Learner centered Psychological Principles

Summary

This lesson delves into learner-centered psychological principles introduced by the American Psychological Association, highlighting 14 key principles categorized into cognitive/metacognitive, motivational/affective, developmental/social, and individual differences factors. It emphasizes the importance of an intentional learning process, setting meaningful goals, constructing knowledge, strategic thinking, and metacognition. The video also underscores the role of motivation, emotional states, and individual learning differences in enhancing educational effectiveness, concluding with the significance of appropriate standards and assessments in the learning process.

Takeaways

• 📚 The concept of 'learner-centered psychological principles' was introduced by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1990, and it has evolved to include 14 principles to guide effective education frameworks.
• 💡 Learning is most effective when learners actively construct meaning from information and experiences, emphasizing the intentional process within the classroom.
• 🎯 Successful learners are characterized by being active, goal-oriented, and self-regulating, which are essential attributes for effective learning and teaching strategies.
• 🔗 The learning process involves linking new information with existing knowledge, highlighting the importance of integration and connection across different subjects and disciplines.
• 🤔 Strategic thinking is crucial for learners to overcome challenges, demonstrating the ability to devise plans and approaches to achieve learning objectives.
• 🧠 Metacognition, or 'thinking about thinking,' involves learners in monitoring and assessing their own learning strategies, which is vital for self-improvement.
• 🌐 Learning is influenced by environmental factors such as culture, technology, and instructional practices, which educators must consider to create a conducive learning environment.
• 🌟 Intrinsic motivation plays a significant role in learning, driven by creativity, higher-order thinking, and natural curiosity, which should be nurtured by educators.
• 💪 The level of effort exerted by learners is directly influenced by their motivation, underscoring the importance of maintaining and enhancing learner interest and engagement.
• 🌈 Recognizing individual differences among learners is essential as it acknowledges diverse abilities, interests, and cultural backgrounds, which should be respected and catered to in teaching.
• 📈 Assessment and setting appropriate standards are integral to the learning process, providing feedback on learner progress and areas for improvement, and should be challenging yet achievable.

Q & A

What are learner-centered psychological principles?

Learner-centered psychological principles are a set of guidelines introduced by the American Psychological Association in 1990, revised to 14 principles, which aim to create a more effective educational framework by integrating theories and research in psychology with educational practices.

Why were the learner-centered psychological principles developed?

They were developed to better understand the nature of learners and the learning process, enabling educators to design strategies and approaches that maximize student learning and help them become effective teachers.

How many learner-centered psychological principles are there, and how have they evolved?

Initially, there were 12 principles, but after a revision seven years later, the number increased to 14, reflecting an ongoing effort to refine educational strategies based on psychological research.

What are the four categories of learner-centered psychological principles?

The four categories are cognitive and metacognitive factors, motivational and affective factors, developmental and social factors, and individual differences factors.

Can you explain the first principle of the learning process?

The first principle emphasizes that learning complex subject matter is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience, highlighting the importance of an active, constructivist approach to learning.

What does it mean to be a successful learner according to the script?

A successful learner is active, goal-oriented, self-regulating, and capable of linking new information with existing knowledge, using strategic thinking and metacognition to monitor and assess their learning effectively.

How do motivational and affective factors influence learning?

Motivational and affective factors influence learning by affecting a learner's emotional state, beliefs, interests, goals, and habits of thinking, which in turn can stimulate intrinsic motivation and effort in learning tasks.

What is the significance of setting appropriate standards and assessments in the learning process?

Setting appropriate standards and assessments is crucial as they provide feedback on learning progress, help identify areas for improvement, and ensure that learning challenges are at an optimal level to promote growth.

How do developmental and social factors impact learning?

Developmental factors impact learning by considering the differential development across physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains, while social factors influence learning through interpersonal relations, communications, and the social environment.

What is the role of culture, technology, and instructional practices in the context of learning?

Culture, technology, and instructional practices play a vital role in the learning context by influencing the learning environment. Educators must be sensitive to cultural backgrounds, utilize technology effectively, and ensure high-quality instructional practices to enhance learning.

How can educators apply the principle of construction of knowledge in their teaching?

Educators can apply the principle of construction of knowledge by helping learners link new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways, using strategies such as concept mapping and graphic organizers to facilitate integration and meaningful learning.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Learner-Centered Psychological Principles

The video script introduces the concept of learner-centered psychological principles, initially established by the American Psychological Association in 1990. It explains that these principles integrate research from education and psychology to create a more effective educational framework. The script outlines the 14 principles categorized into cognitive/metacognitive, motivational/affective, developmental/social, and individual differences factors. It emphasizes the importance of understanding these principles for educators to become effective teachers and to facilitate the learning process, focusing on the first principle, the nature of the learning process, and the characteristics of successful learners.

05:01

🎯 Goals and Construction of Knowledge

This paragraph delves into the second principle of the learning process, which involves setting goals for meaningful and coherent presentations of knowledge. It stresses the importance of learners setting their own short-term and long-term goals, with educators guiding them to link these goals for a more committed learning experience. The third principle, the construction of knowledge, is also discussed, highlighting the need for learners to connect new information with existing knowledge, using strategies like concept mapping to facilitate meaningful learning.

10:01

🤔 Strategic Thinking and Metacognition in Learning

The script moves on to the fourth and fifth principles: strategic thinking and metacognition. It describes how successful learners use strategic thinking to overcome challenges, such as public speaking or preparing for a play, by planning and organizing their approach. Metacognition, or 'thinking about thinking,' is the ability to monitor and assess one's learning strategies, facilitating creative and critical thinking. Educators are encouraged to foster these skills in students to enhance their learning experience.

15:05

🌐 Environmental Influences on Learning

The sixth principle discussed is the context of learning, which is influenced by environmental factors such as culture, technology, and instructional practices. The script advises educators to be sensitive to the cultural backgrounds of students and to effectively utilize technology to enhance learning. It also emphasizes the importance of high-quality teaching practices in creating a conducive learning environment.

20:07

🔥 Motivation and Intrinsic Drive in Learning

The motivational and affective factors are the focus of this paragraph, starting with the influence of motivation on a learner's effort and the role of intrinsic motivation in fostering creativity, higher-order thinking, and natural curiosity. The script explains how teachers can sustain students' motivation by connecting lessons to personal interests and providing choices and control over the learning process. It also touches on the importance of recognizing and catering to individual differences among learners.

🌟 Embracing Diversity and the Importance of Assessment

This paragraph addresses the importance of embracing linguistic and cultural diversity in the classroom to ensure respect and motivation for all students. It also discusses the final two principles: the influence of developmental and social factors on learning. The script highlights the need for holistic learning that considers physical, intellectual, emotional, and social development. Furthermore, it underscores the role of social interactions and communication in the learning process, as well as the significance of appropriate standards and assessments in tracking and enhancing learning progress.

Keywords

💡Learner-Centered Psychological Principles

These principles were introduced by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1990 and were revised to include 14 principles that guide effective educational practices. They integrate research and theories from both education and psychology to create a framework for understanding how learners construct knowledge. The video emphasizes their importance in facilitating child-centered learning, as they help educators design strategies to maximize student learning.

💡Cognitive and Metacognitive Factors

Cognitive factors refer to the mental processes involved in learning, such as memory, attention, and problem-solving. Metacognitive factors involve self-awareness and self-regulation of one's own learning processes. In the video, it is mentioned that the first principle, 'the nature of the learning process,' highlights the intentional process of constructing meaning from information, which is a cognitive and metacognitive activity.

💡Motivational and Affective Factors

Motivational factors drive learners to engage in learning activities, while affective factors involve emotions and feelings that can influence learning. The video discusses how motivation is influenced by emotional states, beliefs, interests, and goals, and how these factors can impact a learner's effort and engagement in the learning process.

💡Developmental and Social Factors

Developmental factors consider the growth and changes in learners' physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains. Social factors involve the influence of interactions and communication with others. The video explains that learning is most effective when these factors are taken into account, emphasizing the importance of a holistic approach to education.

💡Individual Differences

Individual differences recognize that learners have unique abilities, backgrounds, and needs. The video script mentions that teachers must be sensitive to these differences and use various strategies to cater to the diverse needs of students in the classroom, ensuring that all learners can succeed.

💡Constructivist Learning

Constructivist learning is a theory that suggests learners actively construct knowledge and understanding through their experiences. The video script emphasizes that educators should not 'spoon feed' information but instead help learners become 'constructors of knowledge,' which aligns with the constructivist approach.

💡Strategic Thinking

Strategic thinking involves the ability to plan and approach learning tasks in a goal-oriented and efficient manner. The video gives examples of how successful learners use strategic thinking to overcome challenges and achieve their learning objectives, such as preparing for a play or improving public speaking skills.

💡Metacognition

Metacognition refers to the ability to think about one's own thinking processes, including monitoring, evaluating, and regulating one's learning strategies. The video explains that successful learners engage in metacognition to assess the effectiveness of their learning strategies and make adjustments as needed.

💡Intrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation is the internal drive to learn for personal satisfaction rather than external rewards. The video discusses how intrinsic motivation is stimulated by novelty, challenge, and relevance to personal interests, and how it contributes to a learner's creativity and higher-order thinking.

💡Context of Learning

The context of learning encompasses the environmental factors, including culture, technology, and instructional practices, that can influence the learning process. The video stresses the importance of teachers being sensitive to the cultural backgrounds of students and utilizing technology and effective instructional practices to enhance learning.

💡Standards and Assessment

Standards and assessment are integral to the learning process, as they help set expectations and measure progress. The video explains that assessments should be challenging yet attainable, providing feedback to learners on their strengths and areas for improvement, and that high standards can motivate learners to achieve more.

Highlights

Introduction of learner-centered psychological principles by the American Psychological Association in 1990.

Evolution from 12 to 14 principles over time, indicating a dynamic and responsive educational framework.

Integration of research and theories in psychology to create a more effective educational framework.

The importance of understanding the nature of learners and the learning process for effective teaching strategies.

Categorization of principles into cognitive/metacognitive, motivational/affective, developmental/social, and individual differences factors.

Emphasis on the intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience in learning.

Characteristics of successful learners: active participation, goal orientation, and self-regulation.

The significance of setting both short-term and long-term learning goals for learners.

Linking new information with existing knowledge to construct meaningful learning.

Encouraging strategic thinking in learners to overcome challenges and achieve learning objectives.

Metacognition as a tool for learners to monitor and assess their own learning strategies.

The influence of environmental factors, including culture, technology, and instructional practices on learning.

Importance of intrinsic motivation and how it is stimulated by novelty, difficulty, and personal interest.

The role of motivation in sustaining effort and engagement in learning tasks.

Acknowledging individual differences in learners and catering to diverse abilities and backgrounds.

The necessity of setting high and challenging standards in assessment to promote learning growth.

Holistic learning that takes into account physical, intellectual, emotional, and social development.

The impact of social interactions and communication on learning and the development of communication skills.

Transcripts

hello to everyone I'm here to present a

lesson in facilitating child centered

learning specifically the topic learner

centered psychological principles so

what are these learning learner centered

psychological principles it was

introduced to us by the American

Psychological Association or APA in the

year 1990 so originally there were 12

learning cert learner-centered

psychological principles but after seven

years it was revised and it has now 14

learner centered when it has no 14

principles so we'll go in each principle

as we go on in our lesson okay so what

is it named learner centered

psychological principles it's because

the research in researchers and theories

and education were integrated to that of

the theories in researcher researchers

in psychology so it was made in order to

make or to design a new framework and

more effective framework in education so

until now right until now it is

integrated because we taught it was seen

I mean the effectivity of it is was

observed in the educational system the

teaching and learning process so

learning this one would help you

understand better the learning the

nature of learners in the nature of the

learning process as well and with that

knowledge you have you will now have the

idea what strategists probably what

approaches would you use in order to

maximize the learning of your students

in order for you to become an effective

teacher well I know if you're watching

this video I know you would also want it

to become the best picture you could

ever be and so you have to listen very

well because understanding the learner

is one of the initial steps to be a

great teacher okay so these 14 learning

learner centered psychological

principles were categorized into four we

have the cognitive and metacognitive

factors we also have the motivational

and affective factors also the

developmental

and social factors and individual

differences factors so some of you might

be familiar with the terms that you

you've read in the screen so individual

differences motivation or affective

factors developmental factors and so on

and so forth but we are going to focus

on the principles so start with

cognitive and metacognitive factors the

first principle is the nature of the

learning process okay and it states here

that the learning of complex subject

matter is most effective when it is an

intentional process of constructing

meaning from information and experience

I wanted to emphasize the term

intentional process this is actually

happening inside the classroom that

you're learning there is mostly

intentional why did I say so because

your teachers come into your class with

an end in mind already so he or she has

already the objectives of the lesson

what you will be learning right after

the class and he has already the

strategies the approaches that he can

use he or she can use in order for that

for those objectives to be met and he

has already designed the assessment task

to know whether you you learn the lesson

or not so it's intentional it's an

intentional process and another

important terms here is constructing

meaning okay so we go inside the cast

educators we go inside the classroom not

just to feed their learners right with

information but we help our learners

they use the knowledge that they

acquired in the experience that they

have in order to construct meaning okay

so we do not spoon feed our learners but

we help them become constructivist they

they will become creators of knowledge

creators of meaning right so that's the

nature of the learning process if we do

not feed the students but we help them

become constructivist okay but of course

the

with the integration of effective

strategies in teaching okay and

successful learners are these are the

characteristics of successful learners

so you could assess her students on or

for now you could assess yourself

whether you are successful learner a

successful learner or not so first if

active what can you say that your

student is active okay when they take

part in the teaching learning process so

during discussion they listen

attentively the chat down loads during

recitation they share their answer they

share their ideas thoughts about certain

topic in during activities they

collaborate with the teachers within

they collaborate also with their

students in that sense students can be

described as active alright second a

successful learner is goal oriented they

set goals for themselves

rightly go inside the classroom because

they have certain goals to be met okay

you wanted to become professional you

wanted to become a teacher and engineer

a doctor and so on so forth

they said they set their goals so that's

the long term goal okay but they must

also have the ability to set their

short-term goals so they see the

significance of every less than the

future to them so successful learners

are always goal oriented and then the

next one is self-regulating okay so they

have the ability to monitor their

progress to monitor and assess their

learning strategies whether it is

effective or not and they have the

ability to remain focused on learning so

they will not be distracted with

environmental factors of peer factors

and so on and so forth so these are the

characteristics of successful learners

okay that is the first principle the

nature of the learning process the

second principle is goals of the

learning process so what are the goals

the learning process successful learner

over time and we support an

instructional guidance can create

meaningful coherent

presentations of knowledge so it is kind

of related to the first one goals of the

learning process

now as educators we have to help our

learners set your own learning goals

it's not only the teacher who set the

learning who sets the learning goal but

also that students the learners in the

learner center their learning goals then

they will become more committed in

attaining that learning goal so there

must be short term goal again there must

be a short term goal a long term goal

okay in as teachers we must help our

students link their short-term goal to

their long-term goal so how they have to

realize that these short-term goals that

they have gained would lead to the

attainment of their long-term goals

right so we help them with the

instruction with the guidance and so on

and so that's the learning of its the

goal of the learning process

okay it's the second principle the third

principle is the construction of

knowledge successful learner can link

new information with existing knowledge

in meaningful ways now learners learn a

lot of things learners learn from

different disciplines right you know

science math English social studies

geography history and so on and so forth

they learned also from other people they

learned also from their environment

there a lot of sources of knowledge but

these subjects or disciplines are not

actually isolated okay they are always

connected with one another okay and so

this does teachers as educators we have

to help them connect the new lessons or

the new learning that they have to the

previous lessons that they have okay so

that they can they can construct

meaningful learning right they must have

the link okay how can we do that we can

use concept mapping right we can use

graphic organizers organizers to

represent the knowledge that they've

acquired to the link that in the

previous lessons that they have

okay so you have so there must be

integration okay with the lessons that

they are studying okay so this is the

third one construction of knowledge the

third one is strategic thinking okay now

I would want to give an example about I

think this is more of the experience

okay because most of the ineptly most of

the time but a lot of times probably

yeah whenever I give context as to my

students a some of the students really

complain right they would first complain

before they would comply because they're

thinking that it's very hard to do

because they also have a lot of things

to do the no sufficient materials no I

mean there's no enough time and so on

and so forth but as a successful learner

a successful learner wouldn't complain

but would see that as an opportunity for

them to learn because they have

strategic thinking right so in the first

glance problem is very difficult to

attain but the successful learners can

make use of strategic thinking right how

can we achieve this one it's like for

example if you are tasked to make a

plate for example right that's the end

of the course you will be staging a play

or musical right so it's first very very

very hard to do it's very laborious it

needs a lot of preparations but as

successful learners you think first

strategy so how are you going to do that

one how are you going to rehearse with

the time that you have what materials

are you going to use when are you going

to climb right where do you get the

materials how do you practice and so on

and so forth you would always think of

this strategy how are you going to

achieve that one right the other another

example is presumably you're asked to

give a speech presentation in front of a

lot of audience if you're not into that

if you're not into public speaking

you would still not complain but if

you're a success if you're successful

learner you will did complain but you

would think of a strategy how are you

going to develop yourself if you're not

good in public speaking probably you can

start practicing with yourself right

listening to your speech looking you're

looking at yourself in front of the

mirror and after that you could invite

probably people in your house to see and

to see your speech performance and to

give constructive feedback in order for

you to prove more your performance so

that's it you have to think for strategy

so they are there must have strategic

thinking right in the learners that's

the fourth principle okay

strategic thinking the fifth one is

thinking about thinking okay again it's

thinking about thinking in other words

this is called meta cognition okay it's

meta cognition so what didn't say here I

already think strategies for selecting

and monitoring mental operations

facility creative and critical thinking

so our students they must have the

ability to monitor game monitor their

own learning and assess their strategies

of learning whether it is effective or

not if it's not effective then think of

another learning strategy or to be

applied in order to boost your own

learning

right so thinking about thinking or

assessing your own learning if it

learning strategies but it is effective

or not

okay so that's the fifth principle

thinking about thinking okay and the

sixth principle is context of learning

learning is influenced by environmental

factors including culture technology and

instructional practices again again I

want to emphasize this one so this could

affect learning right culture technology

in instructional practices okay so as

teachers you must be sensitive with the

culture of the students so make sure

that whatever

cultural background they have whatever

belief they have you must have to really

accept those and we have to be sensitive

with their culture because there must be

quality inside our classroom right

technology as well okay we have to use

we have to really maximize technology in

order for us to boost learning right we

can use technology for searching for

presenting our lesson and so on so forth

in instructional practices definitely

your the quality of teaching the quality

of the teachers really matter when it

comes to learning so these factors could

influence in the learning process all

right okay so that's the sixth principle

context of learning so environmental

factors play very very vital role in the

learning of the students so you have to

be sensitive with the environment and

have to make sure that you can take

advantage of technology in order for

learners to learn best

okay so that's the first category the

cognitive and mental cognitive factors

the second category is the motivational

in affective factors so we have here

motivational and emotional influences of

learners but and how much third is

influenced made the learners motivation

motivation to learn in turn is

influenced by dividuals emotional states

beliefs interests in goals and habits of

thinking okay motivation is just like

our if you will to go on

it's our few will to exert more effort

in whatever we are doing because we

enjoy it because we see its relevance

because we know it's meaningful right so

the motivation must be sustained by the

teachers so that students will keep on

exerting their effort in learning in

doing they'll keep on doing they will

keep on doing their best during the

teaching and learning process okay and

it is influence

also emotional space okay so they must

be you know motivated okay where they're

learning they must see that they must

feel the you know enthusiasm in learning

it's also influenced by their beliefs

and interest okay so what teachers we

have to make sure that we have to

present something new to our students

every now and then okay so that the

interest will be sustained it's not just

they go inside your classroom then sit

down they listen they write and that's

it right you could adopt you know

interactive activities so that they will

be more interested in the last one all

right okay in then they set goals and

then they habits of thinking so this

could influence learning motivational

and emotional influences right eighth

principle intrinsic motivation learn

learners creativity higher-order

thinking it natural curiosity all

contribute to the motivational factors

again creativity higher-order thinking

skills and natural curiosity are they

curious in studying right or are they

just I mean it's just nothing right they

just absorb it without curiosity without

the intention to really master the

Lassard or so and so forth intrinsic

motivation is stimulated by past of

optimal novelty in difficulty relevant

to personal interest so it must be your

lesson must be connected to their

personal interest and provide of and

providing for personal choice and

control now for more information about

intrinsic motivation specifically on

teaching the students how to really be

how to use their curiosity in learning

and how to sustain the interest of the

learners in the teaching learning

process I want you to watch this video I

downloaded in

YouTube okay all right

learn hey we also have effects of

motivation on effort well I've already

mentioned this a while ago that if a

person if a learner is motivation are

motivated they would extend efforts on

doing certain tasks they would extend

effort on accomplishing a learning task

right so let's assume that that's very

important and that's the reason why we

must sustain motivation among our

learners it's the ninth principle

effects of motivation on effort right

and we also have here the individual

differences factors well we all know

that learners have different

intelligences they have different

abilities they come from different

cultural background in knowing other

words they're not similar to each other

okay so as learners we have to see to it

that we you know sustain the needs of

the students although there is a

diversity inside our classroom so some

of us might be good in math might not be

good in math but good in English some of

us might be good in English but might be

good in English but not in sports some

of us might be good good in sports but

not in in arts right so we have

different abilities right and that must

be and that must be acknowledged by the

teacher and must not level the students

if there are nothing you know exerting

as they're not easily in selling enough

or developing in a certain area because

probably their intelligence is inclined

to another intelligence right for

example in music right and so on and so

forth so we must use various strategies

so that these in the

differences will be catered by the

teacher right and learning and diversity

okay so as teachers we have to consider

that our students have different

linguistic background cultural

background so that they feel respected

inside the classroom if they feel

respected inside the classroom they will

be more motivated to learn right they

must know that there's differences

there's a different I mean there are

differences but they're diverse but they

have to feel respected and they must

respect also others diversity okay

learning in the university that's the

13th principle and the fourteenth

principle standards and assessment okay

so setting appropriate high and

challenging standards and assessment the

learner and learning progress including

diagnostic process and outcome

assessment are integral parts of

learning process why is assessment and

standard important in education some

students hate that right but we have to

let them realize that's very important

because that would tell a lot what it

comes to their learning assessment must

be used to help students know what

fields do they need to learn more and

how far they've learned already okay and

you have to remember that you have to

set standards as well okay assessment

must not be very easy if assessment is

very easy and you always get perfect

score you complain right because you are

not learning something new for that okay

because the assessment is very easy if

it is too hard then you complain because

many an ideal assessment must be one

step ahead of the current level of the

students okay if that's too hard for

them that would weed out the I mean it

will just read out the poor students

right who will Excel only those who are

advanced right but it shouldn't be it

must be one step ahead of the current

level

learning is a good cents standard in

assessment okay and then the last

category that we have here is

developmental and social factors there

are two principles for this so by a

principle ten developmental influence on

learning and individual as individuals

developed they encountered different

opportunities and experience different

constraints for learning learning

learning is most effective when

differential development between and

across physical intellectual emotional

social domains is taken into account in

other words there must be a holistic

learning okay the not only cognitive

level or cognitive aspect so learning

must be holistic meaning students or

learners must you know enhance physical

aspirator intellectual aspect emotional

aspects and social domains alright so

developmental influence on learning and

then the other one social influences on

learning learning is influenced by

social interactions Hey interpersonal in

relations and communications with others

we are not living alone we communicate

with other people we communicate with

our classmates with our parents with our

teachers with the community and as we

communicate with them we acquire

knowledge right we learn something new

with our interaction the other destroyed

communication skills is very vital in

learning they that's the influence of

social factors to learning okay where

are we were done with that we're done

with learning diversity standards and

assessment okay this is 14 okay so those

are the 14 principles in or

learner-centered 14 principles learner

centered psychological principles if you

have questions you can just comment in

the comment section or you can just PM

me if you know me personally

and clarifications but don't forget

before you end this video don't forget

to hit the bell button and also please

subscribe to get updated with the new

lectures that we have when it comes to

education that's it for today and thank

you so much for your active listening