The Black Panther Party: Crash Course Black American History #39
Summary
TLDRクラッシュコースのブラックアメリカ歴史の中で、ブラックパンサー党が重要な役割を果たしました。1966年、ヒューイ・ニュートンとボビー・シールによって創設され、短期間で大きな影響を与えました。彼らはブラックアメリカ人の権利と自己決定を求め、社会的な支援プログラムを通じてコミュニティに貢献しました。しかし、内部の分裂やFBIの陰謀、警察との対立が彼らを苦しめ、1982年に解散しました。彼らの貢献はブラックアメリカ人の権利闘争に深い影響を与え、複雑な歴史的背景を持ちながらも、その貢献は軽視されるべきではありません。
Takeaways
- 📚 ブラック・パンサー党は、1966年にフイー・ニュートンとボビー・シールによって創立され、短期間で大きな影響を与えました。
- 🎓 ニュートンとシールは、カリフォルニア州オークランドのメリット・カレッジで出会い、ブラック歴史の教育を促進するために活動を開始しました。
- 🗣️ ブラック・パンサー党は、ブラックアメリカ人が内部植民地として生きていると主張し、自己決定を通じて解放を目指しました。
- 🌟 ブラック・パンサー党は、マルクス主義理論や世界各地の反植民地運動からインスピレーションを受け、ゲリラ戦術を有効な社会変化の戦略と考えていました。
- 📋 ブラック・パンサー党は、彼らの「10ポイント・プログラム」で目標、哲学的見解、政治的目的を明確にしました。
- 🏥 ブラック・パンサー党は、コミュニティを支援するために無料の医療診療所や学校の朝食プログラムを設立しました。
- 🔫 パンサー党員は、警察の活動を監視するために、身に着けている銃を持っていたことが知られています。
- 📈 パンサー党は、特に都市部の大きな少数派コミュニティに人気があり、ロサンゼルス、ニューヨーク市、フィラデルフィアなどで急速に拡大しました。
- 🚨 1967年には、ニュートンはオークランド警官ジョン・フライを射殺したとされる事件があり、その影響でFBIの注目を集めました。
- 💔 パンサー党には内部の問題もあり、男性主義やセクシーズムの問題が組織全体に影響を与えました。
- 🔍 FBIのCOINTELPROは、政治的に進歩的なグループを監視するために使用され、ブラック・パンサー党もその対象となりました。
- 🌐 ブラック・パンサー党は、ブラック人種の権利、平等、自己防衛に関する重要な議論を全国的、国際的に引き起こし、現代のブラック自由闘争にも深い影響を与えています。
Q & A
ブラックパンサー党はいつ創立されましたか?
-ブラックパンサー党は1966年にHuey NewtonとBobby Sealeによって創立されました。
ブラックパンサー党の初期の名前は何でしたか?
-初期の名前は「ブラックパンサー党 for Self-Defense」でした。
ブラックパンサー党はなぜ創立されましたか?
-彼らはブラックアメリカ人が内部植民地として生きていると信じ、自己決定を通じてブラック植民地を解放することを目指し、アメリカや世界全体を変革するというより大きな目標に合わせて創立されました。
ブラックパンサー党の10ポイントプログラムには何が含まれていますか?
-自由、完全雇用、資本家による私たちのブラックおよび圧迫されたコミュニティの略奪の終結、適切な住宅、真のアメリカ社会の性質を明かす教育、完全な無料の健康ケア、警察の暴力とブラック人や他の色の人、アメリカ国内のすべての圧迫された人々への殺害の直ちな終結などが含まれています。
ブラックパンサー党はなぜ社会プログラムを立ち上げましたか?
-彼らはブラックコミュニティを支援するために集団的資源を集めることを目指し、健康診療所の無料提供や学校の子供たちのための無料朝食プログラムを開始しました。
ブラックパンサー党はどのようにして地域の警察活動を監視しましたか?
-彼らは銃を隠さずに持っており、ブラック住む地域の地元警察の活動を監視しました。
ブラックパンサー党の内部にはどのような問題がありましたか?
-内部では、男性優位のジェンダーロールや暴力や女性に対する暴力に対する批判、情報通と疑われたメンバーの殺害など、多くの問題がありました。
FBIのCOINTELPROプログラムとは何ですか?
-COINTELPROはFBIの秘密の反インテリジェンスプログラムで、政治的に進歩的なグループを監視するために使用されました。
ブラックパンサー党の女性メンバーはどのような役割を果たしましたか?
-Elaine Brown、Kathleen Cleaver、Assata Shakur、Ericka Hugginsなどの女性メンバーは、党の新聞の編集者や党の唯一の女性主席としてのリーダーシップ役割を果たしました。
ブラックパンサー党はなぜ1982年に解散しましたか?
-内部の紛争と外部の圧力、政府の監視の重圧の下、組織は公式に1982年に解散しました。
ブラックパンサー党の貢献とは何でしたか?
-ブラックパンサー党はブラックパワーを国内外に広めることに貢献し、ブラック人の公正な扱い、平等、自己防衛の権利に関する重要な質問を提起しました。
Outlines
😀 ブラックパンサー党の誕生と目的
1966年にHuey NewtonとBobby Sealeによって創設されたブラックパンサー党は、短期間でアメリカの歴史と文化に大きな影響を与えました。彼らはブラックアメリカ人がアメリカ国内の植民地として生きていると信じており、自己決定を通じてブラック植民地を解放することを目指しました。彼らの目標は、アメリカを変革し、最終的には世界を変革することで、人種や階級の不平等を是正することです。彼らの思想はマルクス主義理論や全世界の反植民地運動から影響を受けており、ゲリラ戦や武装したグループによる社会変革の有効性を信じていました。彼らは世界中のブラック解放闘争がブラックアメリカ人の闘争とつながっていると考えており、彼らの10ポイントプログラムは、ブラックアメリカ人や圧迫されたコミュニティの自由と権利を求める具体的な要求を挙げています。
🏥 ブラックパンサー党の社会活動と内部問題
ブラックパンサー党は社会活動を通じて、コミュニティを支援し、無料の健康診査や学校の朝食プログラムを開始しました。これらのプログラムは、アメリカの多くの地域で存在する現在の学校の朝食プログラムのモデルとなりました。しかし、党は内部の問題にも直面しており、例えば1969年にAlex Rackleyが党内の他のメンバーによって殺害された事件や、党の創設者であるHuey Newtonが警察官John Freyを射殺した事件があります。また、外部からの圧力もあり、FBIのCOINTELPROによって監視され、組織の解体に関与しました。
🚨 ブラックパンサー党の変遷と解散
Huey Newtonが刑務所から帰還した後、ブラックパンサー党は彼がSealeと共に創設した当初の組織とは大きく変わっていました。内部の分裂や外部の圧力、特にFBIによる秘密工作により、組織は苦しんでいました。1974-1977年にElaine Brownが党の唯一の女性主席として活動し、性的差別や男性優位の価値観に直面しました。しかし、FBIのCOINTELPROの活動が1970年代に暴露され、組織は1982年に公式に解散しました。ブラックパンサー党は、ブラックパワー運動を国内外で著名にして、ブラック人種の公正な扱い、平等、自己防衛の権利に関する重要な問題を提起しました。彼らの貢献は深く、しかし完璧ではないため、過剰に理想化したり、アメリカの情報機関による干渉を無視して誤解すべきではありません。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡ブラックパンサー党
💡ブラックアメリカン
💡自己決定
💡マルクス主義
💡内殖民地
💡ブラックパンサー党の10ポイントプログラム
💡コインテルプロ
💡エルドリッジ・クリーバー
💡エリン・ブラウン
💡ブラックパワー
Highlights
The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, with a significant impact on US history and culture despite its short lifespan and small membership.
Initially known as the 'Black Panther Party for Self-Defense,' the organization began through campus activism in response to the university's failure to acknowledge African Americans' role in American West settlement.
Newton and Seale were influenced by the teachings of Malcolm X and the Black nationalist and post-colonial movements, framing their organization's tenets around the idea of Black Americans as an internal colony exploited by the 'mother country'.
The Black Panther Party's Ten-Point Program outlined objectives for Black liberation, including freedom, full employment, an end to capitalist exploitation, decent housing, education, free healthcare, and an end to police brutality.
The Black Panthers were inspired by global anti-colonial movements and Marxist theory, believing in the effectiveness of guerilla warfare for social change.
The organization engaged in community support through social programs such as free health clinics and free breakfast programs for school children, which inspired similar initiatives nationwide.
The Black Panthers were known for their armed presence, monitoring local police in Black neighborhoods, which contributed to their controversial image.
Huey Newton's alleged killing of an Oakland police officer in 1967 brought significant controversy and media attention, painting the Panthers as a militant group.
Eldridge Cleaver became the leader of the Black Panthers during Newton's trial and Seale's imprisonment, with his memoir 'Soul on Ice' becoming a bestseller and reflecting his political philosophies.
Cleaver's memoir was criticized for its depictions of violence and women, highlighting issues of patriarchy and sexism within the Black Panther Party.
The Black Panthers faced internal turmoil, including the murder of Alex Rackley by fellow members who suspected him of being an informant.
The FBI, under J. Edgar Hoover, targeted the Black Panthers as a communist organization and a threat, leading to the group becoming a focus of the FBI's COINTELPRO program.
Elaine Brown served as the first and only female chairwoman of the Black Panther Party, facing sexism and discrimination while leading the organization.
Despite internal strife and external pressures, the Black Panther Party continued to function, raising important questions about Black people's rights to fair treatment and equality.
The organization officially dissolved in 1982, but its legacy in the Black freedom struggles of the 1960s and 1970s remains profound and complex.
Crash Course's coverage of the Black Panther Party provides a nuanced understanding of its impact, contributions, and challenges, avoiding overly-romanticized or minimized views.
Transcripts
Hi, I’m Clint Smith and this is Crash Course Black American History.
In the history of the fight for Black liberation there have been Black political organizations
who have been around doing this work for decades.
Organizations, for example, like the NAACP and the National Urban League were founded
in the early 20th century and still exist today.
And these groups, which have been in existence for over a century, have helped bring about
some incredibly important policy changes when it comes to the civil and political rights
of Black Americans and have also served as a platform from which Black people could make
their concerns known.
But sometimes, an organization doesn’t have to have existed for a long time in order to
have a huge impact on the history of this country.
An example of that is the Black Panther Party.
Founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, the Black Panther Party reached its peak just
four years later in 1970.
The organization had an impact on US history and culture that far exceeded its relatively
short lifespan and small membership.
Let’s take a look to understand why.
[intro music]
Let’s start with the Black Panther Party’s origin story in the Thought Bubble.
Originally known as the “Black Panther Party for Self-Defense,” the organization started
through the campus organizing of Seale and Newton.
They met in Oakland California in 1961 while they were both students at Merritt College.
In the tense atmosphere following the 1965 assassination of Malcolm X, Newton, Seale
and other student activists organized the “Black History Fact Group.”
The group was founded in part as a response to the university failing to acknowledge the
role of African Americans in settling the American West in the 1800s.
Among their goals was to urge the school to offer courses in Black history and to establish
a Black Studies Department.
Newton and Seale also joined the college’s Soul Students Advisory Council, whose stated
goal was to “develop Black student leadership, advocate for a more inclusive curriculum and
to connect the university to the community.”
Disputes within the group would lead Newton and Seale to eventually resign.
But their struggle to continue the work of radical Black political organizing didn’t
end there.
Newton and Seale pivoted their goals.
Rather than looking to join another political organization, they decided to form their own.
Students of the teachings of Malcolm X, they founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense
(later the Black Panther Party) in 1966 following the murder of unarmed teenager Matthew Johnson
at the hands of the San Francisco police.
Thanks, Thought Bubble.
According to historian Robyn C. Spencer, Newton and Seale framed the tenets of their new organization
around the belief that Black Americans were living in an internal colony within the larger
“mother country” of the United States.
Borrowing from Black nationalist and post-colonial movements of the time, they posited that the
relationship between the Black colony and the “mother country” was, according to
Spencer “...one of pure exploitation of labor and resources.”
Therefore they sought to liberate the Black colony through self-determination as part
of a larger goal to “...transform America and eventually the rest of the world,” which
aligned with their larger vision of correcting racial and class inequalities.
Seale and Newton were also interested in how Black liberation struggles worldwide were
interconnected to the struggles of Black Americans.
They were avid readers of Marxist theory and studied anti-colonial movements from around
the world.
They believed that guerilla warfare could be an effective strategy for social change
and that small groups of armed people could lead the charge.
Their politics were also informed by struggles for self-determination across the world in
places like Vietnam, Zimbabwe (known then as Rhodesia), South Africa and Mozambique.
After the Black Panthers were founded Newton and Seale outlined the group’s agenda, philosophical
views, and political objectives in their Ten-Point Program.
The Program’s objectives state: 1.
We want freedom.
We want power to determine the destiny of our black and oppressed communities.
2.
We want full employment for our people 3.
We want an end to the robbery by the capitalists of our black and oppressed communities.
4.
We want decent housing, fit for the shelter of human beings.
5.
We want decent education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American
society.
We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present-day society.
6.
We want completely free health care for all black and oppressed people.
7.
We want an immediate end to police brutality and murder of black people, other people of
color, all oppressed people inside the United States.
8.
We want an immediate end to all wars of aggression 9.
We want freedom for all black and oppressed people now held in US federal, state, county,
city, and military prisons and jails.
We want trials by jury of peers for all persons charged with so-called crimes under the laws
of this country.
10.
We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice, peace, and people’s community control
of modern technology.
After creating this ten point platform, they decided on a name, borrowing from the Lowndes
County Freedom Organization in Lowndes County Alabama, a political group that used the image
of the Black Panther in their materials and was led by activists including Stokely Carmichael
and John Hulett.
In addition to their 10-point program, the Black Panthers were also actively engaged
in their community through a number of social programs that looked to pool collective resources
to support the Black community.
This group of programs served as a rallying cry and human rights manifesto, aiming to
correct centuries of harm inflicted on all oppressed people.
The Black Panthers’ vision was at once practical, demanding things like healthcare and housing,
while simultaneously being revolutionary in its scope.
Among their most popular programs were the establishment of free health clinics in 13
African American communities across the country and the implementation of free breakfast programs
for school children in different parts of the US.
The free breakfast program started by the Black Panthers became an inspiration for the
breakfast programs that still exist in schools across the country.
The Black Panthers were also known for carrying unconcealed, loaded weapons and monitoring
the activities of local police in Black neighborhoods.
As they continued to engage in political activism and social change, their popularity grew across
the country, especially in urban centers with large minority communities like Los Angeles,
New York City, and Philadelphia.
Additional chapters were established in places like Chicago; Indianapolis; Detroit; Des Moines,
Iowa; Paterson, New Jersey; and Wichita, Kansas.
By 1968, approximately 2 years after they were founded, the Panthers had roughly 2,000
members across the country.
But the burgeoning political movement that sought to guarantee the rights and freedoms
of Black people also attracted a fair amount of controversy, especially as it relates to
their interactions with the US government and the police.
For example in October of 1967 Newton allegedly killed Oakland police officer John Frey.
This followed a period of armed interactions with police officers since one of the principal
tenets of the Black Panthers was the right to self defense in the face of white supremacist
violence.
In May of 1967 Newton had sent more than 2 dozen armed Panthers to the California State
Capitol in Sacramento to protest the passing of a law that would take away their right
to openly bear arms.
Ronald Reagan was governor of California at that time and vehemently opposed the Panthers,
who he believed served as a threat to his “law-and-order” campaign.
The resulting news coverage painted the Panthers as a militant group and the new leaders of
the Black Power movement.
By the morning of October 28th 1967, Newton estimated that Oakland police had pulled him
over more than 50 times since 1966.
That morning, he was pulled over by police and within minutes Newton was on the ground
with a bullet in his stomach, officer John Frey was fatally wounded, and another officer
was injured.
Newton was named as the shooter and handcuffed while still in the hospital.
During this period in 1967 while Newton awaited trial and Seale was serving a six month sentence
as a result of the Black Panthers’ protest in Sacramento, a member named Eldridge Cleaver
(who had joined the group in 1966) took over as the new leader of the Panthers.
In 1967 he married fellow Black Panther member Kathleen Neal.
Cleaver’s critically acclaimed 1968 memoir Soul on Ice, which told the story of his life
and time in prison, sold over one million copies within two years.
Cleaver had studied the works of writers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire, Karl Marx, and
Richard Wright while incarcerated, which influenced his own personal philosophies and political
writings.
However there was criticism of Soul on Ice for its depictions of violence and women.
Specifically, Cleaver admits in the text to committing serial rape of women, beginning
with Black women in poor communities “for practice” before beginning the serial rape
of white women.
Cleaver’s admissions in Soul on Ice point to larger societal and systematic issues of
patriarchy and sexism: namely the pervasive disregard of violence towards women.
And these issues, which were present within the Black Panther Party, would serve as an
ongoing challenge for the organization as a whole.
Additionally, troubles with law enforcement continued to plague the Black Panthers.
First Newton was convicted of voluntary manslaughter in 1968 and sentenced to 2-15 years in prison.
However on May 29th 1970, the California Court of Appeals overturned the conviction and the
next few trials ended with deadlocked juries.
The Black Panthers he returned to, even after just a few years, had shifted dramatically
in some ways from the organization that he had founded with Seale.
For example: there was now a growing group of white radicals who had joined the group’s
ranks.
And under the leadership of Cleaver and others, the rhetoric of self-defense had shifted to
include an ideology that embraced revolutionary violence.
Additionally the group faced inner turmoil.
In 1969 Alex Rackley was murdered by other members of the Black Panthers who suspected
that he was an informant.
Seale and other Panthers faced charges in New Haven Connecticut for that alleged murder.
But it wasn’t only internal issues plaguing the organization, external forces also impacted
the group, such as the assassination of Black Panther Party members Fred Hampton and Mark
Clark by the FBI and local police in Chicago in 1969.
See, by 1969 the FBI under its first director J. Edgar Hoover had declared the Panthers
a communist organization and an enemy of the United States government.
In 1968, Hoover had called the Panthers “One of the greatest threats to the nation’s
internal security.”
Because of this the Panthers became the target of the FBI’s COINTELPRO, a secret counterintelligence
program used to surveil politically progressive groups.
But the organization continued to function, with Elaine Brown serving as chairwoman of
the Black Panther Party from 1974-1977.
She was the only woman to hold this role and often faced sexism and discrimination for
asserting herself and leading the party.
Gender roles within the party were often quite restrictive, but women such as Brown, Kathleen
Cleaver, Assata Shakur, and Ericka Huggins held leadership positions within the organization
including as editors of the party’s newspaper.
Still, COINTELPRO agents managed to infiltrate events and the personal lives of prominent
members of the party.
In the 1970s a Senate committee led by Frank Church, a Democrat from Idaho, exposed the
FBI and COINTELPRO.
As scholar Penial E. Joseph has described it, the FBI and COINTELPRO had a “...clandestine
role in the dismantling of the Black Power, New Left, and antiwar movements” and revealed
“...further evidence of the pitfalls of unchecked government power.”
Under the weight of internal strife and external pressures and surveillance, the organization
officially dissolved in 1982.
The Black Panther Party helped to bring Black Power to national and international prominence
and raised important questions about Black people’s right to fair treatment, equality,
and self-defense.
It’s not an organization that was perfect, and it shouldn’t be overly-romanticized
in ways that ignore some of its institutional and interpersonal failings.
At the same time it’s legacy shouldn’t be minimized or mischaracterized because of
the multiple forms of state-sanctioned interference it experienced from American intelligence
agencies.
Their contribution to the Black freedom struggles of the 1960s and 1970s and today were profound.
And that means sitting with all of the complexity that comes with it.
Thanks for watching, I’ll see you next time.
Crash Course is made with the help of all these nice people and our animation team is
Thought Cafe.
Crash Course is made possible by all of our viewers and supporters.
Thanks to those who bought the 2021 Crash Course Learner Coin, and to our Patrons on
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