Food is not only culture, it's diplomacy: Leah Selim at TEDxGowanus
Summary
TLDRこのビデオスクリプトでは、食文化が人々の文化とアイデンティティに深く根ざしており、新しい場所の体験を通じて文化を体験する重要な手段であることが強調されています。アメリカの食文化は移民の影響を受けており、食は新しい文化に適応する過程で重要な役割を果たします。また、移民コミュニティにおける食の習慣の変化や、食を通じた文化交流の重要性が語られています。グローバルキッチンというソーシャルエンタープライズを通じて、移民による料理教室が文化の維持と共有の場となっています。
Takeaways
- 🌐 食文化は新しい場所の体験に欠かせない要素で、食べ物を通してその国の文化を体験することができます。
- 🍴 食は私たちの文化やアイデンティティに深く関わっており、私たちが料理するものは、私たちが誰であるか、どこから来たかを表現しています。
- 🌍 食を通して異文化を体験することは、人々の間の共通点を築き、友情やコミュニティを築く重要な手段です。
- 🏛 政府が食を通じて外交を行っており、食を利用して国を紹介し、その国の文化を知らしめるツールとして利用しています。
- 🇺🇸 アメリカの食文化は多様で複雑で、移民の影響を受けていますが、特定の食文化に強く結びついているとは言えません。
- 🤒 病気や異国の文化に直面することで、自分の故郷の食に対する懐かしさや食への依存が強くなることがあります。
- 📈 文化適応の過程で、移民は新しい食文化に慣れ、自分の故郷の食文化を失うことがあります。
- 👩🍳 グローバルキッチンは移民による料理教室を提供し、食を通じて文化の交流を促進しています。
- 📚 食は文化的資本を維持し、伝統的なレシピや料理のテクニックを記録することで、文化を保存することができます。
- 🎓 食は教育的なものでもあり、料理教室では食の文化や歴史的背景について学ぶことができます。
- 🏅 食は国を代表するもので、食を通じて国をブランド化し、国際的な認知を高める効果があります。
Q & A
旅行先で体験する文化の一つとして食べ物はどうして重要なのですか?
-食べ物は新しい場所の文化を体験する重要な手段であり、その国の文化やアイデンティティを直接体験する方法です。
アメリカ人の食文化の特徴は何ですか?
-アメリカの食文化は移民の影響を受けており、多様性があります。しかし、典型的にはファーストフードやバーベキューなどがありますが、健康的な選択肢ではなく、米国産の優れた食品も多くあります。
脚本で言及された「食のホームシック」とは何を指しますか?
-食のホームシックとは、新しい国や文化に移住した際に、自分の故郷の食べ物への懐かしさやその食べ物への強い願望を指します。
文化適応の4つの段階とはどのようなものですか?
-文化適応の4段階は、ハネymoonステージ、ホストリリティまたはコンフリクトフェーズ、アジャストメントフェーズ、そしてホームステージです。
移民が新しい国に移住する際の食習慣の変化について教えてください。
-移民は新しい国に移住すると、初めはアドベンチャースな食習慣を持ちますが、その後ホストリティフェーズに入って伝統的な食べ物に戻り、最終的には新しい国の食べ物を同じ頻度で消費するようになります。
グローバルキッチンとはどのようなプロジェクトですか?
-グローバルキッチンは、移民による料理教室を開催するソーシャルエンタープライズで、彼らの故国の伝統的な料理を教えます。
グローバルキッチンの料理教室で強調されることは何ですか?
-料理教室では、食べ物の文化や歴史的背景に加えて、料理と文化の交流を通じて参加者同士のつながりを築くことを目指します。
ガストロポルティクスとはどのような概念ですか?
-ガストロポルティクスは、政府が食べ物を通じて文化やアイデンティティをコミュニケートし、国際的な影響力を獲得することを目的としたツールです。
タイのガストロポルティクスプログラムの成功はどのように評価されますか?
-タイのガストロポルティクスプログラムは、世界中でタイ料理のレストランの数を大幅に増やし、タイ自体が人気が高まる旅行先として知られるようになりました。
脚本で言及された「文化的なアイデンティティの喪失」とは何を指しますか?
-文化的なアイデンティティの喪失とは、移民が新しい国に移住し、新しい文化に適応する過程で、彼らの故郷の伝統的な食べ物や調理法を失うことを指します。
脚本の講演者はなぜグローバルキッチンを立ち上げましたか?
-講演者は、食を通じて文化的アイデンティティを維持し、故郷とのつながりを保つ方法を提供し、文化の多様性と伝統を保存することを目的としてグローバルキッチンを立ち上げました。
Outlines
🍽 食文化とアイデンティティ
第1段落では、旅行者が新しい場所で体験する文化を通して食べ物的重要性が強調されています。食べ物は文化やアイデンティティに深く関わっており、外国で食べ物を試すことはその国の文化を体験する素晴らしい方法です。また、新しい国に移住する際には、自宅の食べ物を調理することで故郷への繫がりを保つことができます。食文化は人々の間で共通のつながりを築く手段として機能し、食を通じて友情やコミュニティを強化することができます。
🌐 食と文化的適応
第2段落では、新しい文化に適応する過程における食の役割について説明されています。文化的適応にはホネymoonステージ、対立期、調整期、そして最終的な「ホーム」ステージの4つの段階があります。移民コミュニティにおける食の習慣の変化や、食文化の喪失とその影響についても触れられています。また、移民による伝統的な料理教室を通じて文化を維持する取り組みが紹介されています。
🏛 食による文化外交
第3段落では、食を通じた文化外交の概念が紹介されています。政府が資金を提供して、外国の観客に自国の料理を紹介するプログラムが存在します。これは国家のイメージを高めるためのツールとして機能しており、観光を促進する効果もあります。各国の成功した事例が挙げられ、食は文化を伝える強力な手段であることが強調されています。
👨🍳 グローバルキッチンのミッション
第4段落では、スピーカーが設立した「グローバルキッチン」という社会起業家企業について語られています。移民による伝統的な料理教室を提供し、文化の交流の場を提供することを目的としています。料理教室を通じて、食の背後にある文化や歴史を伝え、食文化の維持と共有を目指しています。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡文化体験
💡食文化
💡グローバリゼーション
💡食の多様性
💡食の故郷への絆
💡アクカルチュレーション
💡食のグローバルな普及
💡食の外交
💡移民コミュニティの食習慣
💡グローバルキッチン
Highlights
Experiencing a new culture through its food is essential as it reflects the identity and heritage of a place.
Food is a powerful tool for cultural exchange and can build friendships and communities.
Gastro diplomacy programs are used by governments to introduce their cuisine to foreign audiences for cultural awareness and tourism.
American food culture is diverse and constantly evolving due to its immigrant history.
The speaker's personal experience with homesickness in Uganda was strongly tied to missing American food.
Acculturation involves reconciling familiar and unfamiliar foods when adjusting to a new culture.
Cultural anthropologists have identified four stages of acculturation: honeymoon, hostility, adjustment, and home stages.
Immigrant communities in America often go through cycles of cultural adjustment affecting their food choices and health.
Studies show that the influence of traditional diets can be lost within one generation of immigrants in America.
Global Kitchen is a social enterprise aimed at preserving and sharing cultural traditions through cooking classes.
Global Kitchen emphasizes the cultural and historical context behind the dishes taught in their classes.
Gastro diplomacy is a tool used by governments to communicate culture and identity through food for international influence.
Thailand's Global Thai program successfully increased the number of Thai restaurants worldwide, boosting tourism.
Other countries like Korea, Taiwan, and Peru have followed Thailand's lead in using gastro diplomacy to promote their cuisines internationally.
Food is an effective way to make a country more approachable to foreign audiences, as demonstrated by Thailand's success.
Sharing food culture creates immediate connections and can help preserve cultural identity, as seen in personal and Global Kitchen experiences.
Transcripts
[Music]
[Applause]
for those of you who've been lucky
enough to travel abroad in the recent
past think about the first things you
wanted to do and see you probably had
some museums and historical landmarks to
check out but all bet that you also had
eating food near the top of your to-do
list and not just because you're hungry
but also because so much of actually
experiencing the culture of a new place
is trying the food it's why we try pasta
in Italy and why we tried tacos and
tamales in Mexico and it's definitely
why Anthony Bourdain tried warthog anus
in
Namibia and not just for the TV ratings
so every destination has has a dish or a
Cuisine associated with it and that's
because food is so deeply tied to our
culture and our identity what we cook is
an expression of who we are and where we
come from and when we're traveling
abroad trying the food from that country
is a great way to experience the culture
firsthand in the same respect when
you're moving to a new country cooking
and eating the food from your home is a
great way to feel connected and
nostalgic about that place and bring you
back to your roots and your foundation
sharing that food with other people can
instantly connect you to people very
much unlike yourself common sality is a
stepping stone for building friendships
and communities and strengthening ties
between disperate groups so today
there's also a growing Trend among
governments in Middle power countries to
create government funded gastro
diplomacy programs which basically serve
as a tool to introduce the cuisine of a
country to a foreign an audience in
order to gain awareness for the country
itself so as our world becomes
increasingly
globalized cooking and sharing food have
become powerful tools for preserving
culture outside of its cultural and
geographical
context so I'm here today to talk to you
about the importance of maintaining this
diversity in our culinary landscape and
preserving and sharing cultural
Traditions through food so so to start
as Americans our food culture is a
little bit muddled first of all uh the
food that's typically associated with
the American diet isn't really good food
I'm thinking mostly of like Ballpark
Franks and fast food cheeseburgers
things that taste really good but aren't
getting any Michelin stars and second of
all America is a country of immigrants
so our Cuisine is constantly being
influenced by food that's coming in from
different countries and because of that
even even though I'm a fifth generation
American I never really strongly
identified with a specific American food
culture until fairly recently when I was
geographically removed from it and that
happened in the summer of 2010 when I
went to Uganda to live and work on a
farm with a farmer named Bob and his
family in order to learn more about
agriculture and Food Systems in
developing countries so while I was
there about four weeks into my trip I
got malaria which unfortunately is very
common in Uganda it's much like getting
the flu here and I knew this I had been
to malaria emic countries before I was
well aware that with a quick diagnosis
and proper drugs it was totally
treatable but being a stereotypical
American when I was sitting in that
little rural hospital and that doctor
told me that I did in fact have malaria
I freaked out I was really scared and I
think it was the first time in my adult
life that I felt truly
homesick so in the following weeks even
though I couldn't actually eat anything
I was dreaming about American food and
whenever I got a chance I would text my
sister and ask her what she was eating
and what she had eaten earlier that day
and what everyone else around her was
eating and I was dreaming about
chocolate and coffee and bread and I
think the chees the food that I miss the
most and this won't come as a surprise
to anyone was
cheese
and ironically
during that week when I was getting
better my entire extended family was
vacationing in the state of Wisconsin
cheese capital of America so this food
homesickness is was really weird to me
it was something that I had never
experienced before but it's actually
really common among people who are
moving into a new country and adjusting
to a new culture reconciling that old
and familiar food with the new
unfamiliar food is part of a larger
process called acculturation
and although this is different for
everyone cultural anthropologists have
mapped it into roughly four stages so
the first is the honeymoon stage which
is pretty self-explanatory it's
basically when everything is new and
exciting and you're like on an adventure
in this new country and then the next is
the hostility or the conflict phase um
at which point those differences in
culture become grading and everyday life
can become a little bit
frustrating and then you move up through
the adjustment phase when you can
objectively identify the differences in
culture and kind of approach it with a
more light-hearted sense of humor and
then finally there's the home stage at
which point you're about as close to
assimilation as you're going to get most
people adapt either a bicultural
Identity or relinquish their old
cultural identity entirely and it should
be noted that these stages are much more
pronounced when you're moving into a
culture that is starkly different from
your original culture and also when you
have little to no contact with your home
culture so I found a lot of reference to
them in literature for peace score
volunteers for
example so I was never in Uganda or
anywhere else long enough to go through
all four of these stages but in a
country like America that has a large
immigrant population people are going
through this U curve of cultural
adjustment all the time it's been well
documented and there's actually a lot of
really interesting literature about the
effect it can have on food purchasing
and food consumption habits among
immigrant communities so one study of
Korean immigrants in America found that
when they first moved here they were
very venturesome in their purchase of
American food products um and then they
kind of quickly moved into the hostility
phase at which point they reverted back
to purchasing more traditional Korean
food products and then made their way up
to the home phase at which point they
were purchasing those American food
products with about the same frequency
that they had been when they first moved
here there's also multiple studies
showing that when nonwestern immigrants
move into Western countries like America
their rates of obesity and diab diabetes
rise to about the same levels as those
that are in their new adopted home and
this trend is associated directly with
their increased consumption of Western
foods and finally a study of Mexican
immigrants in America found that in just
one generation the influence of the
Mexican diet was almost entirely lost so
as these communities are moving into
second and third and fourth gener gener
ations they're losing some of the
traditional foods to make way for the
American foods and with that they're
losing some of that sense of culture and
identity and this experience was
actually Illustrated beautifully in a
recent New York Times article in which
the author herself and the subject she
interviews discussed desperately trying
to hold on to those recipes and culinary
Traditions from their parents and their
grandparents in order to maintain a
connection to family and into their home
country she says quote over Generations
pallets evolve and Customs fade the old
ways of cooking are quietly
forgotten so in an effort to kind of
curb that loss of cultural capital as
social scientists like to call it uh me
and two of my friends from graduate
school Ryan and Pete started Global
kitchen which is a social Enterprise
that hosts immigrant Le cooking classes
and our classes are based in the New
York City area and all of the chefs that
we work with teach the cuisine from
their home country so they'll be they'll
be home cooks and they'll sometimes be
classically cled trained chefs but they
always teach traditional foods to our
students that are common in their
countries of origin some of these foods
are well known to an American audience
such as Filipino adobo and Indian curry
and some you'd be hardpressed to find in
any restaurant even in New York City a
good example of that is Egyptian koshery
which is actually incredibly popular in
Egypt but because because it's so labor
intensive and there's so little demand
for it in the United States there's no
real justification for serving it in
restaurants
here so one of the things that we really
like to emphasize in our classes is the
cultural and historical traditions and
context behind the food so this can come
from a chef instructor talking about
cooking this particular dish with her
parents and her grandparents when she
was growing up or it can mean talking
about trade routs and history of
colonization and how those influence the
dishes and the ingredients in a
particular country a really good example
of that would be the Spanish influence
on Filipino Cuisine bringing in dishes
like paa and then finally we like to
incorporate cultural elements into the
classes themselves so with our Ethiopian
class our Chef instructors perform a
traditional Ethiopian coffee
ceremony and this is a part of daily
life in Ethiopia um it's usually
involves roasting beans over a fire or
stove and then grinding them by hand
with a mortar and pestl or with a coffee
grinder in our case and then Brewing the
the coffee in front of your guests and
serving it to them and in Ethiopia it's
meant to signify friendship and
Hospitality towards the people that
you're welcoming into your
home
so what we really want to do with global
kitchen besides the classes is create
this platform for cultural exchange and
we also want to record these recipes and
these culinary Traditions that otherwise
wouldn't be documented and we're not the
only ones with this idea some of you may
have heard of eatwith which is a service
that's rapidly expanding over the world
and it's basically a way to connect to
hosts in a country that you're traveling
to and then go to their home and they'll
serve you a meal there's also a really
awesome restaurant in Pittsburgh called
conflict kitchen and they only serve
Cuisines from countries with which the
United States is in Conflict so this
would be places like Afghan fistan
Venezuela and Cuba
um and finally UNESCO has actually added
cook specific cooking styles from
countries like Japan France turkey and
Mexico to its intangible cultural
heritage list and these are all small
examples of gastro diplomacy which I
mentioned earlier and defined broadly
simply means communicating your culture
and your identity through food um but in
the public diplomacy context gastro
diplomacy is actually a tool that
governments use to tap into people's
emotional connection to food in order to
gain influence and raise brand awareness
about the country itself in an
international setting and it's also a
fantastic way to encourage tourism to
your country so the first country to do
this was Thailand in 2002 it started the
global Thai program and at the time
there were only 5,000 Thai restaurants
in the world and their goal was simply
to raise that number to 8,000 and they
did this by helping Thai restaurant ters
in all over the world gain access to
funding and ingredients that they needed
in order to build up their restaurants
so as you may have guessed based solely
on the number of Thai restaurants in
Brooklyn alone the program was
incredibly
successful today there are upwards of
20,000 Thai restaurants in the world
Thai food has become one of the most
well-known International Cuisines and
Thailand itself is a wildly popular
tourist destination and so other
governments saw this and they followed
suit Korea started a gastro diplomacy
program in 2009 it was a $40 million
program and now just a few years later
Korean food is consistently ranked among
the top American food Trends Taiwan
started a program that helped throw
gourmet food festivals on the island and
also started a think tank the sole
purpose of which was to figure out new
ways to introduce Taiwanese restaurants
and coffee shops and food products to a
foreign
audience and Peru started a gastro
diplomacy program that helped make
Peruvian food more recognizable to a
wider audience and Peru itself was
recently ranked the number one culinary
destination in the world and it expects
to see $1 billion do in culinary tourism
just this year so this might seem really
simple but gastro diplomacy is actually
really working as a tool to introduce
audiences to the food and the culture of
a new country food is an easy and
Incredibly effective way to introduce an
unfamiliar culture to a foreign audience
and then subtly over time make the
country itself more approachable as was
the case with Thailand and on a more
personal level sharing our food culture
with others and letting them share
theirs with us can create an immediate
connection um this is a picture of me
mixing cake batter in Uganda and
simultaneously trying to make gouto
pants happen
but when I was when I was
there we cook together as a family
nearly every day and we us were usually
cooking the food from the farm so it was
during those moments when we were
cooking and we were eating that we
actually got to know each other outside
of the context of work and it was also
during those moments when I felt most
included in the family unit itself and
most connected Ed to Ugandan culture
similarly since starting Global kitchen
uh I've been able to witness connections
like that happen all the time uh one
example that really stood out to me was
when we had an Ethiopian class and we
had three couples come in who had all
adopted children from Ethiopia and they
wanted to learn about the food and the
culture in order to share that
experience with their children I thought
it was a really wonderful example of
what Global kitchen is trying to do and
it inspired me to continue working to
preserve culture through food and I hope
it's through this example and others out
there that will inspire you to do the
same thank you so
[Applause]
much
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