Le IDEE di ITALIA nel RISORGIMENTO
Summary
TLDRThe transcript discusses the post-1820s and 1830s Italian unification efforts led by Giuseppe Mazzini and his Young Italy movement, facing significant challenges and failures. It highlights the lack of organization and popular support as key issues in their unsuccessful uprisings. Mazzini's ideas evolve, and he moves to London, where he re-founds Young Italy, focusing on worker cooperation. The narrative also covers alternative ideas for Italian unity, such as federalism, liberal moderates' focus on reform and culture, and the neo-Guelf movement. The script touches on various intellectuals and their contributions to shaping Italy's path towards unification, emphasizing the need for gradual reforms and a united national vision under the guidance of leaders like Carlo Alberto of Savoy.
Takeaways
- 📜 Giuseppe Mazzini was a key figure in the Italian unification movement, promoting the cause of Italian independence and unity through his organization, Young Italy.
- 🎶 After the failures of the 1820 and 1830 revolutions, Mazzini continued to inspire through his message, leading to numerous uprisings across the Italian peninsula despite many failures and executions.
- 🌍 Giuseppe Garibaldi, a young man of Nice origin, was influenced by Mazzini's ideas and later became a significant figure in the unification process, despite initially fleeing to South America to save his life.
- 💡 The lack of organization among the conspirators and minimal popular participation were two main factors that led to the failure of the planned uprising in Genoa in 1834.
- 🌧️ Mazzini experienced a crisis of doubt in 1836 due to the continuous failures of his revolutionary attempts, but he emerged with a renewed commitment to the Italian cause.
- 🇬🇧 In 1837, Mazzini moved to London where he began the process of refounding Young Italy, this time focusing more on the working class.
- 🚀 The second Young Italy was established in 1839, with Mazzini still advocating for his revolutionary attempts, including those of the Bandiera brothers in Calabria, which ended in their execution.
- 🔄 The repeated failures of Young Italy led to a decline in Mazzini's popularity and the rise of more moderate and reformist ideas for the unification of Italy.
- 🌟 Carlo Cattaneo, a republican from Milan, proposed federalism as an alternative to Mazzini's centralized solution, advocating for a federation of republics similar to the United States or Switzerland.
- 📚 The Moderate Liberals, including Catholics like Alessandro Manzoni and Antonio Rosmini, focused on introducing reforms, reducing customs barriers, and promoting scientific and economic culture.
- 🏛️ The idea of a moderate liberal approach gained traction, with figures like Cesare Balbo and Massimo d'Azeglio proposing gradual and peaceful reforms under the guidance of the House of Savoy.
Q & A
What was Giuseppe Mazzini's response to the failures of the 1820 and 1830 movements?
-Giuseppe Mazzini, after the failures of the 1820 and 1830 movements, was convinced that he had found a solution for the Italian cause. He and his Young Italy faced almost impossible challenges, but their enthusiasm, transmitted through Mazzini's message, provoked numerous revolts across the peninsula.
What were the two main factors that led to the failure of the 1834 uprising in Genoa?
-The two main factors that led to the failure of the 1834 uprising in Genoa were the lack of organization among the conspirators and the minimal popular participation.
Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi and what happened to him after the failed uprisings?
-Giuseppe Garibaldi was a young man of Nice origins who appeared during the 1834 uprising in Genoa. After the failure of the uprisings, he was forced to flee to South America in order to save his life.
How did Mazzini's experiences with the failures of the 1830s influence his approach to the Italian cause?
-Mazzini's experiences with the failures of the 1830s led him to a profound change, but he remained committed to the Italian cause. In 1837, he moved to London and began a process of re-founding Young Italy, this time focusing more on the working class.
What was the second Young Italy and what did Mazzini believe in regarding the social classes?
-The second Young Italy emerged in 1839, and although Mazzini was not a socialist, he believed in a republican democracy based on the cooperation of social classes.
Who were the Bandiera brothers and what was their fate?
-The Bandiera brothers, Attilio and Emilio, were Venetian officers of the Austrian Navy and secret members of Young Italy. They attempted to provoke a revolt among the Calabrian population in 1844. However, they were arrested by the Bourbon police and executed on July 25, 1844, with their last words being 'Viva l'Italia'.
What was Carlo Cattaneo's vision for a united Italy?
-Carlo Cattaneo, a republican from Milan, envisioned a federation of republics similar to the United States or Switzerland, founded on popular sovereignty and social equality. This project, based on municipal realities, was called municipal federalism or communal federalism.
What were the main focuses of the Liberal Moderates in Italy?
-The Liberal Moderates focused on three main issues: the introduction of reforms by sovereigns, the dismantling of customs barriers, and the promotion of science and economic culture.
What was the significance of the 'Cinque Piaghe della Santa Chiesa' published by Antonio Rosmini in 1848?
-The 'Cinque Piaghe della Santa Chiesa' accused the popes and bishops of being too tied to temporal power and forgetting their faith. The book was banned and contributed to the formation of a movement that aimed to modernize the Church through internal reforms.
How did the idea of neoguelphism differ from Mazzini's revolutionary democratic ideas?
-Neoguelphism, inspired by the work of Vincenzo Gioberti, proposed that Italy could achieve its primacy among great powers only through an entity led by the Church and the Pope. It suggested a confederation of states with the armed force of the Kingdom of Sardinia, differing from Mazzini's revolutionary approach.
What was the proposal of Cesare Balbo in 'Le Speranze d'Italia'?
-Cesare Balbo proposed a federal monarchy in 'Le Speranze d'Italia', suggesting a gradual and peaceful method for reforms and a new federation that would include Lombardo-Veneto and be led by the King of Sardinia, avoiding conflict with Austria.
What was the 'Manifesto del Partito Liberale Moderato' and what did it aim to achieve?
-The 'Manifesto del Partito Liberale Moderato' was a collaborative document expressing the will to end conspiracies and aiming for national unity under the guidance of Carlo Alberto of Savoy, the King of Sardinia, as a guarantee of order.
Outlines
🇮🇹 The Struggles and Reformation of Young Italy
This paragraph discusses the aftermath of the 1820 and 1830 uprisings in Italy, highlighting Giuseppe Mazzini's conviction in finding a solution for the Italian cause. Despite formidable challenges, Mazzini and his Young Italy movement faced numerous failures, including the lack of support and organization among conspirators, leading to arrests and executions. The crushing defeat in Genoa in 1834 forced Mazzini into self-doubt, but he emerged in 1837 with a reformed vision, moving to London and refounding Young Italy with a focus on worker cooperation. Mazzini's ideas evolved, advocating for a republican democracy based on social class cooperation. Despite his efforts, further insurrections in 1844 and 1845 failed, tarnishing Mazzini's popularity and leading to a search for more moderate ideas to achieve Italian unity.
📚 The Rise of Moderate and Federalist Thought in Italy
This paragraph explores the shift from revolutionary ideas to more moderate and reformist approaches to Italian unification. It introduces Carlo Cattaneo, who advocated for a federation of republics similar to the United States or Switzerland, based on popular sovereignty and social equality. The concept of federalism, or 'comunale', aimed to preserve the socioeconomic peculiarities of the peninsula. The paragraph also touches on the liberal moderates' focus on reforms, free trade, and scientific and economic culture, as well as the role of Catholic liberals in pushing for internal reforms within the Church. The narrative concludes with the emergence of neo-Guelphism and neo-Ghibellinism, which proposed different visions for Italy's future, with the former supporting a confederation led by the Pope and the latter advocating for a federation under the King of Sardinia.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Giuseppe Mazzini
💡Young Italy (Giovine Italia)
💡Giuseppe Garibaldi
💡Federalism
💡Moderate Liberals
💡Neo-Guelfism
💡Italian Unification
💡Revolutionary Ideas
💡Carlo Cattaneo
💡Attilio and Emilio Bandiera
💡Catholic Liberals
💡Neo-Ghibellinism
Highlights
After the defeats of the 1820 and 1830 uprisings, Giuseppe Mazzini is convinced he has found a solution for the Italian cause.
Mazzini and his Young Italy face almost impossible challenges, succeeding where many others have failed.
The enthusiasm transmitted by Mazzini's message and Young Italy provokes numerous revolts across the peninsula.
In 1833 and 1834, the insurrectional attempts in Liguria, Piedmont, Emilia, and Tuscany fail with arrests and death sentences.
In Genoa in 1834, the failure is total, with almost no one showing up for the planned revolt.
A young man of Nice origin, Giuseppe Garibaldi, is among the few who appear, forced later to flee to South America to save his life.
What was missing in Genoa? The lack of organization among the conspirators and the minimal popular participation.
Considering the continuous failures and the increasing number of deaths, Mazzini falls into doubt in 1836.
Mazzini moves to London in 1837 and begins the process of refounding Young Italy, this time closer to the workers.
The second Young Italy rises in 1839, even though Mazzini is not a socialist, he believes in a republican democracy based on the cooperation of social classes.
In 1844, two Venetian officers secretly members of Young Italy, Attilio and Emilio Bandiera, attempt to provoke a revolt among the Calabrian population.
The Bandiera brothers are arrested by the Bourbon police and face execution on July 25, 1844, with their last words being 'Viva l'Italia'.
Other Mazzinian insurrections are quelled in Romagna, and despite efforts, Young Italy fails again.
The continuous failures tarnish the popularity of Mazzini and the democrats, leading to new, more moderate ideas for the unity of Italy.
One of the first to distance himself from Mazzini's revolutionary ideas is the republican Carlo Cattaneo, who proposes a federation of republics similar to the United States or Switzerland.
Cattaneo's federalism is based on the reality of municipal sovereignty and social equality.
Giuseppe Ferrari, an exile in France since the 1830s, believes that the unification of the peninsula should be a true social revolution with external support.
After the failure of the Mazzinian movements in Italy, an opposite idea to democratic revolutionary republicanism emerges: the idea of liberal moderation.
The liberal moderates focus on three main issues: introducing reforms by sovereigns, dismantling customs barriers, and promoting the culture of science and economy.
The peninsula's liberals promote a strongly opposed customs league and begin to organize annual scientific congresses.
Among the liberal moderates are many Catholics like Alessandro Manzoni and the priest Antonio Rosmini, who published 'The Five Wounds of the Holy Church' in 1848.
A circle of Catholic intellectuals and liberals forms around the anthology of Giovan Pietro Viesseux.
Gino Capponi, Raffaello Lambruschini, and Bettino Ricasoli collaborate with the anthology, contributing to the formation of what is sometimes called the moderate party.
The neo-Guelph current is created among the Catholic liberals, based on the work of Vincenzo Gioberti and the idea of a confederation of states led by the Pope.
Neo-Guelphism faces immediate criticism from anticlerical republicans like Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi and Giovanni Battista Niccolini, who give life to the neo-Ghibelline movement.
The book 'The Hopes of Italy' by Count Cesare Balbo presents the idea of a federation led by the King of Sardinia, not the Pope.
Giacomo Durando, in his 1846 book, hypothesizes three macro-states for uniting Italy under a federalist monarchical project.
The most listened-to voice of moderate reformism, Massimo d'Azeglio, in his 1846 case studies, denounces the backwardness of the Church's State and proposes a program for the Italian national opinion.
The 'Manifesto of the Liberal Moderate Party' is a collaborative document expressing the will to end conspiracies and aims for national unity under the guidance of Carlo Alberto of Savoy.
Transcripts
dopo le sconfitte dei moti del 1820 e
1830 Giuseppe Mazzini è convinto di aver
trovato una soluzione per la causa
italiana Mazzini e la sua giovini Italia
hanno davanti sfide quasi impossibili
riusciranno dove tanti altri hanno
[Musica]
fallito già nel 1833 e34 l'entusiasmo
trasmesso dal messaggio mazziniano e
dalla Giovine Italia provoca numerose
rivolte in tutta la penisola ma uno dopo
l'altro i tentativi insurrezionali in
Liguria Piemonte Emilia e Toscana
falliscono con arresti e condanna a
morte a Genova nel 1834 il fallimento è
totale al giorno prefissato per l'inizio
della rivolta quasi nessuno si presenta
in piazza tra i pochi a presentarsi c'è
un giovane di origini nizzarde Giuseppe
Garibaldi costretto poi a fuggire in Sud
America pur di salvarsi la vita Ma
cos'era mancato a Genova Beh due cose in
particolare l'assenza di ordinamento dei
congiurati e la scarsissima
partecipazione Popolare considerando i
cocenti fallimenti e la quantità sempre
crescente di morti sulla coscienza
Mazzini cade nel 1836 nella tempesta del
dubbio da questa crisi ne sarebbe uscito
profondamente cambiato ma sempre sicuro
della causa italiana nel 1837 Mazzini si
trasferisce a Londra e inizia un
processo di Rifondazione della Giovine
Italia più vicina questa volta agli
operai da queste idee nel 1839 sorge og
la seconda Giovine Italia nonostante non
sia un socialista Mazzini Crede nella
democrazia repubblicana basata sulla
Cooperazione delle classi sociali Anche
se lontano da Londra il fondatore della
Giovine Italia continua a promuovere i
suoi tentativi di Insurrezione nel 1844
si presentano in Calabria due ufficiali
Veneziani della Marina austriaca
segretamente membri della Giovine Italia
Attilio ed Emilio bandiera tentano di
provocare una rivolta tra la popolazione
calabrese lo sbarco avviene il 16 giugno
1844 4 giorni dopo però vengono
arrestati dalla polizia borbonica e il
25 luglio sono davanti al plotone di
esecuzione al grido Viva l'Italia
finisce nel sangue l'impresa dei
Fratelli Bandiera nel 1845 vengono
sedate altre insurrezioni mazziniani in
Romagna nonostante gli sforzi la gioven
Italia ha di nuovo fallito i continui
insuccessi incrinano la popolarità di
Mazzini e dei democratici si afferma
così nuove idee per raggiungere l'Unità
d'Italia più moderate e riformiste uno
dei primi ad allontanarsi dalle idee
rivoluzionarie di Mazzini è il
repubblicano Carlo Cattaneo Milanese e
direttore de Il Politecnico difende le
idee liberali e non è convinto della
soluzione unitaria centralizzata di
Mazzini per Cattaneo si dovrebbe
realizzare una federazione di
repubbliche stile Stati Uniti o Svizzera
fondata sulla sovranità popolare e
sull'uguaglianza sociale questo progetto
fondato sulle realtà municipali prende
il nome di federalismo municipalis o
comunale In questo modo si vogliono
garantire Le peculiarità socioeconomiche
della penisola entrata in crisi secondo
Cattaneo alla fine dell'età dei comuni
un passato da ritrovare tra i
sostenitori del federalismo Democratico
troviamo il repubblicano Giuseppe
Ferrari esulo in Francia dagli anni 30
per Ferrari l'unificazione della
penisola Sarebbe dovuta essere una vera
e propria rivoluzione sociale grazie al
supporto di una potenza esterna in par
della Francia con il fallimento dei moti
mazziniani in Italia si crea un'altra
idea totalmente opposta alle idee
democratiche rivoluzionarie repubblicane
l'idea Liberal moderata i Liberal
moderati si concentrano su tre questioni
principali da affrontare l'introduzione
di riforme da parte dei sovrani
l'abbattimento delle barriere doganali e
la promozione della cultura della
Scienza e dell'economia i liberali della
penisola promuovono Una lega doganale
fortemente ostacolata dall'Austria ed
iniziano ad organizzare congressi
scientifici annuali il primo a Pisa nel
1839 all'interno dei Liberal moderati Ci
sono tantissimi Cattolici come
Alessandro Manzoni e il sacerdote
Antonio Rosmini serbati serbati avrebbe
pubblicato nel 1848 delle Cinque Piaghe
della Santa Chiesa in cui accusa i papi
e i vescovi di essere legati troppo al
potere temporale e di essersi
dimenticati della fede il libro sarebbe
finito all'indice nel
1849 a Firenze nel gran ducato di
Toscana e è importante la rivista
antologia di Giovan Pietro viesseux
intorno alla quale si sarebbe formato un
circolo di intellettuali cattolici e
liberali dal 1821 al 1833 Gino Capponi
Raffaello Lambruschini e Bettino
Ricasoli collaborano con l'antologia
contribuendo a formare le basi di un
movimento a volte definito partito
moderato l'idea di questi cattolici
liberali è quella di spezzare finalmente
l'alleanza trono altare e tramite
riforme interne fare in modo di rendere
la chies guida di una religione moderna
tra i cattolici liberali si crea anche
un'altra corrente definita neo Guelfa
dai Guelfi i sostenitori del papa nel
Medioevo il neoguelfismo si basa
sull'opera dellabate Torinese Vincenzo
Gioberti del primato morale civile degli
italiani pubblicata a Bruxelles nel 1843
partendo dalle idee di Mazzini Gioberti
è convinto che l'Italia avrebbe trovato
il suo primato tra le grandi potenze
solo grazie ad un'entità la chiesa il
pontefice per Berti deve presiedere una
Confederazione di stati formatasi
attraverso riforme amministrative
pacifiche nel caso di resistenze il
braccio armato del neoguelfismo sarebbe
stato il Regno di Sardegna unica potenza
militare indipendente sulla penisola il
neoguelfismo però trova subito critici
accesi Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi e
Giovanni Battista Niccolini i due
anticlericali e repubblicani danno vita
al movimento neo ghibellino dai
Ghibellini i sostenitori dell'imperatore
durante il
medioevo l'idea di una Confederazione di
stati piace a molti ma per alcuni
intellettuali deve essere guidata dal Re
di Sardegna non dal Papa il libro le
speranze d'Italia scritto dal Conte
Cesare Balbo presenta questa idea nel
testo l'autore Torinese espone un metodo
per riforme graduali e pacifiche
ovviamente la nuova federazione per
Balbo avrebbe dovuto includere anche il
Lombardo Veneto questo però avrebbe
potuto causare un po' di conflitti con
l'Austria Balbo propone Allora una
soluzione per evitare guerre spingere
l'Austria ad est gli interessi austriaci
sfruttando l'influenza dei Savoia e dei
regnanti europei devono essere
indirizzati verso i balcani portando ad
un lento abbandono del Teatro Italiano
il progetto monarchico federalista Viene
sostenuto anche dal piemontese Giacomo
Durando nel suo libro del 1846 della
nazionalità italiana Durando ipotizza
tre macr stati federati per unire
l'Italia a nord uno stato a guida Savoia
al centro uno stato sottil Lorena e a
sud un regno controllato dai Borbone con
la città di Roma governata Dai papi ma
la voce più ascoltata del riformismo
moderato piemontese è quella di un altro
intellettuale Massimo dazzo importante
il suo degli ultimi casi di Romagna del
1846 in cui denuncia l'arretratezza
dello Stato della Chiesa nel 1847
dazeglio stende la proposta di un
programma per l'opinione nazionale
italiana Manifesto del Partito liberale
moderato la proposta è un documento
collegiale i suoi contenuti sono Conc
con gli altri maggiori rappresentanti
del liberalismo italiano in esso si
esprime la volontà di smetterla con le
congiure si pone come obiettivo finale
L'unità nazionale e si accetta la guida
di Carlo Alberto di Savoia Re di
Sardegna dal 1831 come garante
dell'ordine L'Italia ha bisogno di una
guida secoli di guerre intestine e
invasioni non sono state gentili con la
penisola ma poco a poco con grande
impegno il popolo italiano può sognare
in grande non sarà abbastanza ma un
biegno di riforme può iniziare a colmare
un divario quasi
[Musica]
incolmabile
Ver Más Videos Relacionados
GIUSEPPE MAZZINI e l’INIZIO del RISORGIMENTO
Unification of Italy | Role of Mazzini, Cavour and Garibaldi | World History | UPSC | Aadesh Singh
ALESSANDRO MANZONI: vita e opere | 📕 Letteratura italiana #maturità2021
L'Italia post-unitaria
The NORTHERN Renaissance, EXPLAINED [AP Euro, Unit 1 Topic 3 (1.3)]
Class 10 The Making of Germany - History (SST) Chapter 1 | The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)