LEARNER CENTERED PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
Summary
TLDRThe video script advocates for a learner-centered approach to education reform, emphasizing 14 psychological principles that enhance learning effectiveness. It discusses the importance of intentional learning, goal setting, knowledge construction, strategic thinking, metacognition, contextual influences, motivation, intrinsic motivation, developmental and social influences, individual differences, and effective assessment. These principles aim to improve educational practices and foster a positive learning environment for all stakeholders.
Takeaways
- 📚 Psychology has historically provided crucial insights into the design of schooling, emphasizing the importance of understanding human learning, development, and motivation.
- 🌟 Advances in psychology over the past decade have significantly contributed to the understanding of cognitive and motivational processes, which are vital for improving teaching and learning.
- 🎓 There is a growing call for learner-centered models of schooling that recognize and utilize the diversity among students to enrich the learning experience.
- 🔧 Learner-centered psychological principles are widely shared and recognized in many excellent educational programs, integrating research from various areas of psychology.
- 🧠 The 14 psychological principles outlined in the script focus on the learner and the learning process, addressing cognitive, metacognitive, motivational, developmental, social, and individual difference factors.
- 🏛 The principles are designed to be holistic, considering learners in the context of real-world learning situations, and should not be viewed in isolation.
- 📈 Learning is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience, with successful learners being active, self-regulating, and goal-directed.
- 🎯 Successful learners create meaningful, coherent representations of knowledge and pursue personally relevant goals, which are refined over time with guidance and support.
- 🔗 Knowledge construction involves linking new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways, with educators assisting learners in integrating new knowledge effectively.
- 🤔 Strategic thinking and metacognitive strategies are essential for learners to achieve complex learning goals, with educators playing a role in developing these higher-order skills.
- 🌐 The context of learning, including environmental factors like culture and technology, influences the learning process, necessitating an interactive role between teachers and the learning environment.
- 💡 Motivation and emotional influences are key determinants of what and how much is learned, with intrinsic motivation being particularly stimulated by tasks that are novel, relevant, and provide a sense of control.
Q & A
What role has psychology played in the design of schooling throughout history?
-Psychology has provided vital information for the design of schooling, based on theory and research on human learning, development, and motivation, contributing directly to improvements in teaching, learning, and the overall enterprise of schooling.
Why are educators advocating for more learner-centered models of schooling?
-Educators are advocating for learner-centered models to address growing problems such as school dropout, low academic achievement, and other indicators of school failure. These models attend to the diversity among students and use this diversity to enrich learning.
How do learner-centered psychological principles integrate research and practice in various areas of psychology?
-These principles integrate research and practice in developmental, educational, experimental, social, clinical, organizational, community, and school psychology, reflecting both conventional and scientific wisdom.
What does the first psychological principle regarding the nature of the learning process emphasize?
-The first principle emphasizes that learning complex subject matter is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience, with successful learners being active, goal-directed, and self-regulating.
What is the importance of setting meaningful learning goals according to the second principle?
-Meaningful learning goals are important as they help students to construct useful representations of knowledge and acquire thinking and learning strategies necessary for continued learning success across the lifespan.
How does the construction of knowledge, as mentioned in the third principle, contribute to learning?
-The construction of knowledge involves linking new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways, which allows knowledge to widen and deepen, and helps in integrating new information for effective use in new tasks and situations.
What is strategic thinking and why is it important for successful learning according to the fourth principle?
-Strategic thinking involves creating and using a repertoire of thinking and reasoning strategies to achieve complex learning goals. It is important because it helps learners to reach their learning and performance goals and apply their knowledge in novel situations.
How do higher order strategies, such as metacognitive strategies, facilitate creative and critical thinking according to the fifth principle?
-Higher order strategies facilitate creative and critical thinking by allowing learners to reflect on their thinking processes, set learning goals, select appropriate strategies, and monitor their progress towards these goals.
What impact do environmental factors have on learning as per the sixth principle?
-Environmental factors, including culture, technology, and instructional practices, influence learning by interacting with the learner and the learning process. An appropriate learning environment can significantly impact student learning.
How do motivational and emotional influences affect learning according to the seventh principle?
-Motivational and emotional influences affect what and how much is learned. Positive emotions like curiosity can enhance motivation and facilitate learning, while intense negative emotions can detract from motivation and interfere with learning.
What is the significance of intrinsic motivation in learning as described in the eighth principle?
-Intrinsic motivation, stimulated by tasks that are novel, difficult, and relevant to personal interests, contributes to the learner's creativity, higher-order thinking, and natural curiosity. It is largely a function of meeting basic needs to be competent and to exercise personal control.
Why is extended learner effort important for the acquisition of complex knowledge and skills as mentioned in the ninth principle?
-Extended learner effort is important because the acquisition of complex knowledge and skills requires guided practice and persistence over time. Motivation to exert this effort is a major indicator of the learner's commitment to learning.
How do developmental influences affect learning according to the tenth principle?
-Developmental influences affect learning as individuals develop differently within physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains. Learning is most effective when material is appropriate to their developmental level and presented in an enjoyable way.
What is the role of social interactions in learning as per the eleventh principle?
-Social interactions play a crucial role in learning as they provide opportunities for perspective-taking, reflective thinking, and higher levels of cognitive, social, and moral development. Positive interpersonal support and instruction can also offset factors that interfere with optimal learning.
How do individual differences in learning impact the learning process according to the twelfth principle?
-Individual differences in learning strategies, approaches, and capabilities impact the learning process as they are influenced by prior experiences and heredity. Educators need to help students understand and adapt their learning preferences to reach their goals.
Why is it important to consider learner diversity in the learning process as mentioned in the thirteenth principle?
-Considering learner diversity is important because language, ethnicity, race, beliefs, and socioeconomic status can all influence learning. When learners perceive that their individual differences are valued and respected, motivation and achievement levels are enhanced.
What role do standards and assessment play in the learning process according to the fourteenth principle?
-Standards and assessment are integral parts of the learning process. They provide important information for both the learner and teacher at all stages, helping to set high and challenging goals, and offering feedback on progress towards learning objectives.
Outlines
🎓 Learner-Centered Schooling Reform
The script emphasizes the importance of psychology in shaping educational frameworks, advocating for a learner-centered approach to schooling that considers individual differences and enhances learning through diversity. It discusses the integration of psychological research with educational practice to address issues like dropout rates and low academic achievement. The principles outlined are rooted in over a century of educational research and are applicable across various psychological disciplines, aiming to improve not only educational outcomes but also the mental health and productivity of all stakeholders involved in education.
🧠 Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategies in Learning
This paragraph delves into the nature of learning as an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience. It highlights the significance of goal-directed learning, the construction of knowledge through meaningful links with existing understanding, and the use of strategic thinking and reasoning to achieve complex learning goals. The role of metacognitive strategies, such as reflection on one's own thinking processes, setting learning goals, and monitoring progress, is underscored as crucial for enhancing learning outcomes and fostering personal responsibility for learning.
🌐 Contextual and Motivational Factors in Learning
The script explores how learning is influenced by environmental factors, including cultural, technological, and instructional practices, as well as motivational and emotional influences. It discusses the impact of intrinsic motivation, curiosity, and the importance of aligning tasks with personal interests and abilities to foster a sense of competence and control. The role of educators in facilitating motivation through guided practice and creating a positive learning environment is highlighted, emphasizing the need for strategies that enhance learner effort and commitment.
👶 Developmental and Social Influences on Learning
This section acknowledges the importance of considering developmental stages in learning, where material should be presented in a manner appropriate to the learner's level and interests. It addresses the influence of social interactions and interpersonal relations on learning, suggesting that collaborative and interactive learning environments can lead to higher levels of cognitive, social, and moral development. The role of family and community in supporting learning is also discussed, with an emphasis on the creation of positive learning climates that respect diversity and encourage social competence.
🌟 Individual Differences and the Importance of Assessment
The final paragraph discusses the significance of recognizing individual differences in learning preferences, capabilities, and backgrounds. It stresses the need for educators to adapt instructional methods to accommodate these differences and to create learning environments that value and respect diversity. The paragraph concludes with the importance of setting high standards and using assessment as a tool for both learners and teachers to gauge progress and adjust instructional strategies accordingly, promoting self-appraisal skills and self-directed learning.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Learner Centered
💡Cognitive Processes
💡Metacognitive
💡Motivation
💡Developmental Influences
💡Social Influences
💡Individual Differences
💡Constructivism
💡Strategic Thinking
💡Intrinsic Motivation
💡Standards and Assessment
Highlights
Psychology has historically provided vital information for the design of schooling based on theory and research on human learning, development, and motivation.
Advances in understanding thinking, memory, and cognitive processes can directly improve teaching, learning, and schooling.
Educators advocate for learner-centered models of schooling to address problems like school dropout and low academic achievement.
Learner-centered psychological principles integrate various areas of psychology and reflect both conventional and scientific wisdom.
These principles aim to improve schooling by focusing on the active and reflective nature of learning and learners.
The 14 psychological principles pertain to the learner and the learning process, emphasizing internal factors over external conditioning.
Learning is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience.
Successful learners create meaningful, coherent representations of knowledge over time with support and guidance.
Knowledge construction involves linking new information with existing knowledge in various forms.
Strategic thinking and the use of various learning strategies are key to achieving complex learning goals.
Metacognitive strategies, such as reflecting on one's thinking process, facilitate creative and critical thinking.
Learning is influenced by environmental factors including culture, technology, and instructional practices.
Motivation and emotional influences significantly affect what and how much is learned.
Intrinsic motivation, stimulated by task novelty and personal interest, contributes to the learner's creativity and higher-order thinking.
Acquisition of complex knowledge requires extended learner effort and guided practice, facilitated by motivation.
Developmental influences on learning must consider physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains.
Social influences, such as interpersonal relations and communication, can enhance learning through collaboration.
Individual differences in learning strategies and capabilities are shaped by prior experience and heredity.
Learning is most effective when differences in linguistic, cultural, and social backgrounds are considered.
Standards and assessments are integral to the learning process, providing feedback and challenging learners to high goals.
Transcripts
learner centered psychological
principles a framework for school reform
and
redesign throughout its history
psychology has provided Vital
Information for the design of schooling
based on Theory and research on human
learning development and motivation
research in Psychology relevant to
education has been particularly
informative during the past decade Advan
es in our understanding of thinking
memory and cognitive and motivational
processes can contribute directly to
improvements in teaching learning and
the whole Enterprise of schooling at the
same time Educators concerned with the
growing problems of school dropout low
levels of academic achievement and other
indicators of school failure are arguing
for more learner centered models of
schooling
such models attend to the diversity
among students and use of this diversity
to enrich learning and to produce
results within the context of current
School Reform the learner centered
psychological principles which are
consistent with more than a century of
research on teaching and learning are
widely shared and implicitly recognized
in many excellent programs found in
today's schools they are also integrate
research and practice in various areas
of psychology including developmental
educational experimental social clinical
organizational community and school
psychology in addition these principles
reflect conventional and scientific
wisdom they comprise not only systematic
research and evolving learner centered
principles that can lead to
effective schooling but also principles
that can lead to positive mental health
and productivity of our nation's
children their teachers and the system
that serve them the learner Center
psychological principles provide a
framework for developing and
incorporating the components of new
designs for schooling these principles
emphasize the active and reflective
nature of learning and Learners from
this perspective educational practice
will be most likely to improve when the
educational system is redesigned with
the primary focus on the learner
psychologist in collaboration with
Educators can help decide how best to
apply sound psychological principles in
the r of Americans and Philippine
schools a new and exciting vision of
schooling and psychologist role in this
Vision can then
emerge the 14 psychological principles
pertain to the learner and the learning
process they focus on psychological
factors that are primarily internal to
and under the control of the learner
rather than conditioned habits or
physiological factors however the
principles also attempt to acknowledge
external environment or contextual
factors that interact with these
internal factors the principles are
intended to deal holistically with
Learners in the context of real world
learning situations thus they are are
best understood as an organized set of
principles no principle should be viewed
in isolation the 14 principles are
divided into those referring to
cognitive and metacognitive motivational
and effective Developmental and social
and individual difference factors
influencing Learners and learning
finally the principles are intended to
apply to all Learners from children to
teachers to administ rators to parents
and to community members involved in our
educational
system number one nature of the learning
process the learning of complex subject
matter is most effective when it is an
intentional process of constructing
meaning from information and experience
there are different types of learning
processes for example habit formation in
motor learning and learning that
involves the generation of knowledge or
cognitive skills and learning strategies
learning in schools emphasizes the use
of intentional processes that students
can use to construct meaning from
information experiences and their own
thoughts and beliefs successful Learners
are active goal directed self-regulating
and assume personal resp responsibility
for contributing to their own learning
the principles set forth in this video
focus on this type of
learning number two goals of the
learning process the successful learner
over time and with support and
instructional guidance can create
meaningful coherent representations of
knowledge the Strategic nature of
learning requires students to be goal
directed to construct useful
representations of knowledge and to
acquire the thinking and learning
strategies necessary for continued
learning success across the lifespan
students must generate and pursue
personally relevant goals initially
student short-term goals and learning
may be sketchy in an area but over time
their understanding can be refined by
filling gaps resolving inconsistencies
and deepening their understanding of the
subject matter so that they can reach
longer term goals Educators can assist
Learners in creating meaningful learning
goals that are consistent with both
personal and educational aspirations and
interests number three construction of
knowledge the successful learner can
link new information with existing
knowledge in meaningful ways knowledge
widens and deepens as students continue
to build links between new information
experiences and their existing knowledge
base the nature of these links can take
a variety of forms such as adding to
modifying or re organizing existing
knowledge or skills how these links are
made or developed may vary in different
subject areas and among students with
varying talents interests and abilities
however unless new knowledge becomes
integrated with the learner prior
knowledge and understanding this new
knowledge remains isolated cannot be
used most effectively in new tasks and
does not transfer readily to new
situations Educators can assist Learners
in acquiring and integrating knowledge
by a number of strategies that have been
shown to be effective with Learners and
varying abilities such as concept
mapping and thematic organization and
categorizing
number four strategic thinking the
successful learner can create and use a
repertoire of thinking and reasoning
strategies to achieve complex learning
goals successful Learners use strategic
thinking in their approach to learning
reasoning problem solving and concept
learning they understand and can use a
variety of strategies to help them Reach
learning and performance goals and to
apply their knowledge in Noble situ
situations they also continue to expand
their repertoire of strategies by
reflecting on the methods they use to
see which work well for them by
receiving guided instruction and
feedback and by observing or interacting
with appropriate models learning
outcomes can be enhanced if Educators
assist Learners in developing applying
and assessing their Strategic Learning
skills number five thank about thinking
higher order strategies for selecting
and monitoring mental operations
facilitate creative and critical
thinking successful Learners can reflect
on how they think and learn set
reasonable learning or performance goals
select potentially appropriate learning
strategies or methods and monitor their
progress toward these goals in addition
successful Learners know what to do if a
problem occurs or if they are not making
sufficient or timely progress toward a
goal they can generate alternative
methods to reach out their goals or
reassess the appropriateness and utility
of the goal instructional methods that
focus on helping Learners develop this
higher order or metacognitive strategies
can enhance student learning and
personal responsibility for
learning number six cont context of
learning learning is influenced by
environmental factors including culture
technology and instructional practices
learning does not occur in a vacuum
teachers a major interactive role with
both the learner and the learning
environment cultural or group influences
on students can impact many
educationally relevant variables such as
motivation orientation toward learning
and ways of thinking Technologies and
instructional practices must be
appropriate for learner level of prior
knowledge cognitive abilities and their
learning and thinking strategies the
classroom environment particularly the
degree to which it is nurturing or not
can also have significant impacts on
student
learning number seven motivational and
emotional influences on learning what
and how much is learned is influenced by
the motivation motivation to learn in
turn is influenced by the individual's
emotional states beliefs interests and
goals and habits of thinking the rich
internal world of thoughts beliefs goals
and expectations for success or failure
can enhance or interfere the learner's
quality of thinking and information
processing students believes about
themselves as Learners and the nature of
learning have a marked influence on
motivation motivational and emotional
factors also influence both the quality
of thinking and information processing
as well as an individual's motivation to
learn positive emotions such as
curiosity generally enhance motivation
and facilitate learning and performance
mild anxiety can also enhance learning
and performance by focusing on learner's
attention on a particular task however
intense negative emotions example
anxiety Panic rage insecurity and
related thoughts example worrying about
competence ruminating about failure
fearing punishment ridicule or
stigmatizing labels generally detract
from motivation interfere with learning
and contribute to low performance
number eight intrinsic motivation to
learn the learner's creativity higher
order thinking and Natural Curiosity all
contribute to motivation to learn
intrinsic motivation is stimulated by
task of optimal novelty and difficulty
relevant to personal interests and
providing for personal choice and
control curiosity flexible and insight
ful thinking and creativity are major
indicators of the learner's intrinsic
motivation to learn which is in large
part a function of meeting basic needs
to be competent and to exercise personal
control intrinsic motivation is
facilitated on tasks that Learners
perceive as interesting and personally
relevant and meaningful appropriate in a
complexity and difficulty to the
learner's abilities and on which they
believe they can succeed intrinsic
motivation is also facilitated on tasks
that are comparable to real world
simulations and meet needs for choice
and control Educators can encourage and
support Learners Natural Curiosity and
motivation to learn by attending to
individual differences in Learners
perceptions of optimal novelty and
difficulty relevance and personal choice
and control
number nine effects of motivation and
effort acquisition of complex Knowledge
and Skills requires extended learner
effort and guided practice without
learner motivation to learn the
willingness to exert this effort is
unlikely without cerion effort is
another major indicator of motivation to
learn the acquisition of complex
Knowledge and Skills demands the
investment of considerable learner
energy and strategic effort along with
persistence over time Educators need to
be concerned with facilitating
Motivation by strategies that enhance
learner effort and commitment to
learning and to achieving high standards
of comprehension and understanding
effective strategies include purposeful
learning activities Guided by practices
that enhance positive emotions and
intrinsic motivation to learn and
methods that increase Learners
perceptions that a task is interesting
and personally
relevant number 10 developmental
influences on learning as individuals
develop there are different
opportunities and constraints for
learning learning is most effective when
differential development within and
across physical intellectual emotional
and social domains is taken into account
individuals learn best when material is
appropriate to their developmental level
and is presented in an enjoyable and
interesting way because individual
development varies across intellectual
social emotional and physical domains
achievements in different instructional
domains may also so vary over emphasis
on one type of Developmental Readiness
such as Reading Readiness for example
May preclude Learners from demonstrating
that they are more capable in other
areas of performance in cognitive
emotional and Social Development of
individual Learners and how they
interpret life experiences are affected
by prior schooling home culture and
Community factors early and continuing
parental involvement in schooling and
the quality of language interactions and
two-way Communications between adults
and children can influence these
developmental areas awareness and
understanding of Developmental
differences among children with and
without emotional physical or
intellectual disabilities can facilitate
the creation of optimal learning
context number 11 social influences on
learning learning learning is influenced
by social interactions interpersonal
relations and communication with others
learning can be enhanced when the
learner has an opportunity to interact
and to collaborate with others on
instructional tasks learning settings
that allow for social interactions and
that respect diversity encourage
flexible thinking and social competence
in interactive and collaborative
instructional contexts individuals have
an opport Unity for perspective taking
and reflective thinking and may lead to
higher levels of cognitive social and
moral development as well as self-esteem
quality personal relationships that
provide stability trust and caring can
increase learner sense of belonging
self-respect and self-acceptance and
provide a positive climate for learning
family influences positive interpersonal
support and instruction in self
motivation strategies can offset factors
that interfere with optimal learning
such as negative beliefs about
competence in a particular subject high
levels of test anxiety negative sex role
expectations and an UE
pressure to perform well positive
learning climates can also help to
establish the context for healthier
levels of thinking feeling and behaving
such contexts help Learners feel safe to
share ideas actively participate in the
learning process and create a learning
community number 12 individual
differences in learning Learners have
different strategies approaches and
capabilities for learning that are a
function of Prior experience and
heredity individuals are born with and
develop their own capabilities and
talents in addition through learning and
social acculturation they have acquired
their own preferences for how they like
to learn and the pace at which they
learn however these preferences are not
always useful in helping Learners reach
their learning goals Educators need to
help students examine their learning
preferences and expand or modify them if
necessary the interaction between
learner differences in curricular and
environmental conditions is another key
factor affecting learning outcomes
Educators need to be sensitive to
individual differences in general they
also need to attend to learner
perceptions of the degree to which these
differences are accepted and adapted to
by varying instructional methods and
materials number 13 learning and
diversity learning is most effective
when differences in learner linguistic
cultural and social background are taken
into account the same basic principles
of learning motivation and effective
instruction apply to all Learners
however language ethnicity race beliefs
and socioeconomic status all can
influence learning careful attention to
these factors in the instructional
setting enhances the possibilities for
Designing and implementing appropriate
learning environments when Learners
perceive that they individual
differences in abilities backgrounds
cultures and experiences are valued
respected and accommodated in learning
task and context levels of motivation
and achievement are
enhanced and lastly number 14 standards
and assessment setting appropriately
high and challenging standards and
assessing the learner as well as
learning progress including
diagnostic process and outcome
assessment are integral parts of the
learning process assessment provides
important information for both the
learner and teacher at all stages of the
learning process effective learning
takes place when the Learners feel
challenged to work towards appropriately
high goals therefore appraisal of the
Learners cognitive strengths and
weaknesses as well as current Knowledge
and Skills is important for the
selection of instructional materials of
an optimal degree of difficulty ongoing
assessment of the learner's
understanding of the curricular material
can provide valuable feedback to both
Learners and teachers about the progress
towards the learning goals standardized
assessment of learner progress and
outcomes assessment provides one type of
information about achievement levels
both within and across in individuals
that can inform various types of
programmatic decisions performance
assessments can provide other source of
information about the attainment of
learning outcomes self assessments of
learning progress can also improve
students self appraisal skills and
enhance motivation and self-directed
learning that's all guys and thank you
for listening until then
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