Who Is Isaac Newton ? The Scientist Who Changed History !

Summary

This video presents an engaging overview of Isaac Newton's life, highlighting his significant contributions to science, particularly his development of calculus, the law of universal gravitation, and his work in optics. It delves into his personal life, including his introverted nature, challenges during childhood, and his solitary dedication to work. The script also covers Newton's professional milestones, including his role at Cambridge, the Royal Mint, and the Royal Society, as well as his knighthood. The video emphasizes Newton's lasting impact on modern physics and scientific thought.

Takeaways

• 🍎 Isaac Newton is known as the father of modern physics, famous for discovering gravity after an apple supposedly fell on his head.
• 🧠 Despite his introverted, nerdy, and sometimes vindictive personality, Newton made monumental contributions to science and mathematics.
• 👶 Newton was born prematurely in 1642 and lost his father before birth, facing a tough childhood after his mother remarried and left him with his grandmother.
• 📚 His uncle recognized his potential and provided him with books, nurturing his curiosity about physics and laying the foundation for his future discoveries.
• 👩‍❤️‍💋‍👨 Newton had an introverted personality and struggled with social relationships, but there's a rumor he fell in love once with Catherine, the adopted daughter of Mr. Clarke.
• 🔭 As a child, Newton was already inventing devices like a model windmill and a sundial, showing his different mindset compared to his peers.
• 🌌 Newton's fascination with celestial phenomena led him to invent calculus and discover the law of universal gravitation by questioning why apples fall and why the moon doesn't.
• 📖 His book *Principia* outlined the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which became foundational for classical physics, though the book was complex and hard to understand at the time.
• 🔬 Newton also made breakthroughs in optics, proving that white light consists of a spectrum of colors through his prism experiments, and invented the reflecting telescope.
• 🏅 Newton was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705, marking his rise to fame, and he also served as the director of the Royal Mint and president of the Royal Society.

Q & A

Who is Isaac Newton, and why is he significant?

Isaac Newton is widely regarded as the father of modern physics. He made groundbreaking contributions to mathematics, physics, and astronomy, most notably developing calculus, formulating the law of universal gravitation, and establishing the laws of motion.

What notable event is associated with Newton's discovery of gravity?

A famous anecdote associated with Newton's discovery of gravity is that an apple fell on his head, leading him to wonder why objects fall to the ground. This thought process eventually led him to formulate the law of universal gravitation.

What was Newton's childhood like?

Newton had a difficult childhood. His father died before he was born, and his mother remarried, leaving him in the care of his grandmother. Despite these challenges, Newton's uncle recognized his potential and encouraged his education.

How did Newton's early curiosity in physics manifest?

As a child, Newton showed an early interest in understanding the world around him. He invented mechanical devices like a model windmill and a sundial, demonstrating his fascination with scientific questions and engineering.

Why did Newton's uncle play a significant role in his education?

Newton's uncle recognized his intellectual potential and supported his education by providing him with books, fostering his curiosity, and ensuring he received a formal education.

How did the plague impact Newton’s career?

During the plague of 1665, Newton returned home from Cambridge, where he developed many of his most famous ideas, including the laws of motion, calculus, and the theory of gravitation. This period of isolation was pivotal for his scientific breakthroughs.

What experiments did Newton conduct with light and prisms?

Newton performed experiments with light and prisms, discovering that white light is composed of a spectrum of colors. He showed that light passing through a prism could be split into different colors and later recombined into white light, challenging the prevailing idea that colors were a mix of black and white.

What is Newton’s first law of motion?

Newton's first law of motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain in motion at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force.

Why didn't Newton publish his works immediately?

Newton was reluctant to publish his works initially because he was a perfectionist and was unsure if his findings were complete. He also experienced periods of mental stress and isolation, which delayed the publication of his discoveries.

How did Newton contribute to optics and telescope design?

Newton made significant contributions to optics by studying the nature of light and colors. He also invented the reflecting telescope, which used mirrors instead of lenses, making it more powerful and efficient than the telescopes of his time.

Outlines

00:00

🍎 The Early Life and Personality of Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton, the father of modern physics, was a complex figure known for his introverted, reclusive nature. Born prematurely in 1642, he was raised by his grandmother after his mother remarried and left him behind. Despite his difficult childhood, Newton displayed early intellectual curiosity, inventing models and asking profound questions about the natural world. His education was aided by his uncle, who recognized his potential and provided him with books. Though considered an odd, solitary child, Newton's intellect and determination would later revolutionize science. His early experiences shaped his understanding that respect could be earned through reason rather than physical strength.

05:05

💡 The Plague and Newton's Groundbreaking Discoveries

In 1665, the Black Death forced Newton to return home from Cambridge, where his most significant work began. He pondered questions like why apples fall to the ground and why the moon doesn’t fall. Lacking the mathematical tools and knowledge of Earth's mass, Newton invented calculus in 1667, laying the groundwork for his law of universal gravitation. He applied these principles to explain the movements of planets around the sun, revolutionizing physics. During this time, he also conducted experiments on light, proving that white light is composed of different colors. His invention of the reflecting telescope further solidified his contributions to science.

10:11

📚 Newton's Laws of Motion and Their Impact

Newton’s monumental work, *Principia*, published in 1687, introduced his three laws of motion, which transformed our understanding of the universe. The first law describes how objects remain in their state of motion unless acted upon by an external force. The second law explains how planets are kept in elliptical orbits around the sun due to the balance between centrifugal force and gravitational pull. The third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. These laws laid the foundation for classical physics, applying universally to everything from the smallest atom to the largest celestial bodies. Newton’s work shaped not only science but also his later career in the Royal Mint and the Royal Society.

Keywords

💡Gravity

Gravity is the force that attracts two objects with mass towards each other. In the video, it is central to understanding Newton's work, as he is famously known for discovering the law of universal gravitation. The script mentions the story of an apple falling on his head as a metaphor for his insight into gravity.

💡Modern Physics

Modern Physics refers to the developments in physics from the scientific revolution to the present. Newton is considered the father of modern physics due to his groundbreaking work in mechanics and optics, which laid the foundation for classical physics.

💡Calculus

Calculus is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of change and motion. The script highlights that Newton developed the mathematical method known as 'Newton Calculus' to answer questions about the motion of celestial bodies, which was crucial for his discovery of the law of universal gravitation.

💡Opticks

Opticks refers to the study of light and the behavior of light, including its reflection and refraction. Newton's book 'Opticks' detailed his experiments with light and color, which challenged the prevailing Aristotelian views and contributed to the field of optics.

💡Principia

Principia, or 'Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy,' is Newton's seminal work where he formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation. The script describes this book as a turning point in world history, as it provided a comprehensive framework for understanding the physical universe.

💡Introvert

Introvert is a term used to describe someone who is more focused on their inner thoughts and feelings rather than seeking external stimulation. The video script portrays Newton as an introvert, highlighting his preference for solitude and his difficulty in communicating with others, which contrasts with his monumental contributions to science.

💡Halley's Comet

Halley's Comet is a famous periodic comet. Edmond Halley, after whom the comet is named, is mentioned in the script as a person who encouraged Newton to publish his work. Halley's interest in Newton's theories underscores the significance of Newton's discoveries.

💡Royal Society

The Royal Society is a prestigious scientific institution in the UK, and Newton became its president in 1703. His leadership role at the Royal Society reflects the high esteem in which his scientific work was held and his influence on the scientific community.

💡Reflecting Telescope

A reflecting telescope uses mirrors to gather and focus light, as opposed to refracting telescopes that use lenses. Newton developed his own reflecting telescope, which was more powerful than the refracting telescopes of his time, demonstrating his contributions to the field of optics.

💡Law of Universal Gravitation

The law of universal gravitation states that every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force acting along the line intersecting both points. The script explains that Newton's discovery of this law allowed for a better understanding of the universe, including the orbits of the moon and planets.

💡Knighthood

Knighthood is a title of honor bestowed by a monarch. Newton was knighted by Queen Anne, as mentioned in the script, which signified his recognition not only as a scientist but also as a national figure of importance.

Highlights

Isaac Newton is considered the father of modern physics.

Newton's introverted and vindictive personality traits.

His love for solitude and limited social interactions.

Wilhelm Leibniz's high regard for Newton's mathematical contributions.

Newton was born prematurely and faced a difficult childhood.

His uncle's support and provision of books sparked Newton's curiosity.

Newton's early inventions like a model windmill and sundial.

His realization at school that respect is earned through reason.

Newton's work at Cambridge College while serving as a waitress.

His dedication to studying celestial phenomena and the nature of light.

Newton's development of calculus to answer questions in physics.

His discovery of the law of universal gravitation.

Newton's experiments with light and color using a prism.

Invention of the reflecting telescope in 1668.

Newton's decision to publish his work after encouragement from Edmond Halley.

Publication of 'Principia', a pivotal work in the history of science.

Newton's three laws of motion that established dynamics in physics.

His service as assistant director of the royal mint and later as its director.

Publication of 'Opticks' detailing his work on light and optics.

Newton was knighted by the queen, becoming Sir Isaac Newton.

Transcripts

It Is Isaac Newton.

The genius we know as the man who found gravity because an apple fell on his head.

Isaac Newton is a very big name who is interesting for some, dark for others, but is considered

by everyone to be the father of modern physics, who made incredible inventions.

Newton is the reason we understand the universe better and can do mathematical calculations.

In fact, he was not a person as he was known, he was an introvert, nerdy, vindictive, soulless

person.

One of his distinctive features was that he loved being alone very much.

He doesn't have many friends, either.

Despite this different personality, he was a very respectable person.

So much so that even Wilhelm Leibniz, who accused Newton of stealing his own theories,

said the following words for him: Newton did more in the field of mathematics than anything

that had been done from the beginning of the world to him.

Who is Isaac Newton?

Ready when you are.

Let's talk about your childhood first.

Isaac Newton took his name from his father.

Because his father had died before he was even born.

Isaac was born prematurely on December 24, 1642.

During the birth, which was quite painful, two women who were with Hannah were sent to

take medication.

They didn't hurry because they didn't think the child would live.

I mean, if we say that they left this man who changed the world to die, that's the place.

When Isaac was three years old, his mother married Barnabas Smith, a wealthy man.

After this marriage, a difficult period awaited Isaac.

Later, his mother did not take care of him and left him with his grandmother.

His uncle saw his potential and tried to help.

At that time, when the number of books was limited, his uncle gave his own books to Isaac,

which was a great chance for that time.

The books his uncle brought to Isaac taught him to ask the right questions.

Here, in his grandmother's house, the foundations of a curiosity towards physics that would

never disappear again were to be laid.

When a rope is rotated around its axis, why is there a tension in the rope?

Here, a new question.

Instead of playing with toys like his peers, Isaac tried to invent something at that age,

like a model windmill, like the sundial he made at school.

You see, at that age, Isaac was showing that he was different.

Although he was doubted by his surroundings, he would ultimately change the history of

world science forever.

Although his uncle supported him, he was also aware that Newton needed a more serious education.

So in 1654, he was brought to the house of an apothecary.

This was very close to the King's School, the school where he was going to study.

Apart from this, there is another very important feature.

Rumor has it that Newton only once in his life, in this house, fell in love with Catherine,

the adopted daughter of Mr. Clarke.

Even if we accept this as true, Newton was not a child who could easily communicate with

the opposite sex.

It was understandable that he was an introvert and a child who was found strange by his environment.

He probably did not have a friend to whom he could open his ideas and tell about himself.

In such a situation, it is inevitable for a child to return to his inner world.

This was one of the most important lessons Newton learned at the King's School.

As a child, when his school friends beat him up, he realized that respect is earned not

only by strength, but also by reason.

After that, if he couldn't physically respond, instead of running away, he would put his

mind out.

As the doors of Cambridge College opened for Newton, a new life was beginning for him.

Newton studied at Cambridge College while also working as a waitress.

Although her mother had a considerable fortune, she sent very little money.

Newton was about to turn 19 and was two years older than the wealthy children he served.

This was embarrassing for him, and this caused him to become even more distant from people.

In college, he wrote the following in his philosophy notebook; I am a friend of Plato,

a friend of Aristotle, but my best friend, the truth.

Newton was a very hardworking and persistent person.

He was very interested in celestial phenomena.

He would not sleep at night and watch the movements of the comet.

During the day, he was obsessed with the sun, and even went so far that he was trying to

solve the secret of the colors that appeared in his eyes by looking at the sun for minutes

with the naked eye.

He once even tried to change the shape of his eye by plunging a needle into the lower

part of his eye.

Thus, he was waiting to Decipher whether there was a connection between eye shape and colors.

By 1664, Newton's life's work had already taken shape.

In September 1665, England was facing a disease called the Black death.

The plague had swept all over the country and had taken the lives of half of the people

in some cities.

In October, Cambridge council decided to close the institution.

So Newton also returned home.

Everything was just beginning for Newton, who, as he put it, was about to rise to the

top of the age of inventions.

Newton asked himself very important questions here, why does an apple fall to the ground

when it breaks off from a tree branch, but why doesn't the moon fall, and more importantly,

why does the apple fall towards the earth?

If we launch the apple quickly, will it orbit like the moon?

Although he thought about these questions for a long time, he could not find an answer.

Because he lacked two things.

Firstly, there was not enough advanced mathematics to answer these questions, Calculus had not

yet been invented.

Secondly, he did not know the mass of the earth and the moon.

These unknowns forced Newton to discover one of the most important discoveries in the history

of the world in 1667 and he developed the mathematical method called Newton Calculus.

this 24-year-old man was changing the world.

This mathematics allowed Newton to discover the law of universal gravitation.

The same situation that applies to the rotation of the moon around the earth, he also applied

to the rotation of the planets around the sun.

Newton was building the foundation of physics, he revealed that the laws of physics are universal

laws that affect everything.

Not only that, he made very important studies about the nature of light.

Aristotle suggested that colors are a mixture of light and darkness, black and white.

This idea was still accepted in Newton's time.

Designing a new experiment, Newton darkened the upstairs bedroom.

He made a small hole in the curtain and placed a prism in front of the light that entered.

The resulting spectrum was reflected on the wall on the other side of the room.

When the white light passed through the prism, it decomposed into different colors.

Moreover, each of the seven colors was refracted at different angles when passing through the

prism.

The least red was broken, the most purple.

When he held a prism to the dissociated colors again, he watched in amazement as they all

merged again to form the color white.

He devoted his days to these studies and realized that all the other colors were a mixture of

the color white.

Thanks to all his optical knowledge, he developed his own telescope, the reflecting telescope,

in 1668.

This telescope was so powerful that, although it was smaller and cheaper than those of its

time, it was more powerful.

During the two or three years that he was closed during the plague epidemic, he had

made such discoveries that any one of these discoveries alone was enough to engrave his

name in golden letters in history.

But Newton did not intend to publish his work, because he was not yet sure that it was completed.

Therefore, the scientific world would have to wait for him for decades.

But still, his genius had opened the doors of the university's mathematics professorship

to him at the age of 27.

Thus, there was a significant development in his career.

Newton first lost his mother and then went into seclusion when his roommate of 20 years

left Cambridge.

The remedy he found for loneliness was to work, work and work harder.

Over the years, he has become a nutty professor.

He eats very little and rarely sleeps before 3 at night.

He was sleeping with the clothes on and got up again after a little sleep.

He was concentrating so much that he was forgetting time and space.

While going through these difficult periods, Edmond Halley, whose name we also know from

the comet, visited Newton.

You know, the namesake of Halley's comet.

Halley was very surprised when he saw Newton's discoveries and calculations.

These formulas could have changed the world.

He persuaded her to publish her work, saying that he would also cover her expenses himself.

Of course, Newton's reason for not publishing was not only the costs, but also the mental

breakdown he was in.

Newton decided to publish his work.

Thus, a long period of the most intensive scientific studies in the history of science

has begun.

Newton worked on his book for months and finally published his great work, the Principia, that

is, the mathematical principles of natural philosophy, on July 5, 1687.

This development was a very important turning point in world history.

The universe was now being explained with much more understandable mechanical principles.

Principia was not an easy book to understand at that time, as it was written in Latin,

full of drawings and formulas.

Even some of his students, here!

The book he was writing, he said, was the man to be understood neither by himself nor

by others.

And what does this Principia say?

According to Newton's first law, if no force is applied on an object from outside, the

object maintains its state of motion.

If it is stationary, it continues to remain stationary, if it is moving at a constant

speed, it continues to move at a constant speed.

When we look at the planets, we see that they rotate by drawing elliptical orbits around

the sun, as Newton mathematically showed.

In accordance with the first law, they do not go towards space on a straight line.

This is where the second law comes into play.

This law says that the planets are drawn towards the sun at a right angle.

Here a question comes to the mind of a person, why don't the planets fall towards the sun?

Newton says that centrifugal force balances the planets against the gravitational force

exerted by the sun inward.

To better understand this principle, you can imagine an object tied to a rope.

When you start turning the object, it neither jumps out nor falls into your hands.

So if the planets stopped rotating and stopped, they would start falling towards the sun because

of gravity.

The object represents the planet, and the hand holding the rope represents the sun.

The rope is the force that prevents the object from flying into the void.

And the rope itself?

There is no such rope in sight that connects the planets to the sun.

Which brings us to the third law.

Against each impact, there is always a reaction of the same magnitude.

Or the movements of two objects against each other are always equal and of opposite orientation.

For example, the moon attracts the earth with the same force that the earth attracts the

moon.

The same applies to the world and Apple.

Only in the case of the apple does the applied force change the position of the apple, while

the earth does not seem to be affected at all, since its mass is much larger.

With these three laws of motion, Newton established the branch of modern physics that we call

dynamics.

Everything, from the smallest atom to the largest planets, acted in accordance with

the same immutable law.

When it came to quantum physics, of course, the situation would move to another dimension,

but this will not change the fact that Newton laid the foundations of classical physics.

Newton's career continued not only with the identity of a scientist.

in 1696, he began serving as assistant director of the royal mint.

Later, he became the director of the mint.

in 1703, he became president of the royal society.

He gave the association its golden years in terms of financial position and prosperity.

Later, in 1704, Newton also published his book Opticks, which he had written many years

earlier.

Principia complex geometric relationships described an experiment that when a small

number of hosts and math work, Opticks; reflection and refraction of white light, the separation

of the colors of the spectrum, the eye, the study of shape, image formation with lenses,

rainbow colors, and much more detailed narrative of the construction work was reflective of

the telescope.

It was a book that had information from every field to the blood circulation that you would

understand.

in 1705, the queen paid a visit to Cambridge.

The royal proclamation was read, and a sword was drawn.

When the sword touched Newton's shoulders, he was knighted.

This great scientist, who wrote his name in golden letters in history, was named after

Sir Isaac Newton.

Now his reputation in the eyes of people was at its peak.

There's a lot more to tell about Newton, of course, but if I try to tell all of it, it

might take a few hours.

So I tried to summarize as much as possible.

Thank you for watching.

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