggi Kompleks industri dan

terminal bus dalam teori ini tidak ada

urutannya teratur dari zona-zona kota

seperti halnya teori konsentris maupun

teori sektoral kalau kalian lihat tadi

teori sektoral maupun teori konsentris

kan CBD ada di tengah ya pusat kemudian

mudah menyebar ke samping samping dan

bentuk zona-zona baru jangan di teoritik

Anda hendak seperti itu contoh tempat

itu tidak ada

kegiatan yang yang berpusat atau berarti

gitu tiba-tiba dibangun sebuah terminal

bus di situ tiba-tiba dibangun pabrik

tiba-tiba dibangun perguruan tinggi

tempat sekolah maka disitu akan itu

sesuatu pusat-pusat baru yang disebut

dengan nukleus tadi itu nah mulai karena

the perguruan tinggi mulai disampingnya

ke pemukiman kemudian ada pusat

perdagangan dan seterusnya berkembang

terminal bus dibangun terminal bus

sekitar terminal bus tiba-tiba membangun

daerah perekonomian banyak sekali orang

Berdagang di situ dan banyak hal yang

lain begitu juga dengan industri jadi

semuanya bersifat linier saling

mengikuti begitu enak ya oke Ada tiga

teori yang kita bahas sedih semoga

kalian bisa memahami baik Nah kita sudah

membahas tentang definisi ciri kota pola

keruangan dan struktur keruangan semoga

kalian bisa memahaminya dan ilmunya

bermanfaat kalau ada pertanyaan silakan

kalian tulis saja di kolom komentar

terima kasih dan salamualaikum

warahmatullahi wabarakatuh sampai jumpa

di pertemuan selanjutnya