Disorders and Disease of the Skeletal System

Summary

This lecture covers various skeletal system disorders, including spinal deformities like lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis, metabolic bone diseases like osteoporosis, and inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It highlights causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for each condition, with a focus on lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes surgery. The presentation also addresses common bone and joint issues such as fractures, gout, and TMJ syndrome, emphasizing the importance of early detection and proper management for improving bone health and joint function.

Takeaways

• 😀 Spinal deformities like lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis can result from congenital issues, poor posture, bone disease, or growth disorders. Symptoms include back pain and discomfort, and treatment may involve posture correction, strengthening exercises, bracing, or surgery.
• 😀 Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease caused by a decrease in bone mass, leading to porous bones. It primarily affects postmenopausal women due to a decrease in estrogen and calcium retention. Treatment involves medications, calcium and vitamin D supplements, and exercise.
• 😀 Osteomyelitis is a bone infection often caused by staph bacteria, leading to fever, chills, and localized tenderness. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging, and treatment usually includes antibiotics and sometimes surgery to remove infected tissue.
• 😀 Osteomalacia, or rickets in children, is caused by a vitamin D deficiency, leading to soft bones and deformities such as bowed legs. Treatment involves vitamin D supplementation and adequate sunlight exposure.
• 😀 Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) is a condition where the cartilage in joints wears down, causing pain, swelling, and decreased motion. It can be managed with rest, medications, injections, and sometimes surgery.
• 😀 Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that causes joint inflammation and deformities. It can be diagnosed with blood tests, and treatment includes anti-inflammatory medications, biologics, and corticosteroids.
• 😀 Gout is caused by uric acid crystal deposits in joints, typically affecting the toe or knee. It results in intense pain and swelling. Treatment involves medications like allopurinol and anti-inflammatory drugs, along with a low-fat diet.
• 😀 Bunions (hallux valgus) are foot deformities often caused by improper footwear. Symptoms include pain and swelling, and treatment may involve proper shoes, anti-inflammatory drugs, or surgery in severe cases.
• 😀 Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Syndrome is caused by joint tissue lesions, improper dental work, or overbite. It results in jaw pain and headaches. Treatment may include surgery, medication, or physical therapy.
• 😀 Bone fractures come in various types, including open (compound), closed, complete, incomplete, linear, transverse, and oblique fractures. Each type has unique characteristics and may require specific treatments such as immobilization or surgery.

Q & A

What are the three main types of spinal deformities discussed in the lecture?

The three main types of spinal deformities are lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis.

What are the most common symptoms of spinal deformities?

The most common symptoms of spinal deformities are back pain or discomfort.

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

Osteoporosis is commonly diagnosed using a bone density scan (DEXA scan), along with X-rays and CT scans if necessary.

What are some treatments for osteoporosis?

Treatments for osteoporosis include medications like Fosamax, Boniva, and Evista, calcium and vitamin D supplements, and weight-bearing exercises.

What are the main causes of osteomyelitis?

The main causes of osteomyelitis are infections, particularly from staphylococcus bacteria or other infections like throat infections.

What is the primary cause of osteomalacia (rickets in children)?

Osteomalacia is primarily caused by a deficiency in vitamin D, often due to inadequate intake or insufficient sunlight exposure.

What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis?

Symptoms of osteoarthritis include joint swelling, pain, decreased range of motion, and sometimes grinding sounds in the joints.

What is the difference between sprains and strains?

A sprain is an injury to the ligaments (which connect bone to bone), while a strain is an injury to tendons or muscles (which connect muscle to bone).

What is the primary treatment for gout?

The primary treatment for gout includes medications such as allopurinol, anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen, and following a low-fat diet.

What are the diagnostic methods for rheumatoid arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis can be diagnosed through physical exams and blood tests, including rheumatoid factor, anti-CCP antibodies, and ESR to mark inflammation levels.