La HISTORIA DE LA COMPUTADORA: generaciones desde los 40 hasta los superordenadores💻
Summary
TLDREl script proporciona una exhaustiva cronología de las seis generaciones de computadoras, desde su inicio en la década de 1940 hasta los avances actuales en tecnología cuántica. Se destaca el desarrollo de la Z1 en 1936 y la ENIAC en 1946, considerada el comienzo de la primera generación. Las generaciones subsiguientes vieron la transición de tubos de vacío a transistores, la invención de circuitos integrados y la miniaturización con microprocesadores, lo que llevó al surgimiento de las computadoras personales. La quinta generación, iniciada en Japón en 1983, se enfocó en la inteligencia artificial, aunque sin logros definitivos. Los avances en procesamiento paralelo y supercomputadoras marcan esta era. La sexta generación, aún en desarrollo, promete computadoras con circuitos de aprendizaje neural y tecnología cuántica, como los computadores de IBM Q System One y los esfuerzos de Google, Intel y Microsoft en computación cuántica.
Takeaways
- 📚 La historia de las computadoras comienza en la década de 1940 y se ha dividido en seis generaciones hasta la fecha.
- 🏗️ Antes de la década de 1940, ya había intentos de crear máquinas similares, como la Z1 presentada en 1936.
- 💡 El cambio de generación en computadoras ocurre cuando aparecen diferencias significativas en el hardware y el software.
- 🌐 La primera generación de computadoras, usadas entre 1940 y 1952, estaba basada en tubos de vacío y electrónica de válvula.
- 🔋 Estas computadoras requerían grandes cantidades de electricidad, lo que generaba un costo alto y un gran consumo de energía.
- 🛠️ El ENIAC, desarrollado en 1946, es considerado el comienzo de la primera generación de computadoras electrónicas digitales.
- 📈 La segunda generación, que duró desde 1956 hasta 1964, vio la introducción de los transistores, reduciendo el tamaño y el consumo de energía de las computadoras.
- 🧠 La tercera generación, entre 1964 y 1971, se caracterizó por la invención del circuito integrado, lo que llevó a una mayor miniaturización y reducción de costos.
- 🏡 La cuarta generación, de 1971 a 1981, fue liderada por las computadoras personales, que comenzaron a llegar a los hogares.
- 🧑💼 La quinta generación, que algunos autores sitúan entre 1983 y 1999, se centró en el desarrollo de computadoras inteligentes con capacidades de procesamiento paralelo y aprendizaje automático.
- 🔬 La sexta generación, aún en desarrollo, se enfoca en la computación cuántica y el uso de sistemas de inteligencia artificial para crear computadoras más potentes y eficientes.
Q & A
¿Cuándo se considera que comenzó la primera generación de computadoras y qué eventos históricos la acompañaron?
-La primera generación de computadoras comenzó alrededor de 1940 y se extendió hasta 1952. Este periodo estuvo marcado por eventos históricos significativos como la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el comienzo de la Guerra Fría.
¿Qué elemento diferenciaba principalmente a las computadoras de la primera generación?
-Las computadoras de la primera generación se caracterizaban principalmente por el uso de tubos de vacío y válvulas electrónicas para el circuito y los tambores magnéticos para la memoria.
¿Qué avance tecnológico marcó el inicio de la segunda generación de computadoras?
-El inicio de la segunda generación de computadoras, que comenzó en 1956, fue marcado por la incorporación de transistores en lugar de tubos de vacío, lo que redujo el tamaño y el consumo de energía de las computadoras.
¿Cuál fue el impacto de los circuitos integrados en la tercera generación de computadoras?
-Los circuitos integrados permitieron un aumento significativo en la capacidad de procesamiento y una reducción en los costos de fabricación, marcando una revolución en el diseño y la funcionalidad de las computadoras durante la tercera generación que comenzó en 1964.
¿Qué innovaciones surgieron con la cuarta generación de computadoras?
-La cuarta generación de computadoras, iniciada en 1971, se caracterizó por la miniaturización de componentes y la creación de los microprocesadores, lo que permitió el desarrollo de las computadoras personales y una mejora considerable en el procesamiento de datos.
¿Cómo contribuyó el proyecto japonés de la quinta generación a la evolución de las computadoras?
-El proyecto japonés de la quinta generación, iniciado en 1981, buscaba desarrollar computadoras inteligentes capaces de comunicarse con humanos y reconocer imágenes, aunque no alcanzó todos sus objetivos, influenció el desarrollo posterior de sistemas operativos con inteligencia artificial.
¿Qué se considera como una contribución significativa de la sexta generación de computadoras?
-La sexta generación de computadoras, que algunos consideran aún en curso, destaca por su enfoque en la incorporación de la computación cuántica y circuitos de aprendizaje neural, buscando una mayor eficiencia energética y capacidad de procesamiento.
¿Cuáles son algunas características clave de los supercomputadores de la cuarta generación?
-Los supercomputadores de la cuarta generación, como el CRAY-1, se caracterizaron por su capacidad de realizar operaciones a gran velocidad, uso de microprocesadores de acceso comercial, y la habilidad de manejar múltiples tareas simultáneamente.
¿Qué rol jugaron las computadoras en las elecciones presidenciales de EE.UU. de 1952?
-En las elecciones presidenciales de EE.UU. de 1952, el UNIVAC I jugó un papel crucial al ser utilizado para el conteo de votos, donde fue capaz de entregar los resultados en solo 45 minutos.
¿Qué es el sistema RAMAC introducido por IBM y cuál fue su importancia?
-El sistema RAMAC, introducido por IBM durante la segunda generación de computadoras, fue el primer sistema de disco magnético que ofreció una capacidad de almacenamiento de 5 megabytes, representando un gran avance en términos de almacenamiento de datos.
Outlines
💡 Generaciones de computadoras: Del ENIAC a la tecnología cuántica
El primer párrafo abarca la evolución de las computadoras desde su inicio en la década de 1940 hasta la tecnología cuántica en desarrollo. Se destaca la transición de las computadoras de vacío a las de válvulas electrónicas, y cómo la generación de computadoras ha cambiado en términos de hardware y software. Se menciona la importancia del ENIAC y la aparición de computadoras comerciales como UNIVAC, así como los desafíos y avances en la programación y la entrada de datos.
📡 Transistores y el nacimiento de la computación de segunda generación
Este párrafo describe la transición a la segunda generación de computadoras, caracterizada por el uso de transistores en lugar de tubos de vacío. Se destaca cómo la incorporación de transistores redujo el tamaño y el consumo de energía de las computadoras, mejorando su rendimiento y fiabilidad. Además, se mencionan avances en la programación con el desarrollo de lenguajes como COBOL y FORTRAN, y la introducción de dispositivos de almacenamiento como el disco magnético. Se destacan modelos como el IBM 1041 Mainframe y la serie IBM 360.
🚀 Avanzando hacia la miniaturización: La tercera generación de computadoras
El tercer párrafo se enfoca en la revolución de la computación causada por la invención del circuito integrado o chip. Se discute cómo la integración de componentes electrónicos en un solo chip permitió una mayor velocidad de procesamiento y una reducción en los costos de fabricación. Se destaca la IBM 360 como el modelo que marcó el comienzo de esta generación, y se mencionan otros modelos significativos como el CDC 6600 y los minicomputadores PDP-8 y PDP-11.
🖥️ La era de las computadoras personales: La cuarta generación
Este párrafo cubre la llegada de las computadoras personales y cómo estas máquinas comenzaron a entrar en los hogares. Se destaca la aparición de microprocesadores y cómo permitieron la reducción de tamaño de las computadoras. Se mencionan avances como la GUI, el mouse y los dispositivos portátiles. Además, se destacan modelos como el Apple II y la introducción del IBM PC, así como la importancia de la estandarización y la aparición de clones de computadoras.
🧠 Computadoras de quinta generación: Inteligencia artificial y supercomputadoras
El quinto párrafo explora la quinta generación de computadoras, que se caracteriza por la integración de tecnologías de inteligencia artificial y el desarrollo de supercomputadoras. Se menciona el proyecto japonés de computadoras inteligentes y cómo, aunque no logró los resultados deseados, otros proyectos en empresas como Amazon, Google, Apple y Tesla continúan en búsqueda de la inteligencia artificial en computadoras. Se destacan avances en dispositivos de hogar inteligente y vehículos autónomos, así como el uso de lápices de superconducción y el procesamiento paralelo.
🛰️ La sexta generación y la computación cuántica
El último párrafo aborda la discusión sobre la sexta generación de computadoras y la computación cuántica. Se discute cómo la investigación en tecnologías de computación avanza hacia la construcción de computadoras con circuitos de aprendizaje neural y la posibilidad de sistemas cuánticos. Se mencionan avances en la computación cuántica con compañías como D-Wave Systems y IBM, y cómo estos sistemas ofrecen soluciones a problemas hasta ahora insolubles, con potencia de cálculo significativamente mayor.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Generación de computadoras
💡ENIAC
💡Transistores
💡Circuitos integrados
💡Microprocesadores
💡Computación cuántica
💡Lenguajes de programación
💡Interfaces gráficas de usuario (GUI)
💡VLSI (Very-Large-Scale Integration)
💡Supercomputadoras
💡Dispositivos inteligentes
Highlights
Existen seis generaciones de computadoras desde su inicio hasta la actualidad, aunque algunos autores las reducen a cinco.
La historia de estas máquinas computacionales comenzó en la década de 1940.
El Z1, presentado en 1936, es considerado por muchos como la primera computadora programable de la historia.
La generación de computadoras cambia cuando aparecen diferencias significativas en el hardware y software.
La primera generación de computadoras, entre 1940 y 1952, estuvo basada en tubos de vacío y electrónica de válvulas.
El ENIAC, presentado el 15 de febrero de 1946, es generalmente considerado como el comienzo de la primera generación de computadoras digitales electrónicas.
La UNIVAC I en 1951 fue la primera computadora comercializada en forma general.
La segunda generación, de 1956 a 1964, se caracterizó por la incorporación de transistores en lugar de tubos de vacío.
La invención del transistor fue fundamental para el cambio de generación en computadoras, permitiendo que fueran más pequeñas y eficientes.
Apareció COBOL, un lenguaje de programación que mejoró la portabilidad de los programas.
La tercera generación, entre 1964 y 1971, se vio impulsada por la invención del circuito integrado o chip.
Los chips permitieron la miniaturización de las computadoras y estandarización de modelos.
La cuarta generación, de 1971 a 1981, estuvo liderada por las computadoras personales.
Los microprocesadores como el Intel 4004 permitieron la reducción de tamaño de las computadoras hasta convertirlas en PCs.
La generación quinta, que algunos autores sitúan entre 1983 y 1999, vio el desarrollo de computadoras inteligentes y la aparición de laptops.
La sexta generación, aún objeto de debate entre expertos, se asocia con la computación cuántica y el desarrollo de computadoras con "cerebros" artificiales.
La computación cuántica, con qubits en lugar de bits, promete resolver problemas hasta ahora insolubles.
D-Wave System y IBM son líderes en el desarrollo de computadoras cuánticas comerciales.
Transcripts
There are six generations of computers from the beginning of their use to the present,
although some authors put them at only five. The history of these computing machines began
in the 40s of the 20th century, while the latest is still developing today.
Before the 1940s, when the ENIAC, the first electronic digital computer, was developed,
there had been some attempts to create similar machines. Thus, in 1936,
the Z1 was presented, which for many is the first programmable computer in history.
In computing terminology, generation change occurs when
significant differences appear in the computers that were being used up to that time. At first
, the term was only used to distinguish between differences in hardware, but
now it also refers to software. The history of computers ranges from
those that occupied an entire room and had no operating system to the studies that are being
carried out to apply quantum technology. Since their invention, these machines have been
shrinking in size, incorporating processors and vastly increasing their capabilities.
First generation The first generation of computers, the initial
one, spread between 1940 and 1952, in the context of World War II and the beginning of the Cold
War. At this time the first automatic calculation machines appeared, based on
vacuum tubes and valve electronics. The experts of the time did not have much confidence
in the extension of the use of computers. According to their studies, just 20 of them
would saturate the United States market in the field of data processing.
History Although the
first computer was the German Z1, ENIAC, an acronym for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, is generally considered to
be the one that marked the beginning of the
first generation of this type of machine. The ENIAC was a completely
digital computer, so all its processes and operations were executed using
machine language. It was presented to the public on February 15, 1946, after three years of work.
By that time, World War II had already ended, so the objective
of research on computers ceased to be completely focused
on the military aspect. From that moment on, it was sought that computers could meet the
needs of private companies. Further research resulted
in the successor to the ENIAC, the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer).
The first computer to reach the market in a general way was Saly, in 1951. The
following year, the UNIVAC was used in the counting of votes in the
US presidential elections: only 45 minutes were necessary to have the results.
Features Early computers
used vacuum tubes for circuitry as well as magnetic drums for memory.
The teams were huge, to the point of taking up entire rooms.
This first generation needed a large amount of electricity to function. This
not only made its use more expensive, but also caused an enormous generation of
heat that caused punctual failures. The programming of these computers
was done in machine language and they could only get one program to be solved at a
time. At that time, each new program took days or weeks to install.
The data, on the other hand, was entered with punched cards and paper tapes.
Main Models As noted,
the ENIAC (1946) was the first electronic digital computer. It was, in fact,
an experimental machine that could not be a program as it is understood today.
Its creators were engineers and scientists from the University of Pennsylvania (USA), led
by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. The machine occupied the entire basement of the university and weighed
several tons. In full operation it could perform five thousand additions in a minute.
The EDVA (1949) was already a programmable computer. Although it was a laboratory prototype,
this machine had a design with some ideas present in today's computers.
The first commercial computer was the UNIVAC I (1951). Mauchly and Eckert created Universal
Computer, a company that introduced the computer as its first product.
Although IBM had already presented some models before, the IBM 701 (1953)
was the first to become a success. The following year, the company introduced new
models that added a magnetic drum, a mass storage mechanism.
Second generation The second generation, which began in
1956 and lasted until 1964, was characterized by the incorporation of transistors to replace
vacuum tubes. With this, computers reduced their size and power consumption.
History The invention of the transistor
was fundamental for the change of generation in computers. With this element, the
machines could be made smaller, in addition to needing less ventilation. Despite that,
the cost of production was still very high. Transistors offered much
higher performance than vacuum tubes, something that also made
computers less likely to fail. Another great advance that occurred at this
time was the improvement of programming. In this generation, COBOL appeared,
a computer language that, when it was commercialized, represented one of the
most important advances in terms of program portability. This meant that each
program could be used on multiple computers. IBM introduced the first magnetic disk system,
called RAMAC. Its capacity was 5 megabytes of data.
One of the largest customers for these second-generation computers was the
United States Navy. As an example, they were used to create the first
flight simulator. Characteristics
In addition to the great advance that transistors represented, the new computers
also incorporated networks of magnetic cores for storage.
For the first time, computers could store instructions in their memory.
These teams allowed machine language to be left behind to start
using symbolic or assembly languages. This is how the
first versions of FORTRAN and COBOL appeared. The 1951 invention of microprogramming
by Maurice Wilkes meant that CPU development was simplified.
Main models Among the models that
appeared in this generation, the IBM 1041 Mainframe stood out. Although expensive and bulky
by today's standards, the company managed to sell 12,000 units of this computer.
In 1964, IBM introduced its 360 series, the first computers
whose software could be configured for different combinations of capacity, speed, and price.
The System/360, also designed by IBM, was another best seller in 1968. Conceived
for individual use, some 14,000 units were sold. Its predecessor, the System/350,
had already included multiprogramming, new languages and input and output devices.
Third generation The invention of the chip or
closed circuit by the Americans Jack S. Kilby and Robert Noyce revolutionized
the development of computers. Thus began the third generation of these machines,
which lasted between 1964 and 1971. History
The appearance of integrated circuits meant a revolution in the field of computers.
The processing capacity increased and, in addition, the manufacturing costs were reduced.
These circuits or chips were printed on silicon chips to which small
transistors were added. Its implementation represented the first step towards the miniaturization of computers.
In addition, these chips allowed the use of computers to be more comprehensive. Until
then, these machines were designed for mathematical applications or business,
but not both. The chips made it possible to make the
programs more flexible and the models to be standardized. IBM was the company that launched the computer that
started this third generation. Thus, on April 7, 1964, it presented the IBM 360, with SLT technology.
Characteristics From this generation, the
electronic components of computers were integrated into a single piece, the chips. Inside
these capacitors, gods and transistors were placed that allowed to increase the
charging speed and reduce energy consumption. In addition, the new computers gained in
reliability and flexibility, as well as multiprogramming. Peripherals were
modernized and minicomputers appeared at a much more affordable cost.
Main models The launch of the
IBM 360 by that company was the event that marked the beginning of
the third generation. Its impact was so great that more than 30,000 units were manufactured.
Another prominent model of this generation was the CDC 6600, built by Control Data
Corporation. At the time, this computer was considered the most powerful ever made,
as it was configured to execute 3,000,000 instructions per second.
Finally, among the minicomputers, the PDP-8 and the PDP-11 stood out,
both equipped with a great processing capacity.
Fourth generation The next generation of computers,
between 1971 and 1981, was led by personal computers. Little by little,
these machines began to reach homes. History
The thousands of integrated circuits within a single silicon chip allowed
microprocessors to appear, the main protagonists of the fourth generation
of computers. The machines that in the 1940s filled a room were reduced in size
until they only needed a small table. On a single chip, as in the case of the Intel
4004 (1971), all the fundamental components fit,
from the memory and central processing unit to the input and output controls.
This great technological advance gave as its main fruit the
appearance of personal computers or PCs. During this stage, one of the
most important companies in the field of computing was born: APPLE. Its birth occurred after
Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs invented the first mass-use microcomputer in 1976.
IBM introduced its first home computer in 1981, and APPLE released the Macintosh
three years later. Processing power and other technological advances were key for
these machines to begin to connect with each other, which would eventually lead to the Internet.
Other important elements that appeared in this phase were the GUI, the mouse and the
handheld devices. Characteristics
In this fourth generation, memories with magnetic cores were replaced
by those with silicon chips. In addition, the miniaturization of the components allowed to
integrate many more within those chips. In addition to PCs, so-called supercomputers
were also developed in this phase , capable of
performing many more operations per second. Another feature of this generation was the
standardization of computers, especially PCs. In addition,
so-called clones began to be manufactured, which had a lower cost without losing functionality.
As noted, size reduction was the most important feature of the
fourth generation of computers. In large part, this was achieved
through the use of VLSI microprocessors. Computer prices began
to fall, allowing them to reach more homes. Elements like the mouse or
the graphical user interface made the machines easier to use.
Processing power also saw a big boost, while
power consumption dropped even further. Main models
This generation of computers was distinguished by the appearance
of numerous models, both PC and clones. On the other hand, the first
supercomputer that used a commercial access microprocessor, the CRAY-1, also appeared. The first unit
was installed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Later another 80 were sold
. Among the minicomputers, the PDP-11 stood out for its permanence in the market. This
model had appeared during the previous generation, prior to microprocessors,
but its acceptance caused it to be adapted to install these components.
The Altair 8800 was marketed in 1975 and stood out for incorporating the Basic language
from the factory. This computer featured the Intel 8080, the first
17-bit microprocessor. His bus, the S-1000, became the standard for the next several years.
Part of the success of this latest model was due to the fact that it was marketed together
with a keyboard and a mouse. In 1977 the Apple II appeared,
which sold very successfully for seven years. The original model had
a 6502 processor, 4 KiB of RAM and an 8-bit architecture. Later,
in 1979, the company introduced the Apple II Plus, with more RAM.
Fifth generation For some authors, the fifth generation
of computers began in 1983 and continues to the present day. Others, on the other hand, maintain the
beginning date but affirm that it ended in 1999. History
The fifth generation of computers had its beginning in Japan. In 1981, that
Asian country communicated its plans to develop intelligent computers that could communicate
with human beings and recognize images. The plan presented provided for updating the hardware
and adding operating systems with artificial intelligence.
The Japanese project lasted for eleven years, but without obtaining the desired results.
Finally, computers only evolved within the already existing parameters, without
artificial intelligence being able to be incorporated. Despite that, other companies are still trying
to get artificial intelligence built into computers. Among
the projects underway are those of Amazon, Google, Apple or Tesla.
The first step has been made in smart home devices that
seek to integrate all activities in houses or autonomous cars.
In addition, another of the steps that is intended to be taken is to give
machines the possibility of self-learning based on the experience acquired.
Apart from these projects, during the fifth generation the use of laptops became widespread
. With them, the computer is no longer fixed in a room, but can accompany
the user to be used at all times. Characteristics
The Japanese project to build more advanced computers and the
manufacture of the first supercomputer that worked with parallel processes
marked the beginning of the fifth generation. From then on, computers
were able to perform new tasks, such as automatic language translation. Likewise,
information storage began to be measured in gigabytes and DVDs appeared.
As for the structure, the fifth generation computers
integrated into their microprocessors part of the features that were previously in the CPUs.
The result has been the emergence of highly complex computers. Furthermore, the user
does not need to have any type of programming knowledge to use them:
to solve highly complex problems, it is only enough to access a few functions.
Despite that complexity, artificial intelligence is still not built into
most computers. There have been some advances in
human language communication, but machine self-learning and self-organization
is still developing. On the other hand, the use of superconductors
and parallel processing allows all operations to be carried out much
faster. Also, the number of simultaneous tasks that the machine can handle has grown a lot.
Main Models
World chess champion Gary Kasparov's defeat by a computer in 1997 seemed to confirm the advance
of these machines towards human-like intelligence. Its 32 processors
with parallel processing could analyze 200 million chess moves per second.
The IBM Deep Blue, the name of that computer, had also been programmed to perform
calculations on new drugs, search large databases and be able to make
the complex and massive calculations that are required in many fields of science.
Another computer that took on humans was IBM's Watson. In this case,
the machine defeated two champions from the US television show Jeopardy.
The Watson was equipped with multiple high-power processors that worked
in parallel. This allowed it to search within a huge database autonomously,
without being connected to the internet. In order to deliver that result,
Watson needed to process natural language, perform machine learning, reason
on knowledge, and perform deep analysis. According to experts, this computer
proved that it was possible to develop a new generation that would interact with humans.
Sixth generation As noted above, not all
experts agree on the existence of a sixth generation of computers. For
this group, the fifth generation would still be used today.
Others, on the other hand, point out that the advances that are now being made are
important enough for them to be part of a new generation. Among these investigations, the
one that is developed on what is considered the future of computing stands out: quantum computing.
History and characteristics Research on technology
has remained unstoppable in recent years. In the field of computers,
the current trend is to try to incorporate neural learning circuits, a kind of
artificial "brain". This implies the manufacture of the first intelligent computers.
One of the keys to achieving this is the use of superconductors. This would allow
a great reduction in electrical consumption and, therefore, a lower generation of heat.
The systems would thus be almost 30 times more powerful and efficient than the current ones.
New computers are being built with a vector architecture and computers
as well as specialized processor chips to perform specific tasks.
To this must be added the implementation of artificial intelligence systems.
However, experts consider that
much more research is still needed to achieve the objectives. The future, according to many of those experts,
will be the development of quantum computing. This technology would
definitively mark the entrance to a new generation of computers.
Quantum computing The
most important technology companies, such as Google, Intel, IBM or Microsoft, have been trying to
develop quantum computing systems for several years now. This type of computing has
different characteristics from classical computing. To begin with, it is based on the use of qubits,
which combine zeros and ones instead of bits. The latter also use those numbers,
but they cannot be presented at the same time. The power offered by this new
technology will make it possible to respond to problems that have been unsolvable up to now.
Featured models The company D-Wave System
launched in 2013 its D-Wave Two 2013 quantum computer, considerably
faster than conventional ones and with a calculation power of 439 qubits.
Despite this progress, it was not until 2019 that the first quantum computer for
commercial use appeared. It was the IBM Q System One, which combines quantum computing with
traditional computing. This has allowed it to offer a 20-qubit system, destined to be used
in research and in large calculations. On September 18 of the same year, IBM announced
that it planned to soon launch a new quantum computer, with 53 qubits. When marketed,
this model would become the most powerful within the commercial range.
Ver Más Videos Relacionados
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)