The Future of Humanity - with Yuval Noah Harari
Summary
TLDRThe speaker discusses the potential impact of artificial intelligence on society, emphasizing that it's not about prophesying the future but exploring possibilities. AI could become the dominant life form, possibly spreading beyond Earth. The speaker highlights AI's potential to replace human jobs, using self-driving cars and AI doctors as examples. They stress the need to prepare for a future where humans may become economically and politically powerless, as their jobs are automated away.
Takeaways
- 📚 The book is not about prophecies but explores different possibilities for the future, emphasizing human agency in shaping these outcomes.
- 🧠 The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) could potentially lead to AI becoming the dominant life form on Earth and beyond, with significant implications for humanity.
- 🔬 A major biological revolution is underway, with life evolving from organic to inorganic forms, potentially allowing it to spread throughout the universe.
- 🚀 AI and technology are on the verge of transforming life and society, moving from natural selection to intelligent design and from Earth to the cosmos.
- 💼 The impact of AI on the job market could be profound, with the potential to create a 'useless class' of people who are unemployable due to AI outperforming humans in most tasks.
- 🚗 AI is expected to replace human drivers in vehicles, leading to safer, more efficient transportation and the disappearance of millions of driving-related jobs.
- 🩺 AI doctors like IBM's Watson have the potential to outperform human doctors in diagnosing diseases and providing treatment, possibly replacing a significant portion of the medical profession.
- 🤖 AI's ability to provide emotional support challenges the belief that only humans can understand and respond to emotions, as emotions are biochemical phenomena that AI can analyze.
- 🌐 The rapid pace of AI advancement raises concerns about job displacement and the need for humans to reinvent themselves and learn new skills throughout their lifetime.
- 🏫 There is uncertainty about what skills and knowledge children should be taught today to prepare for a future job market that is likely to be vastly different from today's.
Q & A
What is the main theme of the book being presented?
-The book is not about prophecies but explores different possibilities for the future, particularly focusing on the rise of artificial intelligence and its potential to become the dominant life-form on Earth.
Why is the author critical of books that prophesy about the future?
-The author believes writing about prophecies is sterile because it suggests a future that cannot be changed, whereas discussing possibilities allows for agency and the potential to prevent undesirable outcomes.
How does the author view the current revolution in the context of biological history?
-The author sees the current revolution as the most important in biological history since the beginning of life on Earth, as it may lead to the creation of inorganic life forms and the expansion of life beyond Earth.
What is the significance of the shift from organic to inorganic life forms?
-This shift could allow life to break free from the constraints of organic biochemistry and adapt more easily to environments outside of Earth, potentially enabling the spread of life throughout the universe.
What are the implications of AI for the job market and human relevance in the future?
-AI could push humans out of the job market, creating a 'useless class' of people who have no economic usefulness because AI outperforms them in almost all tasks.
How does the author illustrate the potential of AI in replacing human drivers?
-The author uses the example of self-driving cars, which could significantly reduce the 1.3 million annual deaths from car accidents caused by human error, and could drive more efficiently, cheaply, and safely than humans.
What is the role of a single network in AI-driven vehicles?
-A single network connecting all AI-driven vehicles could prevent collisions by centrally coordinating their movements, making the transportation system far safer and more efficient.
How does the author compare AI doctors like IBM's Watson to human doctors?
-AI doctors have the advantage of being available 24/7, having access to unlimited medical data, and being able to monitor patients' health continuously through biometric sensors.
In what ways might AI provide better emotional support than human doctors?
-AI can diagnose emotional conditions by analyzing facial expressions, tone of voice, and biometric data from within the body, potentially providing more accurate emotional support than human doctors.
What is the potential issue with the rapid pace of AI advancement for older workers?
-Older workers may struggle to reinvent themselves as new jobs emerge, as it becomes increasingly difficult to learn new skills and adapt to new job markets beyond a certain age.
What social class does the author foresee emerging in the 21st century due to AI?
-The author foresees the rise of a 'useless class' of people who are economically useless and potentially politically powerless due to the dominance of AI in the job market.
Outlines
🌌 Introduction to the Book and the Rise of AI
The speaker begins by emphasizing that the book they are presenting is not a prophecy about the future but rather an exploration of different possibilities. The author highlights the importance of understanding that we have agency over the future and can influence which possibilities come to fruition. The main focus of the discussion is the rise of artificial intelligence and its potential to become the dominant life form on Earth and beyond. The speaker suggests that we are on the cusp of a significant shift in biology, moving from organic to inorganic life forms, which could allow life to spread throughout the universe. The speaker also raises concerns about the impact of AI on the job market and the economic power of ordinary humans, questioning what skills future generations need to learn to remain relevant.
🚗 AI and the Future of Employment
The speaker discusses the potential for AI to replace humans in the job market within the next few decades, drawing parallels to the industrial revolution of the 19th century. They predict the emergence of a 'useless class' of people who will be unable to compete with AI in almost all tasks. Using the example of self-driving cars, the speaker explains how AI could outperform humans in driving, leading to safer and more efficient transportation. They also suggest that AI could connect all vehicles in a network, further reducing accidents. The speaker warns that this advancement could lead to the disappearance of millions of jobs, not just in driving but in many other professions as well.
👨⚕️ The Future of Medicine with AI Doctors
The speaker shares a personal anecdote about needing medical attention and the inconvenience of accessing a doctor. They compare the limited time and knowledge of human doctors to the potential of AI doctors like IBM's Watson, which could be available 24/7, have access to a vast amount of medical data, and monitor patients' health continuously. The speaker argues that AI doctors could diagnose and treat patients more effectively than human doctors, despite concerns that AI might lack the emotional support that humans provide. They explain that emotions are biochemical phenomena that AI could potentially understand and respond to better than humans, given access to biometric data.
🧠 AI's Superiority in Data Processing and Emotional Support
The speaker continues the discussion on AI in medicine, emphasizing Watson's ability to process vast amounts of data about diseases and medical research, which surpasses human capabilities. They address the concern that AI might not provide emotional support by explaining that emotions are biochemical phenomena that AI can potentially diagnose and respond to, using biometric data from within the body. The speaker suggests that AI could provide more accurate emotional support than human doctors, who rely on external cues.
🌐 AI Doctors and the Global Shortage of Human Doctors
The speaker points out the global shortage of doctors and how AI could solve this problem by creating an infinite number of AI doctors that are available everywhere and all the time. They compare the time and resources required to train a human doctor to the potential one-time investment needed to develop AI doctors. The speaker acknowledges technical and legal challenges but emphasizes the immense potential of AI in healthcare. They also discuss the historical shift from agriculture and industry to service jobs and the uncertainty of what new jobs will emerge as AI replaces humans in mental and cognitive tasks.
📚 Preparing for an Unknown Future Job Market
The speaker reflects on the uncertainty of the future job market and the difficulty of predicting what skills will be needed. They suggest that much of what children learn today might become irrelevant, and there is no consensus on what should be taught instead. The speaker highlights the potential creation of a 'useless class' of people who are economically and politically powerless due to the loss of their jobs to AI. They conclude by emphasizing that this is not a prophecy and that there is still agency to influence the future, encouraging action to prevent undesirable outcomes.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Artificial Intelligence
💡Futurology
💡Agency
💡Biology
💡Intelligent Design
💡Inorganic Life Forms
💡Job Market
💡Economic Uselessness
💡Cognitive Abilities
💡Reinvention
💡Political Power
Highlights
The book is not about prophecies but about mapping different possibilities for the future.
We still have agency over the future and can influence which possibilities are realized.
The rise of artificial intelligence could lead to it becoming the dominant life-form on Earth.
AI has the potential to become the first inorganic life form after four billion years of organic evolution.
AI could enable life to spread beyond Earth for the first time in history.
The transition from organic to inorganic life forms could have significant implications for society and the economy.
Artificial intelligence may push humans out of the job market within the next few decades.
AI could create a new class of people who are economically useless because machines outperform them.
Self-driving cars may replace human drivers due to their superior safety and efficiency.
AI doctors like IBM's Watson have the potential to outperform human doctors in diagnosing diseases.
Watson can provide constant medical monitoring and has access to vast amounts of medical data.
AI may also be able to provide emotional support by analyzing biochemical signals from the body.
The creation of AI doctors could solve the global shortage of medical professionals.
Machines are starting to compete with humans in mental and cognitive abilities.
The rapid pace of AI development may require humans to reinvent themselves multiple times during their lifetime.
It is uncertain what new jobs will emerge as AI replaces existing ones.
The 21st century may see the rise of a 'useless class' of people who are economically and politically powerless.
The shift to AI could centralize economic and political power in the hands of a few individuals.
The future is not set in stone, and we can take action to influence the development of AI and its impact on society.
Transcripts
so thank you [very] much for this introduction and especially for
Presenting the book not as a book of futurology
Because um for me something very important to make everybody
Understand if they're going to go and read this book
But it's definitely not a book of prophecies about the future. It's rather tries to map
Different possibilities that might or might not be realized. We still have some agency regarding that
Writing a book of prophecies. I think is an is a sterile exercise if it becomes through or doesn't doesn't matter
[I] mean, you can't do anything about it. It's much more interesting
It's much more vital to write about different possibilities
And if you don't like some of these possibilities, then do something about it
- try to prevent the worst possibilities from being realised and
What I want to discuss [today] is one particularly important
possibilities the possibility that we are now facing which is the rise of
artificial intelligence and [the]
potential that artificial intelligence will become the dominant life-form on Earth and
even Beyond the Earth and what would that mean for Homo Sapiens and
In order to understand this we need
To maybe go a step backward and take the really long view not just of history
But actually of biology not just of the history of man
But really of the history of life because what's happening?
Now is maybe not just the most important revolution in Human history, but the most important revolution in biology
since the beginning of life at least on Earth
For the last [four] billion years of Earth, - sorry of life
Nothing much changed about the fundamental laws of life all life forms for four billion years evolved by natural
selection and all life-forms
Were restricted to the organic realm
It doesn't matter if you're an amoeba or a giraffe or a tomato or a homo sapiens
You're made of organic compounds [and] your subjects -you're subject to
organic biochemistry
This is now changing we are on the verge
not only of replacing natural selection with intelligent design
not the intelligent design of some God our intelligent design [as] the
[principle] motor of the evolution of life we are also on the verge of
Allowing life [to] break out for the first time from the organic realm into the Inorganic and
creating the first inorganic life forms after [four] billion years of evolution which also implies
that life will for the first time have a serious chance of breaking out of [Planet] Earth and
beginning to spread in the rest of the Galaxy in the rest of the universe
Organic Life Have been adapted to the very unique conditions of this planet for [four] billion years
So despite what you see on star [Trek]. Which is just now celebrating 50 years
It's extremely difficult to sustain organic life in outer space on other planets
Which is why it's very unlikely that organic life will be able to spread and to flourish
Outside Earth, but once you switch from organic to Inorganic it becomes much easier
So we are really on the verge of these two intertwined
revolution moving from the organic to the Inorganic and moving from Planet Earth
Actually to the rest of the universe to the rest of the Galaxy
but
Coming back from the level of the Galaxy to the level of Day-To-day politics. What is- what will this [mean] for
Ordinary human beings, for society, for the job market, [for] the political system
I don't have time to cover all the different scenarios and possibilities. I want to focus on one
important issue, which is what it will do to the job market and what it will do to the economic [ah]
importance and power of Ordinary Humans in the next few decades because this is a very practical question [ah]
kids in the uk have just started the school the school year this week and
The question is what do they need to [learn] so that they will still be relevant?
They will still have a job when they are thirty or forty this is it's this kind of question which I think
Brings down the idea of Artificial intelligence
From the cloud and the Galaxy to the level of Society and economics and politics
[and] one of the big dangers which more and more experts are talking about is that in the next few decades
[not] in thousands of years, but within the lifetime of many of the people here in the room
Artificial [intelligence] will push humans out of [the] job market and in the same way
that the industrial revolution of the 19th century
Created [a] new massive class the Urban working class the proletariat
So in the 21st century a new industrial revolution
Will create a new massive class the useless class
People who have no economic usefulness because Ai artificial intelligence
Outperforms them in almost all tasks and old jobs people who are not just unemployed
They are unemployable there is no other with no jobs. No jobs to give these people
so to start with a simple example
[Ten] years ago. It was relatively accepted wisdom that our
Computers and artificial intelligence will never be able to drive cars and vehicles
Better than humans maybe in a laboratory under sterile conditions a computer could drive a car
But not in real-life situations [in] a real city like London
Today more and more experts are coming to the opposite
Conclusion to the opposite view but it's only a question of time and not a very long time
maybe in 10 20 30 years
humans will not drive vehicles at all because Ai will be so much better at
Driving taxis and buses and trucks and so Forth than human beings
They will not only drive it more efficiently and more [cheaply] with less pollution
But most importantly a I will drive far more safely than homo Sapiens the Newman drivers
today in the World every Year
1.3 million people die each year from car accidents
Around the world this is about twice as many death as the death caused by war
Crime and Terrorism put together and most of these
1.3 million people are killed as a result of human mistakes of human errors or negligence. It's cases like
people falling asleep while driving
Cases like people drinking alcohol
And then driving people ignoring traffic lights people ignoring the stop sign people driving too fast
Inside [a] city things like that
This is the major reason for these more than 1 million deaths every year if you replace
Humans by Ai
most of these errors will disappear will be prevented and
self-driving car a computer will never drink alcohol and then drive a
Self-driving car will never fall asleep while driving if you program it
Correctly or or if this is how you program it. It will never Disobey the traffic laws
It will always stop at a stop sign
it will always stop at a red sign even more importantly from the Viewpoint of
safety um
Today each car is an individual unit when two cars are approaching an intersection
Each car sometimes tries to signal its intention the driver is trying to signal his or her
Intentions, but the two cars are really independent entities. Which is why sometimes they collide?
however if
you uhh
prevent humans from driving and all the vehicles on the Road I'll
sell our autonomous and they are driven by computers by Ai
Then the logical and possible thing to do is to connect all of them one to the others, so there are no longer
independent
vehicles on the Road
But all vehicles are connected to a single network to a single Master algorithm
Which is far less likely to allow two of its puppets to collide
[so] from this perspective, it's quite likely. It's not, it's not a profit
It's not certain all kinds of things may prevent it from happening
But there is a good chance that in say 10 20 30 years
Humans all Human drivers, or most human drivers will be replaced by AI and
Which we shall have enormous good consequences, but which also means that millions of jobs will disappear
[the] same thing may happen with many many other professions. I'll just I don't have a lot of time, so I'll give [just] one example
What might happen to doctors?
most doctors
what they do most of the time is to try to
diagnose a my disease and then offer the best treatment possible
Which is something I'm very aware of right now because I'm a bit under the weather
I drove to Manchester yesterday and got a cold on the way
I think it's a cold. I'm not sure I feel a bit dizzy. I feel a bit something in the throat
[I] think [it's] a cold. [I] can't go and ask my doctor because my doctor is back in Israel
And even if I could even even if I was right now in Israel
It's not so simple to go to the doctor. It takes time. I need to make an appointment
She's not always available and even if I make an [appointment] for tomorrow morning
So I have to leave my work and drive to the clinic
I then wait [in] the reception room for 10 minutes or 20 minutes or 30 [minutes]
And then finally I get [to] see the doctor, and I don't know how it is with the NHS in the uk
But in israel my insurance pays for very short visits. Maybe five or [ten] minutes
That's all that my doctor usually has for me
during these five or ten minutes when she tries to
Diagnose my disease so she would ask me three four questions about how I'm feeling. [do] you have [a] headache?
Do you feel dizzy something like that?
She may do one or two simple physical tests. She may ask me to say ahh and look into my throat
She may take out a stethoscope and listen to my lungs or my heart. She may measure my heartbeat or my blood pressure
She also knows something about my medical history because she's my personal physician, but obviously she can't remember
Every illness I ever had and every blood test and DNA scan I are ever made she may look it up on the computer
[but] again, she doesn't have much time so
She takes these few bits of Data
About my present and past medical condition and now in order to diagnose my disease
She needs to compare that with all the different diseases in the world could be cold could be
Influenza could be uhh breast cancer all kinds of things that
might have these symptoms and
obviously even the best doctor in the world
she can't really be familiar with all the different medical conditions and all the different diseases in the world and
even if
And she obviously also she can't be updated every day about all the latest medical
Researchers and articles and tests and drugs and so forth [so] both types of data
What she knows about me?
And what she knows about all the diseases and medical conditions in the world both are very limited in addition
My doctor is sometimes
Sick herself, she is sometimes irritated, she is sometimes hungry
She is sometimes tired so she isn't always at her peak of her performance when she comes to diagnose my disease
now compare that to
AI doctors artificial intelligence doctors that are already being developed as we speak the most famous
Example, but not the only example is IBM's Watson
Watson has immense advantages
compared to my
Flesh-And-blood physician first of all Watson] can be everywhere all [the] [time] on my smartphone?
Even if I go to give the talk here in London, [I] can take my personal physician with me on the smartphone
It accompanies me 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
It has all the time in the world for me
If I want I can sit [on] my living room
sofa and [just] answer questions about my health for hours and hours on end and do all kinds of tests
in fact Watson doesn't need to wait until
I ask until I come towards and I say hey something is wrong
What's wrong with me? Watson will be able to monitor my medical condition [all] the [time] using
biometric sensors on my body and inside my body
So when something just starts it will know about it much month before
I know that something is wrong, and it can try to do something about it to start a treatment even without my [mind] knowing it
In addition Watson has no limit at all or almost no
Limitations on the amount of Data it can access and process
Watson will be able instantly to know my entire medical history
Every illness I ever had every blood test or every DNA test
I ever did in addition, Watson will be able to [access]
Such data about my parents and siblings and neighbors and friends and then strangers
the other side of the equation
What about all the diseases in the world here [too] Watson has immense advantages [over] a flesh-and-blood doctors
Watson will be able to a large extent to be familiar with
All the different diseases in the world and with all the newest, latest
medical research about disease, about drugs, about these treatments, that treatment
so from this perspective
It's very likely that Watson will be able to diagnose disease and to offer treatment
Far far better than any human [doctor]
Now when people hear this they very often say okay?
Maybe Watson will be better in diagnosing disease. But there is one thing one other thing that we usually
Hope human doctors will do and that Watson will not be able to do and this is offer
emotional support. A
human [doctor] is not some machine some cold [machine]
that just diagnoses this disease and says take this pill, a good doctor is also very attentive to my emotional condition and
it not just treats my
physical difficulties it also gives me the proper emotional support that in many cases is a vital part of
of
confronting any kind of disease or medical condition
however
This criticism fails to [to] know to notice that emotions at least according to Modern science,
Emotions are not some
spiritual thing that God gave humans in order to appreciate poetry
emotions are a
biochemical
Phenomenon that not only homo Sapiens serve all mammals all birds and many many other animals have emotions
[they're] a biochemical phenomena in this sense emotions are like disease. [they] are both
biochemical phenomena
And therefore it is extremely [likely] that Watson will be able to diagnose my emotional condition
Just as it diagnoses my illnesses and my medical problems
if I go to my become a human doctor
How does my human doctor know my emotional condition she relies on two kinds of signals?
External signals that I'm giving she relies basic
On visual sing signals like my facial expression or my body movement my body language and she relies on audio our
signals audio cues she listens to what I say
Not just the contents, but even more importantly the tone [of] voice
[so] [if] I sit in her office, she looks at my [face] she listens to my [words]
And this is how she knows if I'm angry if I'm fearful or whatever
What [son] will be able to do all that?
Computers are already
outperforming humans in A
Diagnosing correctly analyzing correctly facial expressions and tone of voice
in order to recognize emotions
But much more importantly an AI like Watson will have access
To another and even better source of data about my emotions data coming from within my body
When my [doctor] looked at a man I sit in her office, and she looks at me
She sees my face, but she can't see my brain and she can't see my heart and she can't see what's happening inside me
Watson will be able to access
biometric Data coming from the brain coming from the heart coming from the bloodstream and therefore is likely to be able to
diagnose my emotional condition far far better than any human [doctor]
Now ah there are still problems some technical problems and also legal problems that prevent Watson and things like Watson
from replacing most doctors tomorrow morning - May take five years Ten Years [twenty] [years]
But what we need to realize that?
We need to solve these technical problems
Just once just once [in]
the case of Human doctors
or Flesh-And-blood doctors
In order to get to get a doctor
You need to take a person and then you need ten years at least ten years
of going to medical school and doing all kinds of studying and
Experimenting and experiencing in order after ten years and a huge investment in time and money and energy
At the end of this process you get one doctor if you want another doctor you have to start all over again
[and] invest all this time all this energy all this money again. Which is why in many?
Countries around the world there is an acute shortage of doctors
With Watson with an AI doctor you just have to do it once
Even [if] it costs a hundred billion dollars to solve the technical
Problems that still prevent Watson from replacing my human doctor if you invest
These hundred billion dollars and solve the problems what you get is not one doctor
You get an infinite number of doctors?
Available everywhere all the time for everybody even somebody in the middle of the jungle can have a personal physician
Only Smartphone or her smartphone which provides far better?
medical care than almost any doctor alive today
So the Potential is really is really immense
Which is why again more and more experts believe that not all doctors?
But many doctors maybe 50 60 80 [%] of doctors will be replaced by AI are
within 10 20 30 years and
The same thing may happen to many other professions lawyers, teachers
Insurance agents and so forth um
When people hear about this possibility again one of the most common objections is to say we've heard it before
We've heard it before this fear of machines replacing humans
it's not, it's not new [A]
Lot of people in the 19th and 20th century were afraid that as machines replace humans in
agriculture
and then in industry you'll have this massive unemployment and massive crisis with all the useless people and
It didn't happen because as new jobs disappeared,
Sorry as old jobs disappeared new jobs appeared to replace them
So we don't have a crisis today of mass unemployment
What happened? Is that most people [in] advanced societies stopped working in
agricultural industry today in a country like the uk or the USA about
[2%] of the Workforce are employed in agriculture
Compared to more than 90 percent before the industrial revolution
[maybe] 15 percent 20 percent still work in industry physical jobs, the vast majority are working in
services
But the problem is we cannot be sure that the same thing will happen again with this new revolution
Because humans have basically two kinds of abilities
They have physical abilities and they have mental and cognitive abilities
What happened in the 90s and 20th century is [that] machines?
competed and
Outperformed humans in Physical abilities so humans mostly moved to working in jobs that require
mental and cognitive abilities like the services sector
now machines are starting to compete with us and
outperform us also in mental and cognitive abilities
And we just don't know
about any third kind of ability
[that] humans may have and that everybody could move to work in that [field] we just not know about it
Another problem is that even if new jobs appear
The pace of change is so quick that
Humans will have to reinvent themselves again and again during their lifetime which is something [that] is very very difficult
Beyond a certain age
when you are 15 of your 20 the main thing you do in life is basically to
Invent yourself or to reinvent yourself and even then
It's not very easy, but when you're 40 or 50
It's much much more difficult and let's say that in 20 years
There are no jobs for taxi drivers and doctors and insurance agents, and they have to reinvent themselves
as let's say designers of virtual worlds
Now this is something very difficult for [a] 50 year old taxi driver or a 50 year old insurance agent to
Invent himself or herself again as a completely new [kind] of person now
I am the creator of virtual worlds. How does a virtual world
created by a 50 year old insurance agent look like um
it's it's a very difficult question and
It goes back to what I started with which is what to teach children
Today at school and the answer is that nobody has a clue
[I] mean children who today start the first with this first week of school first grade
Nobody knows what the job [market] would be like when these kids are 30 or 40
It's very likely that almost everything they learn at school will be completely irrelevant
But what to teach them instead nobody knows because we just don't know what kind of job market
we'll have in 2050 and what kind of skills uhh people will need in these kinds of
so Far unknown jobs
so um
As I said just as the 19th century created
this new massive class the Urban working class and
much of the political and social history of the 90s and 20th century
Revolved around this new class the working class
similarly in the 21st century we may see the creation the rise of a [new] massive class the useless class and
much [of] the social and political and economic history of the 21st century will revolve around that class and
around the question what to do with billions and billions of
economically useless people and
Because they are economically useless the danger is also that they will be politically powerless because usually
Economic usefulness goes hand in [hand] with political with political power and as humans lose
Their economic usefulness they may also lose their political power [and] to give just one simple example
when you have all these millions of taxi drivers and truck drivers and bus drivers each of them commands a small share [of] the
Transportation market and this gives them not only a certain amount of
Economic wealth it goes who gives them a certain amount [of] political power they can unionise and if the government
Pursues a policy which all these taxi drivers or truck drivers don't like they can go and strike
So they have also some political power now if you replace all
these drivers with driverless cars, which are basically
managed by a single algorithm, which is owned by a single corporation which is owned by a handful of billionaires
So all the economic and [political] power that was previously shared
between millions of drivers is now being monopolised by maybe five or ten
individuals
As I said in the beginning, this is not a prophecy
Nobody really knows how the job market, how the economy, how the political system would look like in
2050 if you don't like this particular possibility you can still do something about it. Thank you
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