Perkembangan dan Penyebaran Hindu Buddha di Indonesia | Part 1

Summary

This video discusses the spread and development of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in Indonesia, focusing on four key kingdoms: Kutai, Tarumanegara, Kalingga (Holing), and Mataram Kuno. The presenter covers their locations, significant rulers, and important relics, such as inscriptions and temples. Kutai, the oldest Hindu kingdom, is known for its Yupa inscriptions. Tarumanegara, located in West Java, left behind inscriptions highlighting King Purnawarman's contributions. Kalingga, a Buddhist kingdom, was ruled by Queen Sima, and Mataram Kuno had two dynasties: the Hindu Sanjaya and the Buddhist Syailendra, with major structures like Borobudur and Prambanan.

Takeaways

• 📜 The video discusses the spread and development of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in Indonesia, particularly focusing on Kutai, Tarumanegara, Kalingga, and Mataram Kuno.
• 🏞️ The Kutai Kingdom is considered the oldest Hindu kingdom in Indonesia, located along the Mahakam River in East Kalimantan, with historical evidence from the Yupa inscriptions.
• 👑 Kudungga was an early ruler of Kutai, succeeded by his son Aswawarman, who is regarded as the founder of the Kutai dynasty.
• 🐄 Mulawarman, another prominent Kutai king, was known for his religious contributions, notably offering 20,000 cows to Brahmins in a Vratyastoma ritual.
• 🏛️ The Tarumanegara Kingdom, located in modern-day Bogor, is one of the oldest kingdoms on the island of Java, known for its inscriptions like the Ciaruteun and Kebon Kopi.
• 👣 King Purnawarman of Tarumanegara is depicted as a wise ruler and a reincarnation of the god Vishnu, as seen in various inscriptions showing his influence.
• 👑 Kalingga (Holing), located in Central Java, was a Buddhist kingdom ruled by Queen Sima, with records found in Chinese texts by I-Tsing.
• 🏯 Mataram Kuno was a major kingdom in Central Java, ruled by two dynasties: the Hindu Sanjaya and the Buddhist Sailendra dynasties.
• 🛕 The Mataram Kingdom left significant Hindu and Buddhist temple sites, including the famous Borobudur and Prambanan temples.
• 🌋 The Mataram Kuno Kingdom eventually collapsed due to the eruption of Mount Merapi in the 10th century, leading to its relocation to East Java, forming the Medang Kamulan Kingdom.

Q & A

What is the significance of the Kutai Kingdom in Indonesian history?

The Kutai Kingdom is considered the oldest Hindu kingdom in Indonesia, based on the discovery of the Yupa inscriptions from the 4th century. These inscriptions are the oldest written records found in Indonesia.

Who was the first leader of the Kutai Kingdom, and how did the kingdom's structure change under his successors?

Kutai was initially led by Kudungga, who ruled as a tribal leader. His son, Aswawarman, is credited with founding the Kutai dynasty and establishing the kingdom's monarchical structure.

Why is King Mulawarman of the Kutai Kingdom considered its greatest ruler?

Mulawarman is regarded as the greatest ruler of Kutai because he made significant religious offerings, including the donation of 20,000 cows to Brahmins during the Vratyastoma ritual, a gesture recorded in the Yupa inscriptions.

What are the key historical sources of information about the Kutai Kingdom?

The primary historical sources for the Kutai Kingdom are the Yupa inscriptions, which provide information on its rulers, religious practices, and the kingdom's existence in the 4th century.

Where was the Tarumanegara Kingdom located, and what is its historical significance?

The Tarumanegara Kingdom was located in present-day West Java, around Bogor. It is significant because it is one of the oldest kingdoms in Java, dating back to the 5th century, and its ruler, Purnawarman, was considered a wise and powerful leader.

What was the role of King Purnawarman in the development of Tarumanegara?

King Purnawarman is known for constructing canals, such as the 12-kilometer-long Gomati canal, which improved irrigation for the kingdom’s agricultural system. He is also associated with several inscriptions, such as the Ciaruteun and Kebon Kopi inscriptions.

What is the significance of the Holing (Kalingga) Kingdom, and who was its most famous ruler?

The Holing (Kalingga) Kingdom, located in Central Java, was known for being a Buddhist kingdom. Its most famous ruler was Queen Sima, who was celebrated for her just and fair rule.

What are the primary sources of historical information about the Holing Kingdom?

Information about the Holing Kingdom comes from Chinese records, particularly from the Buddhist monk I-tsing, who documented the travels of another monk, Huining, to Holing. Additionally, the Tukmas inscription is a notable archaeological find from this kingdom.

What were the two dynasties that ruled the Mataram Kingdom, and how did they differ?

The Mataram Kingdom was ruled by two dynasties: the Sanjaya Dynasty, which followed Hinduism, and the Syailendra Dynasty, which followed Buddhism. These dynasties left behind different cultural and religious legacies in the form of temples and inscriptions.

How did Rakai Pikatan's marriage to Pramodawardhani influence the Mataram Kingdom?

Rakai Pikatan, from the Sanjaya Dynasty, married Pramodawardhani, a princess of the Syailendra Dynasty. This marriage symbolized the blending of Hindu and Buddhist cultures, as seen in the construction of temples like Candi Sewu, a Buddhist temple, alongside Hindu temples in Prambanan.

What led to the fall of the Mataram Kingdom in Central Java?

The Mataram Kingdom in Central Java fell due to the catastrophic eruption of Mount Merapi in the 10th century, which destroyed the kingdom’s central power. The kingdom’s center was later relocated to East Java by Mpu Sindok.