UNIT 2: NETWORKS OF EXCHANGE (AP WORLD HISTORY) #apworld #apworldhistory
Summary
TLDRThis video script is a comprehensive review for Unit 2 of AP World History, focusing on the period 1200 to 1450. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of global trade routes, including the Silk Road, Indian Ocean trade, and trans-Saharan trade. The script highlights the significance of trade cities, the spread of luxury goods, and the cultural and environmental impacts of these exchanges. It also discusses the Mongol Empire's role in shaping history, including their military conquests and the establishment of khanates. The video is designed to aid students in consolidating their knowledge for exams, offering a study guide and answer key for additional support.
Takeaways
- 😀 Unit 2 of AP World History focuses on the period 1200 to 1450 and is centered around the theme of 'networks of exchange'.
- 🎓 This unit builds upon Unit 1, 'The Global Tapestry', emphasizing the interconnectedness of world regions through trade and the Mongol Empire.
- 🛣️ Three major trade routes are highlighted: the Silk Roads, the Indian Ocean trade, and the trans-Saharan trade, each facilitating cultural and economic exchange.
- 🏺 The Silk Roads, originating around 100 BCE, were a network of trade routes connecting East Asia to dar al-Islam, known for trading luxury goods like silk and porcelain.
- 🚢 The Indian Ocean trade was a maritime version of the Silk Roads, with key trade cities emerging due to advancements in boat design and navigational technology.
- 🐫 The trans-Saharan trade involved the exchange of goods like salt and gold, with Timbuktu becoming a significant trade and learning center.
- 🌐 The Mongol Empire, under Genghis Khan, played a dual role as both a destructive force and a catalyst for cultural and technological exchange.
- 📚 The study guide provided is designed to help students review and understand the key concepts of Unit 2, including the spread of religion, technology, and the impact of the Mongols.
- 🌍 The environmental and cultural consequences of these trade networks were significant, including the spread of diseases like the bubonic plague and foods like sugar and bananas.
- 📈 The Mongols' khanates were vast regions of Asia ruled by Genghis Khan's descendants, which helped maintain order and facilitate trade along the Silk Roads.
Q & A
What is the main focus of Unit 2 in AP World History?
-Unit 2 focuses on the 'networks of exchange' during the time period of 1200 to 1450, emphasizing the interconnectedness of world regions through trade routes and the Mongol Empire.
What are the three major trade routes discussed in the script?
-The three major trade routes are the Silk Roads, the Indian Ocean trade, and the trans-Saharan trade.
What is the significance of the term 'Caravan Sarai' in the context of the Silk Roads?
-Caravan Sarai refers to a resting place for merchants traveling in caravans along the Silk Roads, providing safety and lodging during their trade journeys.
Why is the term 'diaspora' important in the Indian Ocean trade?
-The term 'diaspora' is important because it describes the movement of people away from their homelands for economic benefits, which led to the spread of language, religion, and culture along the Indian Ocean trade routes.
What technological advancements are associated with the Indian Ocean trade?
-Technological advancements in the Indian Ocean trade include better boat designs with laminated sails and stronger hulls, as well as improved navigational tools like the compass and astrolabe.
How did the Mongol Empire impact the trade routes?
-The Mongol Empire, under Genghis Khan, used the trade routes to expand their empire, becoming a catalyst for the transfer of culture, ideas, and technology. They also served as a de facto police force, providing security along the Silk Roads.
What is the term for the regions that the Mongol Empire broke into after Genghis Khan's death?
-After Genghis Khan's death, the Mongol Empire broke into regions called 'khanates,' which were ruled by his descendants.
What are some of the cultural and environmental consequences of the trade routes discussed in the script?
-Cultural consequences include the spread of religions like Buddhism and Islam, as well as technological advancements. Environmental consequences include the spread of diseases like the bubonic plague and the introduction of new foods such as sugar and bananas.
Who is mentioned as a famous traveler along the trade routes, and what is their significance?
-Marco Polo is mentioned as a famous traveler, but Ibn Battuta is noted as the most prolific. They are significant because their travels along the trade routes facilitated cultural and technological exchanges.
What is the importance of the city of Timbuktu in the trans-Saharan trade?
-Timbuktu was a major center of trade and learning in the trans-Saharan trade, serving as a hub where caravans would 'dock' and exchange goods, ideas, and technologies.
Outlines
🌟 Introduction to Unit 2: Networks of Exchange
The paragraph introduces Unit 2 of AP World History, focusing on the period from 1200 to 1450. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of trade routes and the Mongol Empire during this era. The narrator provides a brief overview of the unit's content, including the Silk Road, Indian Ocean trade, and trans-Saharan trade. The paragraph also mentions the cultural and environmental effects of these trade networks. A study guide is offered as a resource for students, and the importance of understanding the material for the upcoming exam is highlighted.
🛣️ The Silk Road: Trade, Cities, and Vocabulary
This section delves into the specifics of the Silk Road, highlighting its significance as a network of trade routes rather than a single road. It discusses the importance of trade cities like Samarkand and the concept of Caravan Sarai, which were rest stops for merchants. The paragraph also covers the types of goods traded, such as luxury items like silk and porcelain from China, and the introduction of paper money. The narrator humorously suggests renaming 'Caravan Sarai' to 'Caravan Khalid' for clarity, although acknowledging that 'caravansary' is more likely to be used in academic contexts.
🚢 The Indian Ocean Trade and the Trans-Saharan Trade
The paragraph explores the Indian Ocean trade network, which connected regions through maritime routes. It discusses the emergence of new trade cities like Malacca and the technological advancements that facilitated trade, such as improved boat designs and navigational tools. The concept of 'diaspora' is introduced to describe people living away from their homeland for economic opportunities, with a focus on how this led to the spread of Islam along the trade routes. The paragraph also covers the trans-Saharan trade, emphasizing the exchange of goods like salt and gold, and the use of camels and caravans for transportation across the desert.
🌐 Consequences of Trade and the Mongol Impact
This section summarizes the broader impacts of the trade networks discussed in the previous paragraphs. It covers the spread of religion, technology, and the exchange of goods like sugar and bananas. The paragraph also addresses the environmental consequences, such as the spread of the bubonic plague and the movement of foodstuffs. The Mongol Empire's role in facilitating trade and cultural exchange is highlighted, with a focus on their military prowess and the establishment of khanates. The narrator encourages students to use the provided study guide and answer key to prepare for exams, emphasizing the importance of understanding the interconnectedness of the world during this period.
📚 Conclusion and Study Resources
The final paragraph serves as a conclusion, reminding students of the importance of Unit 2 in the broader context of AP World History. It encourages students to utilize the study guide and other resources provided by the narrator, such as practice sheets and full practice exams. The paragraph motivates students to excel in the unit exam and the AP World History exam, offering support and resources for further study.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Networks of Exchange
💡Silk Road
💡Caravan Sarai
💡Indian Ocean Trade
💡Diaspora
💡Trans-Saharan Trade
💡Timbuktu
💡Mongol Empire
💡Khanate
💡Cultural Exchange
💡Environmental Consequences
Highlights
Unit 2 of AP World History focuses on the period from 1200 to 1450 and the interconnectedness of global trade routes and empires.
This review video is designed to summarize key information from Unit 2, not to explain every detail.
A comprehensive study guide and answer key are provided for free to assist with exam preparation.
Unit 1 covered major players in world history, while Unit 2 emphasizes the connections through trade and the Mongol Empire.
The Silk Road, Indian Ocean trade, and trans-Saharan trade are the three main trade routes discussed in Unit 2.
The Silk Road is a network of trade routes connecting East Asia to the Islamic world, facilitating the exchange of luxury goods and technologies.
Caravanserai, or Caravan Khalid, were rest stops for merchants along the Silk Road, playing a crucial role in trade and safety.
Samarkand is a key trade city on the Silk Road, known for its strategic location and trade in valuable goods.
Paper money, a significant innovation, made trade along the Silk Road more efficient by reducing the need for heavy metal coins.
The Indian Ocean trade route connected regions of East Africa, the Islamic world, South Asia, and Southeast Asia through maritime trade.
Malacca is a prominent trade city on the Indian Ocean route, benefiting from its strategic location at the midpoint between the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
The term 'diaspora' is introduced to describe people living away from their homeland for economic opportunities or exile.
Islam was spread along the Indian Ocean trade routes, with Arabs and Persians playing a significant role in this dissemination.
The trans-Saharan trade route facilitated the exchange of salt and gold between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa.
Timbuktu was a significant trade and learning center in the trans-Saharan trade, known for its architectural marvels.
The Mongol Empire, under Genghis Khan, used the trade routes to build the largest empire in history, with both destructive and catalytic effects.
The Mongols also contributed to the spread of cultural and technological advancements, such as the decimal system and medical knowledge.
Environmental consequences of trade included the spread of diseases like the bubonic plague and the introduction of new foods like sugar and bananas.
The Mongols' khanates were massive regions of Asia ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan, showcasing the empire's fragmentation after his death.
Transcripts
let's review everything you need to know
for unit 2 of AP World History modern
[Music]
before we get going three things first
thing this is unit 2 networks of
exchange therefore if you're just
finding this video and haven't watched
unit one the global tapestry I highly
recommend second thing this is a review
video I'm not explaining every single
detail here that's what your class is
for this video is to review all of that
information your teacher is through at
you over the past few weeks and arrange
it into one digestible video so that you
can pass your test and get a file in the
exam in May third thing you think I
didn't come here bearing gifts boom a
whole study guide designed just for you
non-press what if I told you I already
filled out the whole thing yeah an
answer key and it's all for free you're
welcome you can download it from the
link in the description from the
ultimate review packet you Veterans of
the series know what went down in the
last video reviewing unit one spoiler
unit one was basically a World War
region by region of the major players in
world history from 1200 to 1450. well
unit two networks of exchange focuses on
now all of that stuff from unit one is
connected simply put it's trade routes
and Mongols but that doesn't mean it's
simple check out this map I made for the
entire unit right that's all mess I'm
interconnectivity so let's review unit
two first thing to remember this is the
exact same time period 1200 to 1450 as
the first unit remember the course is
divided into four quarters of time so
everything you learned in unit one is
happening simultaneously with what you
learned in unit two units three and four
will time Jump Ahead but for now we're
staying here in 1200 to 1450. the macro
view of this unit is that it's three
trade routes the Mongol Empire and the
effects of all this interconnectivity
that's the Silk Road the Indian Ocean
trade and the trans-saharan trade now
all three of these made a cameo in unit
one the global tapestry but there's an
added bonus here there are two sections
devoted to just the effects of this
trade one on the cultural effects the
other on the environmental effects let's
start with the granddaddy of them all
the Silk Road the Silk Road has a
serious marketing team working for IT
world history teachers I love it it's
got that cool name Silk Road I mean come
on the other trade routes are literally
just a description of the area they
cover not the Silk Road you almost feel
like you're there just from saying say
Silk Road right can't buy that kind of
PR let's take a look at this thing
here's a map the Silk Road spans from
East Asia to darl Islam it began well
before 1200 around 100 BCE when the Han
Chinese were traveling west in an
attempt to gain allies in their fight
against the zhongnu why even bring up
the genre guess what the genre are
that's right their Turks hashtag Global
tapestry hashtag darlislam hashtag it's
Turk time anyways as they expanded to
the West they just kept going and
trading and joining up with existing or
ancient trade routes and connected those
routes back to downtown Earth a place I
like to call China which brings me to a
quick tangent I always say Silk Road but
I'm from South Carolina and
pronunciations are not my strong suit
it's not the Silk Road it's the Silk
Road Z plural it's not just one mass of
highway system the United States isn't
connected by one highway it's a whole
network think of the Silk Roads like a
series of highways that were linked and
connected the wealthiest most advanced
places on the planet between 1200 and
1450. so I'll try and be better Silk
Roads Silk Roads Silk Roads period rears
its head along the Silk Road if you
don't know unit 1 the global tapestry
here you're gonna have a bad time look
back at the map the map shows everything
that is either explicitly or implicitly
mentioned by the college board but let's
get Mata look through the map look
through the map to see the unit 1 map
because underneath these cities and
travelers and exchanges
lie the regions Empires and sultanates
of unit 1 the global tapestry these
things are all interconnected which is
the point of unit two but when you look
at any map of the Silk Roads you're
gonna start to see little dots pop up
along the way these are trade cities
these cities are located all along the
Silk Roads where trade in places like
Caravan sarai's are the most beneficial
this brings us to the most important
vocab word for the Silk Roads even
though they aren't just along the Silk
Roads and that's the Caravan Sarai break
that word down Caravans are just groups
of merchants traveling together for
safety that's easy but Sarai is a tough
one sarai's Persian for Palace think of
it more of a caravan Fortress wait
what's the Persian word for Fortress
calendar
wait Caravan Khalid that's way better
all right can we all agree to just from
now on call it Caravan Khalid from now
on Caravan Khalid really miss an
opportunity there serious Caravan Khalid
sounds better Caravan Cal is just better
Sarai
Quebec so these were often around major
trade cities and when it comes to the
Silk Road there are a ton of trade
cities but you only need to know one my
jam some are can check the map it's in
modern day Uzbekistan it's in Central
Asia which is one of the Lesser used
regions in AP World History it's right
in the middle of Europe Persia and East
Asia location location Marco Polo and
Ivan Matilda were not the norm you would
travel to trade cities like samarkan or
kashgar and get Chinese silk or
porcelain nobody walking from London to
Beijing but you could go from
Constantinople to Samar Khan but where
will you keep your super valuable luxury
items you traded for boom check out this
Caravan Khalid or Caravan sir your
teacher probably uh is not going to take
care of n Khaled even though it is
objectively a superior term so maybe go
with caravanser the rest of what you
need to know about the Silk Road is
what's being traded and how it's traded
so here focus on luxury goods like Silk
and Porcelain from China but maybe more
importantly to the emerging
inter-regional economy paper money think
of the mental jump you have to make to
go from heavy metal coins of rare Metals
representing value to paper with
something written on it you farm all
year all that chompa rice and harvested
it to then you give it to me and I give
you a paper with some weird markings on
it historically you're probably
illiterate so that's a tough sell but
for Merchants Paper is light paper is
backed by banks that hold those precious
metals paper is backed by banks that
hold those precious metals so you don't
have to walk to Samarkand with ropes and
ropes of heavy metal coins last thing
China isn't just about luxury goods they
are starting to produce copious amounts
of Iron and Steel now this isn't unit 5
Industrial Revolution levels but they
are doing it better than anyone else
keeping up with that study guide by the
way pause here if you need to and give
it a shot next trade route the Indian
Ocean exchange the map here shows you
the regions of East Africa Darla Islam
South Asia southeast Asia and East Asia
all being nautically connected using
this trailer it's the same thing as the
Silk Roads just a maritime version
luxury goods and Technologies are being
exchanged with this kind of trade you're
going to see new trade cities emerge
again the College Board doesn't name
anyone here but go with Malacca it's
like Samarkand it's a prime location
along the trade route but instead of
being in the middle of the Silk Roads
it's in the middle of the Malacca Strait
which is the Midway point between
Pacific Oceans and Indian oceans one
thing to focus on on the Indian Ocean
tech technology better boat designs
featuring latent sales and stronger Hull
designs or directional technology like
the compass of the astrolite vastly
improved navigation more reliable
navigation at least a more reliable
trade which made the Indian Ocean trade
the maritime Trade Network until the
second period of AP World History 1450
to 1750. the Indian Ocean trade network
does have its own vocab word to focus on
here so the Silk Roads had caravan's
Horizon here the term to know is
diaspora or diaspora this one is simple
people are living away from their
Homeland like I'm from South Carolina
but I live all the way up here in
Virginia technically I'm in diaspora but
that's not really what the word means
generally people have moved in large
numbers either by force like the Jews
living outside of their holy land or as
in the case here they've moved to
different parts of the Indian Ocean
trade route for economic benefits so
it's not just people moved they're
either in Exile or working to make more
money for their families or following
the trade route now when this happens
people living in diaspora they often
live in and amongst larger groups of
indigenous people like here in Northern
Virginia people don't nearly say y'all
enough I mean it's a perfect word think
of all the time I've saved through all
of my years just by saying y'all it's
literally seconds well I've been trying
to introduce that up here in Virginia
all along the Indian Ocean trade
networks language religion beliefs
festivals Foods all of that spread when
Chinese immigrants move to Malaysia or
when the melee people move to India
arguably the biggest and most
influential group living in diaspora
along the Indian Ocean trade Network
where the Arabs Persians and other
Muslims who helped to spread Islam
around the Indian Ocean the four largest
Islamic populations on Earth today are
all along the Indian Ocean First
Pakistan second Indonesia third India
for Bangladesh five is Nigeria which is
nowhere near the street oh last thing
the Silk Roads were just a bunch of
Roads people know when it's gonna snow
or when the rainy season is big deal but
when you're out in the ocean
specifically the Indian Ocean you have
to understand the monsoon winds they
switch directions seasonally and if you
don't understand these you don't stand a
chance don't forget about the study
guide if you sit there and stare at this
video hi Hi how are you if you're
staring at me in a few minutes you're
not going to remember anything get stuck
don't worry about it I made an answer
key for you check mine versus yours and
go from there the third and final trade
route to focus on here the trans-saharan
trade route this is low-key my favorite
why it's super easy to understand and
it's drastically different than the
other two do not Overlook what all these
trade routes are for so people are gonna
go from one place to another place to
trade what they have for what they want
so what do you want from sub-Saharan
Africa sub-Saharan Africa by the way is
the part of Africa itself of the Sarah
does but what do they want two things
salt and goal how do I know they want it
they literally tie themselves to a giant
camel and cross the largest desert on
the planet to get access to and just
like the other trade routes they use new
technologies compasses and astrolabes
for direction camel Saddles change the
game by increasing the amount that a
camel could carry if you're walking
across a gigantic desert the more you
can bring back in one trip the better
also it sounds basic but Caravans yeah
groups they help you know the point when
every horror movie goes bad when they
decide to split up yeah don't do that
stick together it deters Bandits and
you're less likely to get lost and hell
maybe you can even afford a guide so
pull up with your crew the Caravan this
gets redundant but with great trade
comes transfers of technology and ideas
already mentioned the compass but the
big deal here is Islam as we mentioned
back in unit 1 the global tapestry that
means you are dealing with the Empire of
Mali Mali quickly came to dominate Trey
in the region and converted in large
numbers to Islam remember that list a
minute ago the nation of Mali today is
the 21st largest Islamic population on
Earth need another trade City try Tim
Buck two I like to think of it as a
coastal city it's not it's in the middle
of Africa but it's on the coast of the
Sahara Caravans would arrive like ships
and dock at Timbuktu which became a
center of trade and learn so that's
three trade cities I mentioned Samar
Khan on the Silk Roads Malacca in the
Indian Ocean trade Network in Timbuktu
in the trans-saharan tree Molly is also
super famous for architecturally this
this and this some of these specifically
this one was actually built by a Muslim
from the Cordoba caliphate in modern day
Spain who the emperor matzah had come to
Timbuktu and build these magnificent
buildings which matzah did that you know
it was Mansa Musa what a legend this
guy's Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca is
easily the most historically famous he's
even on the 1375 Catalan Atlas holding
gold like a boss all that's left the
consequences of all this trade so that's
pretty simple we've already mentioned
most of this stuff so I'll be brief here
religion spread Buddhism around Asia
Islam around Asia and Africa technology
spread compasses paper paper and
gunpowder from China to the rest of
afro-eurysia astrolabes and algebra from
Darla slum also you should know that
Travelers the most famous is Marco Polo
but the most prolific was IBN battuta
here's a map of all of that stuff I've
been battuta basically traveled all the
trade routes environmental consequences
were two major things food and disease
the disease to know here is the bubonic
plague that thing was a problem for all
of afro-eurasia in this period don't
think that it was only a European thing
it devastated all three connected
continents in this period and not just
once this thing came back like every few
years the other environmental
consequence was the spread of foods most
consequential of which was sugar and not
just because it's like 90 of your diet
remember later that I mentioned sugar
when we get to unit 4 after 1492. it's
one of the main drivers of the
transatlantic slave trip but in this
period it's making its way from Oceania
and Southeast Asia to afro-eurasia oh
and bananas they'll play a mage role in
unit six so you definitely won't
remember this then but bananas are
following these trade routes as well I
feel like I'm forgetting something here
to the trade route
diaspora diaspora there's some people
there I improved on the historical word
hashtag Caravan Kellen I mentioned
bananas and sugar are going to be a big
deal later on I mentioned the study
guide uh you're welcome by the way for
making those oh yeah the models I go ham
on the Mongols in class it's kind of
what history teachers do here's the deal
with the models uh you need to see them
in unit two not a big historical
breakdown of everything Mongols think of
them as the ultimate worst case scenario
for the people living in afro-eurasia we
just set up all these sweet trade routes
and everyone's having a great time
enjoying the ease of movement that these
roots afford you plus all the cool stuff
that you're trading I mean what's the
worst thing that could happen
what if an Unstoppable military
featuring some of the greatest military
strategists in history on the fastest
possible vehicle known to mankind who
happened to be some of the greatest
marksmen in the history of the planet
use these trade routes to build the
largest Empire in history yeah that's
pretty much the models badasses yes
destructive of course but they also
served as a major Catalyst for a ton of
different transfers of cultures and
ideas and Technologies they help spread
ideas like numbers yeah like want to
leave nine ten no spread from India to
Darla Islam and then on into Europe or
all those medicines from East Asia and
our Islam in unit one those were also
spread to Europe so let's all agree how
nasty and terrible they were they killed
tens of millions of people they killed
so many people it lowered the global
temperature think of how many people you
have to murder to affect the climate
yeah the models aren't that destructive
so they take over and serve as almost a
de facto police force along the Silk
Roads some weak little Bandit is not
going to want to cross even one Mongol
you do have to know one word for the
Mongols khanate basically after Genghis
Khan died the empires broke into Kane
it's akani is a massive region of Asia
that was ruled by a descendant of
Genghis Khan see unit 2 is literally
just a focus on how the regions of the
world from 1200 to 1450 are
interconnected by trade routes and monks
did you finish the study guide no you
have some spots that need some work no
worries the same place you found the
study guide is the key to the study
guide look at my key to help you out
let's review the review know the trade
routes Silk Roads Indian Ocean and
transharen know the consequences the
Techno technology The Travelers the
sugar the bananas the plagues know the
Mongols but not just arrows and horses
but like medicine and numbers and that
is unit 2. networks of exchange pair
units 1 and unit 2 together and you get
everything you need to know between 1200
and 1450. the first two units are less
represented than the next four units but
you now have a foundation to get into
the real reel of this course units three
four five and six are the heavy hitter
stick with me you should be all right I
got 20 years in the game plus there's a
ton of videos over on my channel besides
these reviews that can help you out also
I got all kinds of stuff over in the
ultimate review packet to help you out
I've got a practice sheet for the AP
World skill of comparison that they
really focus on for unit two there's
also a full practice exam and there are
all kinds of things I've created just to
help you out so good luck on that unit 2
exam and more importantly on the AP
World History exam this may
foreign
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