History of X-rays
Summary
TLDRThis episode explores the accidental discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895, which revolutionized medicine, genetics, and manufacturing. The script delves into the history of X-rays, their initial use for entertainment, and the technological advancements that transformed them into an essential medical tool. It also discusses the physics behind X-ray production, their role in imaging, and Roentgen's decision not to patent his discovery, emphasizing his significant contribution to science and society.
Takeaways
- 🔬 The discovery of X-rays revolutionized medicine and other fields like genetics and manufacturing.
- 🏥 Halifax Medical Center houses the Halifax Radiology Museum, showcasing original radiology equipment from 1928.
- 📸 X-rays are now a common part of society, used in security, manufacturing, and medical diagnostics.
- 🧬 X-ray diffraction was key to understanding the DNA molecule's structure by scientists like Rosalind Franklin, Watson, and Crick.
- 🌟 The first American medical X-ray was performed at Dartmouth College in 1896, marking a significant milestone.
- 🎭 Early X-ray technology was used for entertainment, with 'bone portrait' studios offering X-ray images of body parts.
- 🏬 The inventor of X-rays, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, worked at the University of Würzburg, where he made his groundbreaking discovery.
- 🔋 The Crookes tube, an early experimental device, was used by Roentgen to produce X-rays and led to the first human radiograph.
- ⚙️ Modern X-ray tubes have evolved with a rotating anode and improved cathode design for more efficient X-ray production.
- 🛠️ The voltage (kVp) and current (mA) settings on an X-ray machine are crucial for adjusting the image quality and penetrating power.
- 🌌 Roentgen's discovery has had a profound impact on our understanding of the world, from genetics to material science and beyond.
Q & A
What significant discovery is discussed in the video script?
-The video script discusses the discovery of X-rays, which revolutionized the field of medicine and transformed other fields such as genetics and manufacturing.
Where is the Halifax Medical Center located?
-The Halifax Medical Center is located in Daytona Beach, Florida, approximately 2 miles from the world's most famous beach and a half a mile from the Daytona International Speedway.
Who made the Halifax Radiology Museum possible?
-The Halifax Radiology Museum was made possible by Mr. Bud Hinkle, who was the Radiology manager from 1985 to 1995.
How did X-rays contribute to the understanding of DNA?
-X-rays contributed to the understanding of DNA through the work of PhD scientist Rosalyn Franklin, who used X-ray diffraction to examine the DNA molecule, and later Watson and Crick used this information to define the double helix structure of DNA in 1953.
What was the term used to describe the initial public fascination with X-rays?
-The initial public fascination with X-rays was termed 'X-ray Mania', where people were eager to get their hands on this new technology.
What was the first American Medical X-ray performed on?
-The first American Medical X-ray was performed at Dartmouth College on February 3rd, 1896, and it was an image of a student's hand with a fractured distal phalanx.
Who was responsible for the discovery of X-rays?
-Professor Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a physics professor at the University of Würzburg in Germany, is credited with the discovery of X-rays.
What was the Crooks tube and how was it used in the discovery of X-rays?
-The Crooks tube was a device that produced cathode rays and was used by Roentgen in his experiments. It was a high-powered light bulb-like device evacuated of air with an anode and cathode connected to a high voltage DC power supply. Roentgen used it to discover X-rays when he noticed a faint glow from a piece of paper covered in phosphorescent material.
What was the purpose of the black box that Roentgen constructed during his experiments?
-Roentgen constructed a black box to cover the Crooks tube to block any light that might interfere with his experiment to detect other types of rays.
How did the early X-ray technology lead to misconceptions about its capabilities?
-Early X-ray technology led to misconceptions because people were afraid that it could be used for inappropriate purposes, such as seeing through clothing, due to its ability to see through walls and human bodies.
What was the first radiograph of a human taken by Roentgen?
-The first radiograph of a human, purportedly of Roentgen's wife's hand, was taken by Roentgen after six weeks of characterizing the new X-ray. This image showed her hand with a wedding ring and is considered the first radiograph of a human hand.
Outlines
📡 The Discovery of X-rays
This paragraph discusses the accidental discovery of X-rays which revolutionized medicine, genetics, and manufacturing. The narrator stands in front of Halifax Medical Center, highlighting the Halifax Radiology Museum established by Bud Hinkle. The script describes the museum's collection of original radiology equipment from 1928 and the significant role X-rays play in modern society, from airport security to medical imaging. The historical context of X-ray's discovery in 1896 is provided, including the phenomenon of 'X-ray Mania' and early uses for entertainment. The first American medical X-ray is noted to have been performed at Dartmouth College in 1896, marking a milestone in medical imaging.
👨🔬 The Birth of X-ray Technology
The paragraph narrates the story of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, the physics professor who discovered X-rays at the University of Würzburg. The narrator recounts a visit to Würzburg to see the site of the discovery. Röntgen was experimenting with a Crookes tube, a high-vacuum tube through which a current was passed to produce cathode rays. His curiosity led him to block the tube's light to search for other types of rays. He noticed a faint glow from barium platinocyanide paper, which led to the discovery of X-rays. Röntgen conducted experiments to understand these new rays, observing how different materials affected their passage. His discovery was initially shared with the public in late 1895, and he is credited with taking the first human radiograph of his wife's hand.
👟 Early X-ray Applications and Risks
This section delves into the early applications of X-rays, such as shoe fitting fluoroscopes, which were popular in the 1940s but discontinued due to radiation exposure risks. The paragraph explains how Röntgen's Crookes tube produced X-rays and the phenomenon of bremsstrahlung, where high-speed electrons hit a surface and release X-ray energy. The inefficiency of the Crookes tube is highlighted, with most energy being lost as heat. The paragraph also discusses how the voltage between the tube's poles affects the energy of the produced X-rays, which is crucial for adjusting the power of modern X-ray tubes.
🔍 Advancing X-ray Technology
The paragraph outlines the evolution of X-ray technology from the basic cathode ray tube to more advanced designs. It describes how the anode was moved to directly face the cathode to focus X-rays in one direction, reducing the time needed to produce a radiograph. The transition from a single disc cathode to a heated element increased electron emission, improving X-ray production. Technologists learned to adjust voltage and current for optimal image quality. The paragraph concludes with the introduction of a rotating anode to distribute heat and prolong the life of the tube, essential for modern imaging techniques like CT scans.
🌌 X-rays in Medicine and Beyond
The final paragraph discusses how X-rays work, their place in the electromagnetic spectrum, and their ability to penetrate different tissues to varying degrees. It explains how X-rays create radiographs by casting shadows and how knowledge of normal radiographic anatomy aids in diagnosing diseases. The paragraph also reflects on Röntgen's decision not to patent X-rays, viewing his discovery as a gift to humanity for the benefit of medicine and industry. The script concludes by celebrating the impact of X-rays on our understanding of genetics, material science, and the universe.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡X-ray
💡Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
💡Crookes tube
💡Radiology
💡DNA molecule
💡Fluoroscope
💡Radiation
💡Mania
💡Bremsstrahlung
💡Anode
💡Cathode
Highlights
The discovery of X-rays revolutionized the field of medicine and other diverse fields such as genetics and manufacturing.
Halifax Medical Center in Daytona Beach, Florida, houses the Halifax Radiology Museum showcasing the history of radiology.
The original radiology equipment from 1928 is on display at the Halifax Radiology Museum.
X-rays are now an integral part of modern society, used in security, manufacturing, and medicine.
Rosalyn Franklin used X-ray diffraction to examine the DNA molecule, contributing to the discovery of its structure.
The first American medical X-ray was performed at Dartmouth College in 1896.
Early X-rays were used for entertainment, with 'bone portrait' studios offering X-ray images of hands and skulls.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, a physics professor, is credited with the accidental discovery of X-rays.
Röntgen's discovery took place in a small laboratory at the University of Würzburg in Germany.
The Crookes tube, a high-powered light bulb-like device, was central to Röntgen's X-ray experiments.
Röntgen noticed a faint glow from barium platinocyanide paper, leading to the discovery of X-rays.
Röntgen spent six weeks characterizing the new form of radiation, which he named 'X' for unknown.
The first human radiograph was allegedly taken by Röntgen of his wife's hand.
The physics community immediately recognized the potential of X-rays to revolutionize medicine.
X-ray technology was used in shoe stores to fit shoes, a practice that was later discontinued due to radiation concerns.
The production of X-rays involves high-speed electrons hitting a glass tube, a process called bremsstrahlung.
Modern X-ray tubes have evolved with a focus on efficiency and safety, including the use of a rotating anode.
Röntgen's decision not to patent X-rays has had an immeasurable impact on medicine and industry.
X-rays have provided a deeper understanding of genetics, material science, and the universe.
Transcripts
on today's episode we're going to
discuss a discovery that basically
revolutionized the field of medicine
overnight over the following decades
this same Discovery also transformed
Fields as diverse as genetics and
Manufacturing and the most amazing part
of all this is that the discovery was
completely accidental join us for this
next half hour as we discuss the history
of the X-ray
I'm standing in front of the fountain
building entrance to Halifax Medical
Center in Daytona Beach Florida this
historic building opened its doors for
operation in 1928 and has been witnessed
to the Great Depression multiple Wars
and a strategically located
approximately 2 miles from the world's
most famous Beach and a half a mile from
the world famous Daytona International
Speedway but we're not here to soak up
the Rays or watch the races what we're
interested in is right through those
doors so come on take a walk with
me as you walk in the front entrance of
the fountain building of Halifax Medical
Center a few feet in on the left is this
place right here this is the Halifax
Radiology Museum
made possible by Mr Bud Hinkle who was
the Radiology manager from 1985 to 1995
and the great thing about bud is he was
a bit of a pack rrap never threw
anything away which is great for us you
got a little bit of a Americana behind
us as I said previously Halifax opened
its doors in 1928 complete with a
radiology department some of the
equipment behind me right now is the
original equipment from that original
radiology department and it's
interesting to look at the Radiology
equipment from that eror and compare it
to what we have
today x-rays are an intrinsic part of
our modern society so much so that we
take them for granted we've all been to
the airport and had our luggage scan
during the security process in
manufacturing x-rays are absolutely
imperative to examine for defects in
Structural Materials in Airplane Wings
in years past a PhD scientists Rosalyn
Franklin use x-ray defraction
information to examine the DNA molecule
Watson and Crick used the same
information to define the double helix
structure of the DNA molecule in
1953 and of course there's medical
x-rays we've all been to the hospital
and had a chest or a skull radiograph no
big
deal but let me take you back over a 100
years ago the years 1896 and the newly
discovered x-ray has now become a
absolute phenomenon x-ray Mania has
gripped the world people couldn't wait
to get their hands on this new
technology you got to remember at the
end of the 19th century electricity was
first coming into the households you got
machines that are doing work for us and
all of a sudden there's this new Ray
this x-ray that can see through walls it
can see through the human body and
everybody wanted a piece of it and a lot
of the early X-rays were for
entertainment purposes as a matter of
fact you could go up into the studios in
New York that were called bone portrait
studios and get a radiograph of your
hand or your head or possibly even your
chest get it framed and hang it up on
the wall there was a lot of paranoia of
course people were afraid that goggles
at the Opera would have x-ray potential
and you could look through a woman's
skirt in the Opera so a lot of
misconceptions about what the x-ray
could actually
do however there are a few level-headed
individual ual who recognize the
advantages of this new discovery and the
first American Medical x-ray was
performed at Dartmouth College on
February 3rd
1896 if you look at the image that's on
the screen right now there's a picture
memorializing that whole event there's a
student sitting in the chair and there's
two gentlemen on either side of the
table the one on the right is a
physicist who's actually timing the
X-ray exposure the gentleman to the left
was the patient's physician and this was
the first radiograph very very primitive
by today's standards but you can clearly
see the patient had a fracture of his
distal
owna now this is a classic you're not
going to find these anymore this was
called a handheld fluoroscope actually
designed by Thomas Edison and when
X-rays were first developed they were a
bit of an enigma people were just
enthralled x-ray Mania everyone wanted
to see a picture of their own hand and
you could go mail order buy this little
fluoroscope and they would send it to
your home and if you could find someone
to set up a Crooks tube for you and
produce x-rays you could take a look at
your own hand and basically what you
would do is walk up to one of those
tubes put your hand out raise the
fluoroscope up to your eyes and actually
see the bones of your own hand or you
could look at your brother's face or
your mom's foot it didn't matter it was
great entertainment the problem of
course is not only exposing your hand to
a lot of excessive radiation your eyes
were getting a pretty good dose also
you're not going to find these anymore
the man responsible for the discovery of
x-rays was Professor wilhem Conrad renin
a physics professor at the University of
Wartburg in Wartburg Germany I took a
trip to Wartburg myself a couple of
years ago to check out where X-rays were
actually discovered and looking at the
picture that you're looking at right now
I was able to recognize the building
where Professor renen had his office on
the first floor and we get out of the
car and we go up to one of the students
there my wife who speaks fluent German
asks him where Professor rin's museum is
and he had no idea and everyone we
talked to had no idea where the physics
department was or more specifically the
renen museum was in the building we were
standing in front of which was
absolutely amazing to me here was a
discovery that completely revolutionized
the world medicine manufacturing as we
discussed before and he couldn't tell us
where the museum was but we eventually
found it very unassuming small little
room on the first floor of the Wartburg
physics uh building in Wartburg Germany
inside of that office inside that
laboratory renken was working with a
small device called a Crooks tube the
crooks tube was a device that was
essentially like a high powerered light
bulb it was completely evacuated of any
air and on one side was the anode and on
the other side was the cathode the
cathode was connected to the negative
pole of a DC voltage high voltage you're
talking hundreds of thousands of volts
of course the anode was then connected
to the positive side of the high voltage
when this device was appropriately
connected the tube itself would glow
with this bluish green light and these
were referred to as cathode rays there
were theories at the time that these
devices would actually produce other
types of Ray yet discovered and renken
was interested in possibly looking at
some of these other types of rays to
that end he set up his experiment in his
first floor laboratory in the Wartburg
University Physics Department on
November 8th of
1895 in this animation you see how we
set that up all the way to the right he
had a coil which would Supply the high
voltage to the crooks tube which was
sitting right in the middle of the table
this was connected again the cathode to
the negative pole the anode to the
positive
pole once the tube was appropriately
connected again it glowed with that
bluish green light now renen was trying
to find other Rays possibly admitted
from the tube so he didn't want the
bluish green light interfering with his
experiment to that end he constructed a
black box that would fit perfectly over
the tube and block any of the light that
possibly was emanated when the tube was
turned on he went over to the laboratory
light switch and he flipped it off went
back over to the power supply and
flipped that on and while he was looking
around the box to see if there was any
light that was emanating from the tube
itself his eye caught a faint glow from
a piece of paper that was sitting about
8 ft away on another table he walked
over to that piece of paper and looked
down at the barium platinos cyanide of
phosphorescent material and saw that it
was now glowing with this Eerie greenish
light and he wanted to see if the
discharge from the tube was actually
responsible for the glow so we went back
over to the tube turned the power supply
off the light from the barium platina
cyanide paper went away flipped it back
on again the light came back so he was
absolutely convinced that whatever was
going on inside the tube was causing the
paper 8 ft away to Glow being a great
scientist he decided not to stop there
he picked up that piece of barium
platina cyanide paper and he put it
right next to the tube and he started
sticking objects between the tube itself
covered in the black box and the piece
of barium platinos cyanide paper paper
and he noticed stuff like paper really
did nothing to block those Rays whereas
if he took a key a metallic key and put
it between the tube in the paper it
would completely block those Rays
eventually while holding an object
between the tube and the piece of paper
he saw the eery outline of the bones of
his hands he wasn't really sure if
that's what he was actually seeing he
thought it might have been some trick of
the eye or or some kind of physics uh
phenomenon that he had yet to really
delineate and work out to that end he
spent the next six weeks characterizing
this new Ray since he had never seen
anything like it before he decided to
call it X for the algebraic symbol of
the unknown over the next 6 weeks renen
purportedly took the first human
radiograph of a hand which is shown here
this is purportedly Mrs renen he brought
her into the laboratory and he said
honey sit down let me take a picture of
your hand and this is supposed to be
that radiograph showing her wedding ring
there's no absolute proof that that was
Miss renen or that it was the first
radiograph but that's how history has
dubbed it and we consider this the first
radiograph of a human hand after his six
weeks of Exquisite characterization of
this new Ray he gave his first Public
Presentation just before Christmas of
1895 to the Wartburg physical medic
society and during that presentation he
brought up the renowned anatomist
Rudolph Albert Von CER to the front of
the room and he sat him down under the
crooks
and he took this now famous radiograph
of Professor Ker's hand at the end of
that presentation the crowd was
absolutely amazed they had never seen
anything like it Professor Von Kiker
renowned anatomist thought that this was
going to revolutionize mankind the field
of medicine and immediately declared
that the new Ray should be labeled Rin
in honor of the
discoverer what we're looking at now is
a classic piece of equipment and if you
had a father or mother or possibly
grandfather or grandmother who lived in
the
1940s uh they probably recognized this
particular piece of equipment you would
find it in just about any shoe store
that you went to and this was great
because what you would do as a kid you'd
come up and you'd step up on this
platform and you would stick your feet
right through the little hole that you
have right in the front here and if you
look at the top of the machine there's
basically three viewports one two three
one for you one for your mom and
probably one for the salesman he's
trying to sell you a new pair of shoes
and as you're standing here they turn on
a radiation Source underneath of your
feet and it would show you the bones of
your feet relative to the shoe and the
salesman could say hey they fit
perfectly look how those bones fit right
inside that shoe great great stuff the
kids loved it they'd stop on their way
home from school and stop at the local
shoe store just to see the bones of
their feet of course we finally realized
that this overexposure to radiation was
probably not a good thing and this
particular device was discontinued by
the 19
60s so how was rin's Crooks tube able to
produce x-rays you got to remember an
electron is a negatively charged
particles so the electrons would fly
from the negative sided cathode across
the tube towards the positively charged
anode okay Opposites Attract so a
negatively charged electron is going to
want to go towards the positively
charged anode these electrons would pick
up so much force because this was a a
high high voltage uh power supply so the
potential was tremendous and they would
fly across so fast that often they would
bypass the anode and actually hit the
backside of the glass with this
particular configuration once those
electrons hit that glass they gave up
all that energy just like a bullet being
fired from a gun you shoot the bullet
from the gun it comes out the end if
it's a lead bullet it hits something
hard and all the energy in that bullet
basically is dissipated at once it heats
the lead up and the lead becomes flat
just like the bullet the electron gives
up its energy most of the energy that
the electron gives up is in the form of
heat approximately 1% or less of the
electrons when they give up their energy
they give it up all at once instead of
producing heat they actually produce an
x-ray and like I said very very
inefficient device most of the energy is
dissipated in the form of heat 99% but
every now and then one of these
electrons will hit the right way and
produce an x-ray this process is called
brem strolling and brem strolling is
German for breaking radiation now the
energy of the electron depends
tremendously on the voltage potential
between the two poles so the higher the
voltage the more energetic the x-rays
coming out of the tube and that's the
way we adjust the power of the X-ray
tube even today you increase the voltage
the x-rays coming out are more powerful
so they'll be able to penetrate more but
the crooks tube itself is a very
inefficient way to produce x-rays if you
look at it again the anode was actually
positioned off center at the base of the
tube so when the x-rays were produced
they basically bounced off in all
directions the two produced x-rays all
over the
place if you look at this picture here
this actually shows a couple of
scientists or average guys in the
physics department using a crook tube
and both looking at their hand one
gentleman is looking at his hand on a
standard radiographic plate the other
one has got a handheld fluoroscope and
he's holding it up and looking at his
hand in front of the crooks tube and the
reason they're able to do that is
because the crooks tube basically bathe
the whole room in x-ray light okay it
was unfocused it didn't go in any
particular direction the problem with
that is if you're trying to make an
x-ray you don't an x-ray image you don't
have a lot of the x-rays available to
take a picture if you look at this
picture an x-ray of a foot in a shoe
this picture was fabulous it showed up
in a popular Journal right around the
turn of the century people always like
to see these new radiographic images but
it took almost 20 minutes to make this
single image so the person that posed
for this radiograph had to sit still for
20 minutes to make this simple
photograph the first major development
for the Improvement in the X-ray tube
from the basic cathode ray tube or
Crooks tube was the movement of the
anode from an off-centered position on
the bulbas side of the tube to directly
across from the cathode itself that way
all the electrons that are being
admitted from the cathode go directly
into the anode the anode was then
beveled and that bevel basically focused
the x-rays in One Direction so instead
of having x-rays produced all over the
room now you had X-rays that were
essentially coming out in One Direction
and because they were coming out in One
Direction you could significantly reduce
the amount of time that it needed to
produce a single radiograph uh the next
major advancement was on the cathode
side of the tube and on the cathode side
we went from a single basic disc to a
heated element just like the heated
element inside of a light and when you
turn on the light bulb you'll notice
that the filament glows with this
reddish glow eventually producing a
tremendous amount of light and lighting
up the room but the glowing element
actually boils electrons off of the
metal and they kind of rotate or Cloud
around the filament itself this is
called thermionic emission the hotter
you make that particular element the
more of these electrons are boiled off
so once you heat that element off you
will see the electrons boiling around
and when you connect the tube to the
high voltage power source you will have
more electrons available for x-ray
production in summary even on a modern
x-ray tube the adjustable settings are
the voltage or kvp and the current or
Mas increasing the voltage increases the
average strength or power of each
individual x-ray coming out of the
tube increasing the current makes the
cathode filament hotter B boils more
electrons off and allows the tube to
produce more x-rays over a set time
period the Radiology technologist is
trained to adjust these settings and
maximize image quality for each patient
depending on the body part being imaged
and the overall size or thickness of the
patient
themselves the final design change
involved the anode if you look at a Old
Tube like the one you see behind me here
with the angled anode and the element
for the uh the element for the cathode
over time this constant bombardment of
these high energy electrons would cause
the anode to basically pit and if that
got bad enough then the x-rays would
start spreading out they wouldn't be
focused in One Direction and the anode
would be considered blown the whole tube
would be considered bad the final design
involved a rotating anode so instead of
depositing all of that heat energy right
into one point into that angled anode
you basically have a disc that was
angled and spun around to deposit that
heat and uh and basically uh spread out
the heat energy over a wider area and
have the tube last longer and longer we
couldn't do our modern Imaging without
some kind of rotating anode because the
energies that's produced in the CT scan
is so tremendous it would completely
melt any known metals that we have so
absolutely imperative and when you go
and get an X-ray done the first thing
you'll hear is a little motor start up
and that little rotating motor is the
anode that's spinning around in
preparation for the production of x-rays
now it's interesting I've describe to
you what an anode is and what a cathode
is and what an x-ray tube actually is
itself if you look at a cathode ray tube
or the tube that was inside your old TV
set it's basically an electron gun and
the electrons just like in the X-ray
tube are fired from the back of the gun
and then they're shot onto a fossil
fluorescent screen just like rin's
screen that he was using in his
experiment and this is what produces the
picture on the TV screen and you can
remember your mom or your dad telling
you back away from that TV there's
radiation coming out of that thing
they're absolutely right it's basically
an x-ray tube and the X-ray radiation
that's produced is minimal but there is
a finite amount of x-rays that are
produced from the front of a standard TV
tube with the new LCD screens or or the
new technologies that we have to make
TVs that's not an issue anymore but the
older TVs if you still have a tube if
you sit close enough you'll actually get
some x-ray
exposure we've looked at the process of
making an x-ray from high-speed
electrons the next step is to make an
actual radiographic image x-rays are
part of the electromagnetic spectrum
just like the light that allows you to
see this image on the screen right now
in fact what we humans refer to as
colors actually make up a very small
portion of that Spectrum moving from one
end to the other we start off with low
energy waves like AM radio the visible
portion of the spectrum is actually a
small slice almost right in the center
at the far right end there are the high
energy X-rays and gamma rays while these
Rays can cast Shadows just like visible
light their higher energies make them
capable of passing through some objects
as well are bodies are made up of many
tissues that can block these Rays to a
varying degree depending on their
thickness and density as seen on this
image the air filled lungs block very
little X-rays and allow most of the
energy to pass through and expose the
sheet of film The Heart on the other
hand is a dense muscle and blocks more
x-rays than the air filled lungs but
less x-rays than the hard calcium-rich
bones of the
chest putting these all
together an x-ray exposure allows us to
produce a composite anatomic image of
X-ray Shadows that we refer to as a
radiograph with a firm knowledge of
normal radiographic Anatomy we can use
x-ray images to actually diagnose
disease processes like this pneumonia in
the right
lung Ron died in 1923 despite urging
from friends and family he never pursued
patent protection on x-rays he felt that
any scientific discovery needed a stay
with the scientific Community to be
thoroughly investigated and developed by
Future Generations his generosity to
humankind is absolutely immeasurable in
terms of lives saved both in medicine
and Industry from a scientific
standpoint x-rays have provided us a
clear understanding of the world around
us from genetics Material Science and
even the universe itself pretty amazing
credits for a chance Discovery in a
small German laboratory in November of
1895 thanks for watching
e
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