How to Use a Breadboard

Summary

This video by Ben Finio from Science Buddies offers a comprehensive guide to using a breadboard for electronic circuits. It explains the breadboard's structure, how to insert components, and the importance of correct connections. The tutorial covers common mistakes, the use of jumper wires, and integrating circuits, providing a solid foundation for beginners in electronics.

Takeaways

• 🔌 A breadboard is a rectangular plastic with a grid of holes designed for building electronic circuits without soldering.
• 💡 Breadboards are used for creating simple to complex circuits, including those with automatic flashing lights and various robots.
• 📚 The term 'breadboard' originates from early electronic circuits that used wooden boards with nails or screws for connections.
• 📏 Breadboards come in different sizes like full-size, half-size, and mini, with options to snap multiple boards together for larger projects.
• 🔩 The holes in a breadboard are designed to hold the leads of electronic components, providing a secure yet easily adjustable connection.
• 🛠 When flipped, breadboards reveal metal strips that make the electrical connections to the inserted components.
• 📏 Breadboards are labeled with columns from A to J and rows numbered, aiding in following circuit-building instructions.
• 🔋 The power buses on the sides of the breadboard, usually red and black, are used to distribute power to the circuit, with the red typically connected to the positive terminal.
• 🔄 Understanding the internal connections of the breadboard is crucial for proper circuit assembly, with sets of five holes being electrically connected.
• 🚫 Common mistakes include incorrect wiring, loose connections, and incorrect orientation of components with polarity, like LEDs.
• 🛠️ Choosing the right type of jumper wires is important for circuit organization, with options ranging from flexible wires to pre-cut kits to homemade wires from hookup wire.
• 💡 The central gap in a breadboard is designed to accommodate dual in-line package integrated circuits, ensuring their pins are correctly aligned with the electrical connections.

Q & A

What is a breadboard and what is its primary function?

A breadboard is a rectangular piece of plastic with a grid of holes that allows for the easy and quick assembly of electronic circuits by inserting electronic components into these holes. Its primary function is to facilitate the building of simple to complex electronic circuits without the need for soldering.

Can you explain the origin of the term 'breadboard'?

The term 'breadboard' originates from the early days of electronic circuits when wooden boards with screws or nails were used to make electronic connections, resembling a kitchen breadboard.

What are the common sizes of breadboards mentioned in the script?

The common sizes of breadboards mentioned are full-size, half-size, and mini breadboards.

How do breadboards hold electronic components in place without soldering?

Breadboards hold electronic components in place using metal clips inside the board that grab onto the leads of the components when they are pushed into the holes. This is why they are called solderless breadboards.

What is the purpose of the adhesive backing on a breadboard?

The adhesive backing on a breadboard allows it to be permanently stuck onto a project, providing a stable base for the electronic components.

How are the holes on a breadboard electrically connected?

Each set of five holes in a row (A through E and F through J) is electrically connected. Additionally, the power buses on the sides of the breadboard provide a complete path for electricity to flow through the circuit.

What is the significance of the gap in the middle of the breadboard?

The gap in the middle of the breadboard is designed to accommodate integrated circuits in a dual in-line package, allowing the pins on each side of the chip to be connected to their own row, preventing short circuits.

What are some common mistakes made by beginners when using a breadboard?

Common mistakes include not placing components in the correct row to maintain electrical connection, not pushing leads or wires firmly into the breadboard, and not considering the polarity of components like LEDs.

Why is it important to check the polarity of components like LEDs?

Checking the polarity of components like LEDs is important because the direction they are facing matters for the circuit to function correctly. The longer leg of an LED is positive and must be connected to the positive side of the power source.

What are the different types of jumper wires mentioned in the script and their advantages and disadvantages?

The script mentions three types of jumper wires: long flexible wires that can become messy, pre-cut wires in a kit that are neater but limit length options, and hookup wire that can be cut and stripped to length for customized use but requires additional tools.

What type of wire should be used for making jumper wires and why?

Solid-core wire should be used for making jumper wires because it is stiff and easy to push into a breadboard. Stranded wire, while more flexible overall, has ends that are also flexible and harder to insert without bending.

Outlines

00:00

🔌 Introduction to Breadboards

Ben Finio from Science Buddies introduces breadboards, essential tools for building electronic circuits. A breadboard is a plastic platform with a grid of holes that allows for the easy assembly and modification of circuits by inserting components like LEDs and switches. The video covers the history of breadboards, their common sizes, and how they function without soldering by using metal clips to hold components in place. It also explains the internal structure of breadboards, including the metal strips that make electrical connections.

05:01

🔋 Understanding Breadboard Circuitry and Common Mistakes

This section delves into how to use a breadboard for creating circuits, such as connecting a battery, resistor, and LED to form a light-up circuit. It explains the concept of closed circuits and the importance of proper wiring. Common mistakes made by beginners, such as incorrect row connections and loose leads, are highlighted. The summary also touches on the importance of polarity for certain components like LEDs and the use of appropriate jumper wires to maintain a neat and functional circuit.

10:03

🛠 Breadboard Best Practices and Integrated Circuits

The final paragraph provides guidance on choosing the right type of jumper wires for breadboard use, discussing the pros and cons of flexible wires, pre-cut jumper wire kits, and creating custom wires from hookup wire. It emphasizes the need for solid-core wire over stranded wire for ease of use with breadboards. Additionally, the paragraph explains the purpose of the central gap in breadboards for accommodating dual in-line package integrated circuits and the correct way to insert these chips to avoid short-circuits. The video concludes with resources for further learning, including tutorials and project ideas available on the Science Buddies website.

Keywords

💡Breadboard

A breadboard is a rectangular piece of plastic with a grid of holes designed to facilitate the quick and easy assembly of electronic circuits. It allows electronic components to be inserted into the holes to create connections without the need for soldering. In the video, the breadboard is central to the theme as it is the platform on which various electronic circuits are built, such as simple light circuits and more complex systems like flashing lights or robots.

💡Solderless Breadboards

Solderless breadboards are a type of breadboard that enables the creation of electrical connections without the use of solder, which is a process of bonding metals with heat. This feature is significant in the video as it emphasizes the ease of use and the non-permanent nature of the connections, allowing for quick adjustments and learning without the need for specialized equipment or skills.

💡Components

Components in the context of the video refer to the electronic parts such as LEDs, resistors, and batteries that are inserted into the breadboard to create a functioning circuit. The script mentions how these components are pushed into the breadboard's holes to establish connections, illustrating the fundamental process of building circuits.

💡Electrical Connections

Electrical connections in the video are the links established between electronic components on the breadboard through the metal clips within the breadboard. These connections are crucial for the flow of electricity and the operation of the circuits. The script explains how the clips grab the leads of components, creating a connection that is secure yet easily adjustable.

💡Power Buses

Power buses, also known as rails, are long strips on the sides of the breadboard that deliver power to the entire circuit. They are typically labeled with red and black or blue lines and a plus or minus sign to indicate polarity. In the script, the power buses are essential for understanding how to supply power to a circuit, with the red bus usually connected to the positive battery terminal and the black or blue to the negative.

💡Polarity

Polarity refers to the directionality of certain components, where the direction they are facing matters for the circuit to function correctly. LEDs, as mentioned in the script, have polarity, with the longer leg being positive and needing to be connected to the positive side of the power source. Understanding polarity is vital for correctly assembling circuits and ensuring they operate as intended.

💡Jumper Wires

Jumper wires are flexible wires used to create connections between different points in a breadboard circuit. They come in various lengths and colors and have metal pins on the ends for easy insertion. The script discusses different types of jumper wires, including long flexible wires, pre-cut wires in a kit, and homemade wires made from hookup wire, emphasizing their importance in organizing and maintaining a neat circuit layout.

💡Circuit

A circuit in the video is a closed path that allows electricity to flow, powered by a battery and including components like LEDs and resistors. The script provides examples of simple and complex circuits built on the breadboard, highlighting the process of creating a complete path for electricity to flow, which is essential for the circuit to function.

💡Metal Clips

Metal clips within the breadboard are the small metal pieces that make contact with the leads of the inserted components, creating an electrical connection. The script describes how these clips align with the holes and grab the leads when a component is pushed into the breadboard, demonstrating the mechanical aspect of establishing electrical connections.

💡Integrated Circuits

Integrated circuits, or chips, are electronic components that contain multiple electronic circuits on a single platform. The script explains that these chips, when in a dual in-line package, can be inserted into the breadboard straddling the middle gap, allowing each pin to connect to its own row and function correctly within the circuit.

💡Multimeter

Although not explicitly detailed in the script, a multimeter is a device used to measure electrical properties such as voltage, current, and resistance. The script mentions that tutorials on using a multimeter are available on the website, indicating its relevance to the broader context of electronics and circuit building.

Highlights

Introduction to using a breadboard for building electronic circuits.

Breadboards are plastic grids that allow for easy and quick electronic component insertion.

Examples of simple to complex circuits, including automatic lights and various robots.

Origin of the term 'breadboard' from early wooden boards used for electronic connections.

Variety in modern breadboard sizes, materials, and colors.

Breadboards come with tabs and notches for easy snapping together.

Explanation of how breadboards work with metal clips to hold components.

Breadboards are solderless, avoiding the need for permanent bonding with solder.

Adhesive backing for permanent attachment to projects.

Internal metal strips for mechanical and electrical connections.

Breadboard labeling system with columns and rows for circuit building guidance.

Power buses or rails for delivering power to the circuit.

Understanding breadboard hole connections for circuit design.

Demonstration of a simple circuit with a battery, resistor, and LED.

Common mistakes when using a breadboard and how to avoid them.

Importance of checking wiring and ensuring secure connections.

Handling components with polarity, such as LEDs.

Options for jumper wires and the benefits of using solid-core wire.

Use of integrated circuits in breadboards and the purpose of the middle gap.

Additional resources available on Science Buddies for electronics tutorials and project ideas.

Transcripts

Hi, this is Ben Finio with Science Buddies, and this video is an introduction to how to

use a breadboard.

This is a breadboard.

It's a rectangular piece of plastic with a grid of holes that allows you to easily and

quickly build electronic circuits by pushing electronic components into the holes.

For example, simple circuits like this one with a battery and an on/off switch to control

a light.

You can also build more complicated circuits, for example lights that flash automatically,

or robots of all different shapes and sizes.

There are far more examples than we can list in the beginning of this short video.

At this point you might be thinking that this doesn't really look like it has anything to

do with bread.

The name breadboard comes from the early days of electronic circuits when people would literally

use wooden boards with screws or nails driven into them to make electronic connections.

Modern breadboards are made from plastic, and come in all shapes, sizes, and even different

colors.

The most common sizes you will probably see are full-size breadboards, half-size breadboards,

and mini breadboards.

Larger and smaller sizes are available, and many breadboards come with tabs and notches

on the side that allow you to snap two or more of them together, but a single breadboard

will be more than sufficient for most beginner projects.

Let's take a closer look at how a breadboard actually works.

The holes of a breadboard allow you to easily push the leads, or metal legs, of a component

like this LED into them, and then will lightly hold them in place.

This connection is strong enough that the LED won't fall out on its own, but light enough

that if you make a mistake, you can easily pull it out and put it in a new location.

Technically, these are called solderless breadboards because they can make these connections without

using solder, or melted metal, to permanently bond electronic components together.

Let's find out how breadboards can hold onto components without using solder.

If you flip a breadboard over, they come with an adhesive backing that allows you to permanently

stick them onto a project, for example, the breadboard stuck to this robot.

If you remove that backing completely, like I've done with this breadboard here, you expose

a series of metal strips that are inside the breadboard.

These metal strips are what make mechanical and electrical connections to the components

you insert into the breadboard.

We can remove one of these metal strips by pushing it out from the front to see what

it looks like up close.

Each strip is a series of five clips that line up with the holes in the breadboard.

When you push a component into the breadboard, these clips are what's actually grabbing onto

the leads, like you can see here with this LED.

This breadboard is actually made from transparent plastic, so you can see the clips from the

outside.

When you press a lead into one of the holes, it's just getting grabbed onto by one of these

clips.

Let's take a closer look at the writing on the front of your breadboard.

Your breadboard has columns labeled from A through J, and rows that start with one and

go up to a number that depends on the size of the breadboard.

These labels make it easy to follow directions when building a circuit.

For example, all of these holes are in column C, and all of these holes are in row 12.

Hole C12 is where column C intersects row 12.

There are also long strips on either side of your breadboard that are usually labeled

with red and black or red and blue lines, and also a plus or minus sign.

These are called buses or rails, and are used to deliver power to your entire circuit.

Typically, the red one marked with a plus sign will connect to the positive battery

terminal, and the black or blue one marked with a minus sign will connect to the negative

battery terminal.

Some breadboards, like this mini one, do not have power buses at all.

Some full-size breadboards have power buses that run the entire length of the breadboard,

as indicated by the continuous, unbroken red and black lines.

Other ones have power buses that only run half the length of the breadboard, as indicated

by the break in the lines here.

This is convenient if you have a circuit that needs to be powered by two different voltage

levels.

In order to use a breadboard, it really helps to understand how all the holes are connected.

Let's take a look at hole A1 as an example.

Remember that inside the breadboard are sets of five metal clips.

This means that hole A1 is electrically connected to hole B1, hole C1, D1, and E1.

It is not connected to hole A1 because that hole is in a different row and they do not

share the same set of metal clips.

It is also not connected to any of the holes on the other side of the gap in the middle

of the breadboard.

That's holes F1, G1, H1, I1, and J1.

We'll explain more about what this gap means in a little bit.

This diagram shows all of the connections on the breadboard highlighted with yellow

lines.

Each set of five holes forming half a row, that's those on the left in columns A through

E, and those on the right in columns F through J, is electrically connected.

The power buses run vertically on the sides of the breadboard, and are typically connected

over more than five holes, although this can vary from breadboard to breadboard.

The individual power buses are not connected to each other.

Let's take a look at what all this means for a common demonstration circuit with a battery,

a resistor, and an LED.

When I turn the battery pack on, the LED lights up.

Pretty simple.

Now let's zoom in and see how I actually have everything connected on the breadboard.

The battery pack's red lead is connected to the power bus on the right side of the breadboard.

This is connected to a jumper wire that goes to row 5, which then goes to the LED, over

to row 5 on the other side, to a resistor, to the ground bus, and then to the battery

pack's black lead.

This diagram shows how electricity flows through the circuit using yellow arrows.

This is called a closed circuit, or a complete path for electricity to flow.

Remember that on each separate half of the breadboard, the holes in row 5 are electrically

connected to each other.

This means, for example, that I can take the leads of the LED and move them to different

holes in row 5 and it will still light up.

However, if I take the LED and move it to a different row entirely, like row 4 or row

6, it does not light up because there is no path for the electricity to flow.

It has to be in row 5 to have that complete path.

You can also reconfigure the entire circuit.

For example, here I am going to move the LED and the resistor over to the right side of

the breadboard, and then connect the battery pack's negative lead to the ground bus on

this side.

While this looks different, electrically it is the same circuit, so the LED still lights

up.

You can see that in this diagram by tracing the yellow arrows, and noticing that there

is still a closed path for the electricity to flow through the LED.

Now let's take a look at some of the most common mistakes that students make when learning

to use a breadboard.

Here we have the demonstration circuit from the previous part of the video, with a battery,

a resistor, and an LED.

At first glance, everything probably looks fine, but when I turn the battery pack on,

the LED doesn't light up.

You won't know why unless you look closely at the breadboard.

When we zoom in, you can see that one of the LED leads is actually in the wrong row.

Notice how all of the connections are in row 5, except for this lead of the LED which is

in row 4.

Remember that rows 4 and 5 are not electrically connected, so in order for electricity to

have a complete path to flow, we have to move that LED lead over to row 5, and then the

LED will light up.

Every time you build a circuit, you should always double check your wiring to make sure

your connections are in the right place.

Another common mistake is not firmly pushing leads or wires into the breadboard all the

way.

Watch what happens if I pull this jumper wire out slightly so the connection is loose.

The LED will still light up intermittently, but bumping the wire or shaking the breadboard

can easily make the LED go out.

To make sure the connections stay secure, you have to make sure the jumper wire is pushed

firmly into the breadboard on both ends.

The same goes for other components like the LED itself.

You can see that if I pull the LED out slightly, it might look like it's actually pushed into

the breadboard, but it's actually very loose and won't stay lit.

This is because the leads aren't pushed in all the way, so to make sure it stays on,

you have to make sure the LED is pushed firmly into the breadboard, along with the rest of

the components.

The next common mistake will depend on the individual components in the project you're

doing.

Some components have polarity, meaning the direction they are facing matters.

LEDs are a great and very common example.

Notice how if I grab the LED and flip it around, it doesn't stay lit.

If you look closely at an LED, you'll see that the two legs are actually slightly different

lengths.

The longer leg is the positive side, and has to be connected to the battery pack's red

lead.

The shorter leg is the negative side, and needs to be connected to the black lead.

The resistor on the other hand does not have a polarity associated with it, so I can flip

the resistor around and the circuit will still work just fine.

When using a breadboard you'll have to decide what type of jumper wires you want to use,

and there are several different types available.

First are these long, flexible wires that come in many different colors and are usually

sold in packs of at least 10.

The wires themselves are very flexible but they have metal pins attached to their ends

that make them easy to press into the breadboard.

While these wires can be very convenient for simple circuits, they can get very messy for

complicated circuits, and as you add more and more to a breadboard you'll eventually

get a tangled nest of wires that can be very hard to keep track of.

Another option is to buy a jumper wire kit.

This is a small plastic container that comes with many different colors of wire that are

pre-cut to certain lengths.

The ends of these wires are bent down 90 degrees which makes them easy to press into the breadboard

and keep the wire flat, which can make the circuit much neater than the longer, loopier

flexible wires.

The downside of these kits is that they usually only come with one or two lengths for each

color, which can make it difficult to color code your circuit.

The final option is to purchase special spools of wire called hookup wire, and use a tool

called a wire stripper to cut them to length and then strip off some of the insulation

to make your own jumper wires.

You can see here I'm just taking the spool of wire, cutting a short segment of it, then

using the wire strippers to strip insulation off of each end.

When you're done you just have to bend the ends of the wire down, and then you'll be

left with a piece similar to what comes with the jumper wire kit, that easily fits into

the breadboard.

The advantage here is that you can buy several spools of wire of different colors and then

cut them to any length you want so you can color code your circuit.

If you do decide to buy your own hookup wire, you need to make sure you buy solid-core wire

and not stranded wire.

Solid-core wire has wire made of a single solid piece of metal that is very stiff and

easy to push into a breadboard.

Stranded wire is made up of multiple individual smaller strands, kind of like a rope.

This makes the overall wire much more flexible, but the ends are also flexible, and therefore

much harder to push into a breadboard without just bending them.

If you were watching closely earlier in the video, you might have noticed that I actually

violated this rule when I connected the battery pack, which comes with stranded wires.

If you're in a pinch, you don't have access to solid core wire or a soldering iron, you

can take the end of a stranded wire and twist the strands together as tightly as possible,

and that will make it somewhat easier to push into the breadboard, but it's still not the

easiest way to go.

Finally, all this time you might have been wondering what this gap that goes down the

middle of the breadboard is for.

This gap is designed such that integrated circuits, sometimes just called chips, that

come in a dual in-line package, meaning they have two rows of pins, can fit nicely straddling

the middle of the breadboard.

When you have a new chip, you might need to bend the pins together slightly so they'll

fit into the breadboard, but then you just have to line up all of the pins and press

it in firmly, just like you would with any other component.

This works great because now the pins on each side of the chip are each connected to their

own row.

What you don't want to do is put the entire chip just on one side of the breadboard so

it's not straddling the gap.

Remember that the pins in each row on either side of the breadboard are electrically connected

to each other, so if you put a chip in like this, you are shorting out the two pins in

each row.

Integrated circuits come in many different sizes, and they all serve a special purpose,

however all of them will fit directly into a breadboard straddling this middle gap.

You can find a written version of this tutorial, along with other helpful electronics tutorials

like how to use a multimeter and how to strip wire all on our website, www.sciencebuddies.org.

You can also browse our free library of over 1,000 science and engineering project ideas

if you need a project to do for school, at home, or just for fun.