Biofarmasi Sediaan Obat yang Diberikan Melalui Kulit (Perkutan)

Summary

This video script discusses the biopharmaceutical aspects of drug preparations administered through the skin. It covers the anatomy of the skin layers, highlighting the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, as well as their functions. The script explores drug absorption mechanisms such as transdermal, transappendageal, and intercellular pathways. Factors affecting percutaneous absorption, like age, blood flow, and temperature, are detailed. The advantages and disadvantages of percutaneous drug administration are outlined, including avoiding first-pass metabolism and the need for special formulations. The script also emphasizes in vitro and in vivo methods to evaluate drug bioavailability.

Takeaways

• 😀 The skin consists of multiple layers, including the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum germinativum, each with specific functions in protecting the body.
• 😀 The dermis layer of skin contains nerve fibers and glands, while the hypodermis, the deepest layer, stores fat and connects the dermis to muscles and bones.
• 😀 The skin has several functions, including acting as a barrier against physical and chemical attacks, regulating body temperature, and protecting from microorganisms.
• 😀 Percutaneous absorption refers to the process by which compounds penetrate the skin, passing through the epidermis and entering the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
• 😀 Drug absorption through the skin occurs via three main routes: transdermal (through the skin), transappendageal (through hair follicles and sweat ducts), and intercellular (through skin cell layers).
• 😀 Physiological factors affecting percutaneous absorption include skin condition, age, blood flow, humidity, temperature, and the application site.
• 😀 The effectiveness of percutaneous drug delivery can be optimized by selecting suitable carriers and considering physicochemical factors like molecular weight, concentration, and diffusion constant.
• 😀 Key factors in selecting the right carrier include solubility, thermodynamic conditions, surfactants, and penetration enhancers.
• 😀 Advantages of percutaneous drug administration include avoiding first-pass metabolism, reducing plasma drug fluctuations, preventing gastrointestinal irritation, and easy cessation of drug use if necessary.
• 😀 Disadvantages include slower onset compared to oral administration, potential skin irritation, limited drug suitability (only certain drugs penetrate the skin), and the need for special formulation design.
• 😀 Drug bioavailability through the skin can be evaluated through in vitro diffusion studies and in vivo absorption studies, helping determine the best carriers and formulation effectiveness.

Q & A

What are the different layers of the skin mentioned in the script?

The skin consists of the following layers: the epidermis (which includes the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum germinativum), the dermis (which includes the papillary and reticular layers), and the hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue).

What is the function of the stratum corneum?

The stratum corneum is the uppermost layer of the epidermis, and its primary function is to protect the body from physical and chemical attacks by serving as a barrier.

How does the stratum corneum function in percutaneous absorption?

The stratum corneum functions as a semipermeable membrane, determining the absorption rate of substances. It regulates the movement of compounds based on their concentration gradient and partition coefficient between oil and water.

What is the role of the dermis in drug absorption through the skin?

The dermis supports blood vessels, nerves, and glands that are involved in the absorption process. The papillary layer contains nerve endings that play a role in the sensory functions, while the reticular layer helps anchor the dermis to the hypodermis.

What factors influence percutaneous absorption of drugs?

The factors that affect percutaneous absorption include the condition and age of the skin, blood flow, humidity and temperature, and the location of the drug application.

What are the routes of drug transport through the skin?

The main routes of drug transport through the skin are transdermal (through the epidermis), transappendageal (through hair follicles and sweat ducts), and intercellular (through the spaces between skin cells).

What are the advantages of percutaneous drug administration?

The advantages of percutaneous drug administration include avoiding first-pass metabolism, reducing plasma drug fluctuations, preventing irritation of the digestive tract, and providing the ability to stop the drug administration if an error occurs.

What are the disadvantages of percutaneous drug administration?

Disadvantages of percutaneous drug administration include slower drug absorption compared to oral administration, the potential for skin irritation, limited drug selection (only those that can penetrate the skin), and the requirement for special formulation design.

How is the bioavailability of drugs administered through the skin evaluated?

The bioavailability of drugs administered through the skin can be evaluated using in vitro diffusion studies, which test the release of the active substance, and absorption studies (in vitro and in vivo) to measure systemic absorption and localization within the skin.

What are some examples of transdermal drug preparations mentioned in the script?

Examples of transdermal drug preparations mentioned include the nicotine transdermal system, nitroglycerin transdermal system, estradiol transdermal system, and clonidine transdermal system.