The Treaty of Versailles Explained
Summary
TLDR「ヒッピーズの歴史」では、第1世界大戦の終結後、ドイツとの平和条約であるベルサイユ条約が厳しくドイツを罰し、その結果として第2世界大戦の直接的な原因となり、アドルフ・ヒトラーがその怒りと民族主義を利用して権力を獲得したと分析しています。条約は、ドイツに戦争の責任を負わせ、領土の喪失、軍事力の制限、賠償金の支払いなどを要求し、これらの厳しい条件がドイツ人の自尊心を傷つけ、ヒットラーの台頭につながったと指摘しています。また、リーグ・オブ・ネイションの設立についても触れており、アメリカが加盟しないことによってその失敗が予測されると結び付けています。
Takeaways
- 📜 ヴェルサイユ条約は、第1世界大戦の終結とともにドイツに厳しく懲罰するものであると歴史家が一致して考えています。
- 🔥 条約はドイツを激しく非難し、失地、賠償、軍縮などを要求しました。これにより、ナチス・ドイツの台頭と第2世界大戦の原因となりました。
- 🕋 1918年の停戦協定後、1919年にヴェルサイユ条約が実施されるまでに6ヶ月以上の長い平和会議が行われました。
- 👥 アメリカのウッドロウ・ウィルソン大統領、イギリスのジョージ・クレメント大統領、フランスのジョルジュ・クレマンソー大統領の3人が主要な交渉者であり、異なる目標を持っていました。
- 🇷🇺 ロシアはブリスト=リトフスク条約によってドイツに多くの土地を割り当てられていましたが、この後程の交渉には参加しませんでした。
- 🏰 フランスは失った土地と産業を回復し、安全な平和を求めていましたが、ドイツとの国境近くに住んでいたため、最も激しい感情を持っていました。
- 🏴 英国は経済的な投資を考え、より安全な平和を目指していましたが、再び起こる戦争を防ぎたいと考えていました。
- 💥 条約の主要な項目として、戦争の責任を全くドイツに押し付けた「戦争罪」を定めた第231条があります。
- 🗺️ ドイツはロシアとの条約で得た土地を失にくらみ、また、西ポーランドやフランスに土地を割り当てられました。
- ⛔ 軍事制限により、ドイツの陸軍は10万人に制限され、海軍や空軍は大幅に削減されました。これにより、ドイツの民族主義を傷つけました。
- 💵 賠償の要求で、ドイツは膨大な金額を支払うことになりましたが、実際に支払われたのはその一部に過ぎませんでした。これは経済的なインフレを招きました。
- 🏛️ 国際連盟の創設が条約の一部となり、ウィルソン大統領が提唱しましたが、アメリカ合衆国は最終的に加盟しませんでした。
Q & A
バーサイユ条約とは何ですか?
-バーサイユ条約は、第一次世界大戦の終結後、1919年にドイツと連合国によって交わされた扱い厳しい平和条約です。
バーサイユ条約が厳しいとされる理由は何ですか?
-バーサイユ条約は、ドイツに戦争責任を負わせ、領土の奪取、軍事力の制限、および膨大な賠償金を要求したため、厳しいとされています。
バーサイユ条約が第二次世界大戦の原因になる理由は何ですか?
-バーサイユ条約は、ドイツに厳しい懲罰を科して、国民の自尊心と国家主義を傷つけ、アドルフ・ヒトラーがその情熱を利用して独裁者的地位に就く土壌を作ったとされています。
バーサイユ条約の締結時期は何年ですか?
-バーサイユ条約は1919年6月に効力が生じました。
バーサイユ条約の交渉において、どの3つの国が主導権を握りましたか?
-アメリカのウッドロウ・ウィルソン、イギリスのジョージ・クレメント・ソープ、フランスのジョージ・クレメント・ソープがバーサイユ条約の交渉の主導権を握りました。
バーサイユ条約における「戦争の責任」を定めた条項は何番条ですか?
-バーサイユ条約における「戦争の責任」を定めたのは第231条です。
バーサイユ条約によってドイツはどのくらいの領土を失いましたか?
-バーサイユ条約により、ドイツはロシアとの条約によって得た領土を失いました。また、ポーランドやフランスに領土の一部が割譲されました。
バーサイユ条約でドイツに課せられた軍事制限には何が含まれますか?
-バーサイユ条約によって、ドイツの陸軍は10万人に制限され、海軍は厳しく制限され、潜水艦や空軍、武器の輸出、徴兵制度が禁止されました。
バーサイユ条約によってドイツが支払わなければならなかった賠償金はどのくらいですか?
-バーサイユ条約によってドイツに課せられた賠償金は、現代通貨に換算すると約5000億ドルと言われていますが、実際に支払われたのはその一小部分です。
リーグ・オブ・ネイションとは何ですか?
-リーグ・オブ・ネイションは、ウィルソン大統領によって提唱され、バーサイユ条約の一部として設立された国際機関で、国々の紛争を解決し、平和を維持することを目的とされていました。
アメリカ合衆国がリーグ・オブ・ネイションに加盟しなかった理由は何ですか?
-アメリカ合衆国は、上院の2/3の多数を必要とする扱いと、国政の自主性を失う恐れからリーグ・オブ・ネイションに加盟しませんでした。
Outlines
📜 ヴェルサイユ条約の概要と歴史的背景
本段落では、第一次世界大戦の終結とともに結ばれたヴェルサイユ条約の概要とその歴史的背景について解説しています。条約はドイツを厳しく処罰することを目的としており、戦争責任を負わせ、土地を奪い、軍隊を縮小させ、賠償を要求するなど、ドイツに対する厳しい条件を課しています。これらの条件は、後にアドルフ・ヒトラーが独裁者として権力を握るきっかけとなり、第二次世界大戦の原因の一つとされると指摘しています。また、1918年の停戦協定から条約が効力を持つまで6ヶ月以上の時間を要し、平和交渉は長引くことになります。
🏰 ヴェルサイユ条約の厳しい条件とその影響
この段落では、ヴェルサイユ条約におけるドイツに対する厳しい条件について詳細に説明しています。条約はドイツの戦争責任を全面的に負わせ、彼らの国威を傷つけるための様々な措置を含んでいます。失地、植民地の喪失、軍事制限、賠償金の支払いなど、これらはドイツ国民の自尊心を深く傷つけるものであり、後にヒトラーが国民の不満を利用して独裁者として台頭する契機となったと分析されています。さらに、リーグ・オブ・ネイションの設立についても触れており、これは国際的な紛争解決機関として期待されていましたが、アメリカ合衆国の参加がなされず、その役割は限定的なものとなりました。
🔄 アメリカのリーグ・オブ・ネイションへの参加の拒否とその後
最後の段落では、アメリカ合衆国がリーグ・オブ・ネイションへの参加を拒否し、それがリーグの力不足につながったことを説明しています。アメリカの参議院は、国益をヨーロッパの戦争に委ねることはできないと判断し、リーグ・オブ・ネイションの憲章の第10条に反対しました。これにより、世界中から期待されていた国際的な平和維持機関は、その役割を果たすことができず、その後の第二次世界大戦への道を開いたとされています。また、この段落では、教育チャンネル「hippies history」へのチャンネル登録の呼びかけも行われています。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡バーサイユ条約
💡アーミスティス日
💡14ポイント
💡連合国
💡戦争賠償
💡軍事制限
💡リーグ・オブ・ネイションズ
💡アドルフ・ヒトラー
💡失地
💡非武装地帯
Highlights
The Treaty of Versailles is widely regarded as having severely punished Germany after World War 1, which may have contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the start of World War 2.
The Treaty was signed at the Paris Peace Conference in June 1919, more than six months after the Armistice Day that marked the end of fighting.
Germany was not allowed to participate in the negotiations, and the 'Big Three' leaders—Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, and David Lloyd George—dictated the terms of the Treaty.
Article 231, known as the 'War Guilt' clause, placed the blame for the war solely on Germany, which was a significant blow to German nationalism.
Germany lost significant territories, including those gained from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, to countries like Poland and France.
The Rhineland was demilitarized, and Germany was forced to accept military restrictions, including a significantly reduced army and navy.
Germany was forced to give up its colonies, which were then distributed among the Allied powers, further contributing to German resentment.
The Treaty imposed heavy war reparations on Germany, amounting to approximately 500 billion dollars in today's currency, leading to economic hardship.
Germany was only able to pay back about 50 billion dollars of the reparations, with much of it through the printing of money that led to hyperinflation.
The economic depression and the blame assigned to certain groups within Germany, particularly Jews, fueled social unrest and resentment.
The Treaty of Versailles included the creation of the League of Nations, an international organization aimed at maintaining peace and preventing future wars.
Ironically, the United States, the main proponent of the League of Nations, failed to join due to Senate opposition, weakening the organization's effectiveness.
The Treaty's harsh terms and the subsequent social and economic turmoil in Germany set the stage for the rise of fascist ideologies and leaders like Hitler.
The lecture suggests that the Treaty of Versailles may have been one of the direct causes for World War 2, highlighting its historical significance and impact.
The Treaty's aftermath illustrates the complexity of post-war negotiations and the difficulty of achieving a balance between punishment and future stability.
The lecture provides a critical analysis of the Treaty of Versailles, examining its terms and their long-term consequences for global politics and peace.
Transcripts
hey guys welcome to hippies history
there's not too many things that
historians tend to agree upon but there
might be one the Treaty of Versailles
sucked so in this lecture we're going to
frame it out we're going to chop it up
and we're going to serve it up on a
battle learning so let's go get our done
right now so let's start with a big idea
first the big idea is that the Treaty of
Versailles which is the treaty with
Germany at the end of World War 1 at the
Paris Peace Conference it's going to
severely punish Germany ok like after
they lost they're going to lose big time
we're going to punch them in the face
like a thousand times first they're
going to take guilt we're going to take
their land away we're going to make them
pay we're gonna make their army like
this big and really we're going to in a
sense punish them so harshly that Adolf
Hitler is going to be able to use that
energy in that sense of German
nationalism and pride to really use that
to you know rise himself to power and
really start World War two so a lot of
historians would point to the fact that
the Treaty of Versailles which ended the
war with Germany at the end of World War
one is really one of the direct causes
for World War two so now that you can
hang your hat on a big idea
let's backdrop a little bit then take a
look at the tree of course you know
Armistice Day all schoolchildren no
Armistice Day and of course Armistice
Day is the beginning of the peace at the
end of world 1 at least the fighting
stops that's November 11th 1918 the
Treaty of Versailles which is
specifically with the Allied powers in
Germany isn't going to go into effect
until June 1919 that's more than six
months after the fighting stopped so
it's a rather lengthy conference to nail
down these points of peace I guess
that's what you would say and it's
actually actually five years to the day
that Archduke Ferdinand was shot which
started World War one so five Cinco Foom
five years after World War one starts
it's kind of officially over at least
with Germany with the Treaty of
Versailles so it's going to be the big
three that are really going to dictate
the terms of this treaty Russia signed a
treaty with Germany in 1918 the Treaty
of brest-litovsk which really gave lots
of land to Germany about one-third of
was given over 3/4 of their factories
and their railroads about 20 million
people ended up in German hands so the
Russians aren't really part of this
process anymore and Germany is certainly
not going to be let into the door and
them not being part of this process is
going to be part of the anger that they
feel you know they might primarily be
responsible for world war 1 there but
whether some other actors as well
Austria had a big part of this Russia
had a humongous part of this and France
certainly was ready to be mobilized for
war in order to garner some of the land
they lost in the 19th century so there's
a lot of blame to go around but Germany
they're not going to be let into
negotiations the big three of course are
going to be Woodrow Wilson with his 14
points coming across the Atlantic Ocean
why do a British accent from the United
States we have George Clement though
from Foss and he's probably the angriest
of the bunch you have to remember that
France shares a border with Germany most
of the Western Front has fought in
France they lost like one-fifth of their
adult male population they're really
anger they don't want to be innovated
anymore and you have David Lloyd George
from the UK the Prime Minister and he's
really looking for more of a safe peace
they have a huge economic investment in
Germany as a trading partner he wants
things to kind of go back to the way
they were but at the same time you know
we don't want this to happen again and
then you have the big bubble boy living
in the bubble of idealism which are
Wilson coming from the United States the
Democratic president with his 14 points
and it's just a real partisan effort on
Woodrow Wilson's part there are no
Republicans in his posse that go over to
the Paris Peace Conference and that's
going to probably be one of his problems
down the road when he needs Republican
support from Henry Cabot Lodge and the
Senate in order to get the Treaty of
Versailles ratified in the United States
but you can see that these three guys
have different objectives going in but
they're in control of this ballgame and
they're going to dictate the terms there
was a time really where the Germans were
thinking about you know mixing this
treaty not signing it and seeing if they
could fight off a land invasion but at
the end of the day they're just too weak
and they're going to be forced to have
to sign it and of course like we said
before that German anger is going to
result in one
of Hitler I would put a side note
because there are some historians that
point out with the rise of fascism and
Mussolini in Italy who was part of you
know our allied powers in World War one
and they still had a problem with
fascism and Mussolini but at the end of
the day the treaty is still really
really harsh so let's take a look at
some of the different terms of the
treaty and see if we can't wrap this up
from article 231 write that down if
you're doing an essay you got to put
article 231 because that's the go clause
that's the part of the Treaty of
Versailles with Germany that says you're
bad you're the one who did it
you're the one who started it it's all
your darn fault and that war guilt is
really going to be a slight at a sense
of German nationalism which is really
strong they're really going to be angry
about this and again we're going to keep
saying it it off Hitler he's going to be
the one that's going to be able to tap
into that energy of the German people to
bring himself to power it
number two on the list is lost of
territory they already are going to lose
all that territory that they had gained
with the treaty with Russia that's going
to be really going to be you know going
to Poland but they're also going to lose
about twenty five thousand square miles
the majority of that being ceded to
Poland and some of that going to France
we're going to talk about the
demilitarization zone that goes on in
the Rhineland but France they wanted
either their borders to go all the way
to the right or they at least wanted a
new buffer state between them and
Germany but they are going to get
demilitarization of the Rhineland
something like 30 or 40 miles east into
Germany and they're also going to
acquire some some mineral rich land in
western Germany that's going to be ceded
to frost the Liga Dacian colonial
mandates will talk about the Liga
nations in a few minutes here but there
are going to be colonial mandates which
you're going to force Germany to
basically give up their sovereignty over
these colonies that they have around the
world they have colonies in Africa they
have colonies and the West Indies they
have colonies all over the place so
they're going to be split up and guess
who's going to get them the majority
it's going to go to France it's gonna go
to Belgium it's gonna go to Japan who is
another ally there so they're basically
going to take some of the prized
possessions of Germany away and again
the Germans like oh we're really angry
hey if Hudler is going to be like yeah
follow me
so military restrictions is a huge deal
we're going to make their army so small
you're going to have to do this just
look at it's going to be so tiny they
actually cap the army at a hundred
thousand men the Navy severely limited
no more submarines no airforce no planes
no arms trading no conscription and
we're also going to basically create a
buffer about 30 40 miles east of the
Rhineland where we're going to actually
occupy that part of Germany for about 15
years to make sure that they're going to
pay the reparations workers are going to
talk about in a second they're going to
keep this demilitarization thing going
but again the German sense of
nationalism that love of their military
ISM remember like you know Bismarck ekat
all this kind of jazz you know Hitler is
going to tap into that energy every time
I say Hitler drink unless you're a kid
then you got to have like a milkshake or
something I'm gonna say war reparations
we probably all seen these kind of films
of little kids with wheel barrels filled
with money going to buy bread because of
the war reparations that were put on the
back of the German people in today's
dollars it's about a half a trillion
dollars about 500 billion dollars the
Germans actually only paid back about
fifty billion dollars of that and a lot
of that was through the printing of
money which created that hyper super
inflation that made bread worth a
wheelbarrow of money but they did take
about twenty billion dollars in real
money like gold and assets right away in
order to pay for that occupation in the
Demilitarized Zone in the Rhineland and
to pay back some of the costs that the
Allied powers had spent fighting this
war with Germany but again you know that
economic depression that occurs and the
blame that goes on we haven't talked
about the blame that it'll put were
specifically going to put on the Jews
that live in Germany but that's
definitely going to happen in relation
to them not winning World War one the
strikes that went on were blamed on the
Jews and the economy was blamed on the
Jews as well and again you know how that
works it learns going to use that he's
going to rise to power he's going to go
to World War two I'm done saying it
so the last thing that we'll talk about
is actually part one of the Treaty of
Versailles it was part of all of the
treaties signed at the end of World War
one which is the creation of the League
of Nations it's quite ironic because
Woodrow Wilson who invented the idea of
the League of Nations you know kind of
United Nations body that would solve
world problems to avoid going into
something like World War one again is
going to be really the linchpin that is
going to get the Germans to sign that
treaty the Germans had signed the
armistice on the concept of the fourteen
points that this would be a peaceful
peace that they'd be able to regain some
type of autonomy and power in their
country and of course we've talked about
all these ways that were socking it to
when were punching them in the face
so the Treaty of Versailles is like the
one piece of halt right the Germans will
belong to this that they'll be able to
regain their their sense of dignity
honor nationalism and the you know
League of Nations will be this fair
entity that will be able to you know
take care of Germany and the rest of the
world as well and of course that's not
going to happen when Woodrow Wilson
brings that Treaty of Versailles back to
the United States Senate
you remember American politics he needs
two-thirds of a majority of the Senate
to ratify that treaty and it was a
partisan effort there were no
Republicans over in the land of you know
Paris when this was going on so there's
a lot of fear that specifically article
10 of the League of Nations Charter
which basically would say that the
League of Nations could bring the United
States into a war without congressional
approval is going to be a non-starter
but mostly Republicans they're going to
say no way are we going to give up our
autonomy of our self-interest to these
European war fighters that's just silly
so Woodrow Wilson who came up with the
League of Nations and the League of
Nations goes into the Treaty of
Versailles and the Germans are all
excited about it
now the United States probably the
premier world power after World War one
is not going to be a part of it and that
is going to be one of the big reasons
it's going to fail and again Adolf
Hitler is going to rise to power and
take us into World War two
so what do you know we grew your brain
who prepared you for the test we
prepared you for life getting up for the
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