Hipersensitivitas Tipe 1 (Immediate Hypersensitivity), Immunology
Summary
TLDRThis video script from the YouTube channel 'Formatio Es Halus' delves into the topic of hypersensitivity, a condition where the immune system overreacts to certain stimuli. It explains that hypersensitivity can be triggered by foreign antigens like bacteria or viruses, or by self-antigens leading to autoimmune diseases. The script focuses on Type 1 hypersensitivity, also known as immediate hypersensitivity, which is mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and can lead to allergies. It details the process from allergen exposure to the activation of mast cells and the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine, which can cause symptoms such as difficulty breathing in asthma or skin reactions like hives. The video also touches on treatments for hypersensitivity reactions, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, and leukotriene modifiers, and emphasizes the importance of prompt medical attention for severe systemic reactions like anaphylaxis.
Takeaways
- 🧬 Hypersensitivity is an overreaction of the immune system that can damage cells and tissues and potentially trigger autoimmune diseases.
- 🌐 Hypersensitivity can be triggered by two conditions: foreign antigens like bacteria, viruses, and other substances, or self-antigens from within the body like red blood cells and proteins.
- 🔍 Hypersensitivity is categorized into four types: Type 1 (Immediate Hypersensitivity), Type 2 (Antibody Mediated), Type 3 (Immune Complex Mediated), and Type 4 (Cell Mediated).
- 🚨 Type 1 Hypersensitivity, also known as Immediate Hypersensitivity, occurs quickly, within minutes of exposure to an antigen.
- 🛡 Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediates Type 1 Hypersensitivity, binding to allergens and effector cells, leading to allergic reactions.
- 🍎 Common allergens include food, medication, dust, mold, and pollen, which can cause conditions like asthma.
- 🌪 In the case of asthma, allergens enter the respiratory tract and are captured by dendritic cells, leading to the activation of T-cells and the production of cytokines.
- 🤧 Histamine, a key mediator released during an allergic reaction, binds to H1 receptors causing bronchoconstriction and other symptoms like edema and hives.
- 💊 Medications such as antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine), corticosteroids (e.g., methylprednisolone), and leukotriene modifiers (e.g., montelukast) can manage allergic reactions.
- 🚑 Severe systemic reactions like anaphylaxis require immediate medical attention and can be treated with epinephrine injections.
Q & A
What is hypersensitivity?
-Hypersensitivity is an overactive immune response that is not desired because it can destroy cells and tissues, and even trigger autoimmune diseases in patients.
What are the two conditions that can trigger hypersensitivity?
-Hypersensitivity can be triggered by foreign antigens such as bacteria, viruses, pollen, and other foreign substances, or by self-antigens like red blood cells and various proteins within the body.
How does the immune system's failure to tolerate self-antigens lead to disease?
-The failure of the immune system to recognize self-antigens leads to a condition known as autoimmune disease.
What are the four types of hypersensitivity?
-The four types of hypersensitivity are Type 1 (Immediate hypersensitivity), Type 2 (Antibody-mediated), Type 3 (Immune complex-mediated), and Type 4 (Cell-mediated).
What is Type 1 hypersensitivity and what is its characteristic reaction time?
-Type 1 hypersensitivity, also known as immediate hypersensitivity, is characterized by a rapid reaction that can occur within minutes after exposure to an antigen.
Which immunoglobulin mediates Type 1 hypersensitivity?
-Type 1 hypersensitivity is mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE).
How does the immune system respond to allergens in Type 1 hypersensitivity?
-In Type 1 hypersensitivity, dendritic cells capture allergens and present them to naïve T cells, leading to the differentiation of T-helper 2 cells, which produce cytokines that bind to B cells, resulting in the production of IgE antibodies.
What is the role of histamine in allergic reactions?
-Histamine, released during an allergic reaction, binds to H1 receptors around the respiratory tract, causing smooth muscles around the bronchi to constrict, leading to difficulty in breathing.
What are some common allergens that can trigger Type 1 hypersensitivity?
-Common allergens that can trigger Type 1 hypersensitivity include certain foods, medications, dust, and pollen.
What are the two types of reactions that can occur in Type 1 hypersensitivity?
-The two types of reactions in Type 1 hypersensitivity are local reactions, such as allergic rhinitis, and systemic reactions, such as anaphylactic shock.
What are some medications that can be used to treat allergic reactions?
-Medications used to treat allergic reactions include antihistamines like cetirizine, corticosteroids like methylprednisolone and dexamethasone, and leukotriene antagonists like montelukast.
Outlines
🧬 Hypersensitivity: Understanding Immune Overreactions
This paragraph introduces the concept of hypersensitivity, which is an excessive immune reaction that can damage cells and tissues. It explains that hypersensitivity can be triggered by foreign antigens like bacteria, viruses, dust, and other substances, leading to uncontrolled immune responses and tissue damage. Additionally, it discusses how hypersensitivity can be caused by self-antigens due to the immune system's failure to recognize them, resulting in autoimmune diseases. The paragraph also outlines the four types of hypersensitivity, focusing on Type 1, or immediate hypersensitivity, which is mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) and is characterized by a rapid response to allergens, such as food, medication, dust, mold, and pollen.
🌪️ Managing Type 1 Hypersensitivity: Symptoms and Treatments
This paragraph delves into the specifics of Type 1 hypersensitivity, detailing the process by which allergens trigger an immune response leading to conditions like asthma. It describes how allergens are captured by dendritic cells and presented to naive T cells, which then differentiate into T-helper 2 cells. These cells produce cytokines that bind to B cells, leading to the production of IgE antibodies. The formation of the IgE and mast cell complex is explained, which, upon re-exposure to the allergen, triggers the release of pro-inflammatory molecules like histamine. Histamine's binding to H1 receptors causes bronchoconstriction and increased vascular permeability, leading to symptoms such as difficulty breathing, edema, and urticaria. The paragraph also mentions other mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes that contribute to inflammation. It discusses both local reactions, such as allergic rhinitis, and systemic reactions, including anaphylactic shock, which requires immediate medical attention. The paragraph concludes with a discussion of various treatments for hypersensitivity reactions, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and the use of epinephrine injections for systemic reactions.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Hypersensitivity
💡Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
💡Allergens
💡Mast Cells
💡Histamine
💡Autoimmune Diseases
💡Type 1 Hypersensitivity
💡Dendritic Cells
💡Cytokines
💡Epinephrine
💡Corticosteroids
Highlights
Hipersensitifitas is an overreaction of the immune system that is not desired as it can damage cells and tissues.
There are two conditions that can trigger hypersensitivity: foreign antigens like bacteria, viruses, and other substances, and self-antigens from within the body.
Hypersensitivity can lead to autoimmune diseases due to the failure of immune tolerance.
Hypersensitivity is divided into four types based on the mechanism responsible for the reaction.
Type 1 hypersensitivity, also known as immediate hypersensitivity, occurs rapidly within minutes after exposure to an antigen.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediates Type 1 hypersensitivity, binding to both the allergen and effector cells.
Allergens, such as food, medication, dust, mold, and pollen, can trigger Type 1 hypersensitivity.
Asthma is a disease related to Type 1 hypersensitivity, where allergens can enter the respiratory tract.
Dendritic cells capture allergens and present them to naive T cells, leading to the differentiation into T-helper 2 cells.
T-helper 2 cells produce cytokines like interleukin-4, which bind to B cells and stimulate antibody production, specifically IgE.
The formation of the IgE and mast cell complex is known as sensitization, which can be activated upon subsequent exposure to the allergen.
Activated mast cells release pro-inflammatory molecules, including histamine, which causes bronchoconstriction in asthma patients.
Histamine binding to H1 receptors can also cause blood vessel dilation, increased permeability, and edema.
Other mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes contribute to bronchoconstriction and inflammation.
Type 1 hypersensitivity can manifest as local reactions, such as allergic rhinitis, and systemic reactions like anaphylactic shock.
Medications such as antihistamines, corticosteroids, and leukotriene modifiers can be used to treat hypersensitivity reactions.
Epinephrine injections are used for systemic reactions like anaphylaxis, requiring prompt medical attention.
Transcripts
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channel kami formatio es halus dimana
kami akan membahas Dunia Farmasi dan
kesehatan nah materi yang akan kita
bahas kali ini adalah mengenai
hipersensitifitas Apa itu
hipersensitifitas hipersensitifitas
adalah reaksi imun berlebihan Gimana
reaksi ini tidak diinginkan karena dapat
merusak sel dan jaringan bahkan pada
penderita hipersensitifitas terjadi
informasi yang sangat berlebihan dan
dapat memicu penyakit autoimun
hipersensitifitas dapat terjadi dalam
dua kondisi-kondisi pertama
hipersensitifitas itu dapat dipicu oleh
tigen asing Seperti bakteri virus serbuk
sari dan berbagai antigen asing lain
antigen yang masuk kedalam tubuh ini
dapat menyebabkan reaksi imun yang tidak
terkontrol
sehingga menyebabkan kerusakan jaringan
di sekitar jaringan yang terpapar oleh
antigen tersebut respon kedua yaitu
hipersensitifitas yang dipicu oleh staf
antigen seperti gen itu adalah antigen
yang berasal dari dalam tubuh seperti
sel darah merah dan berbagai protein
lain yang berada didalam tubuh
hipersensitifitas ini terjadi karena
kegagalan soft tolerance yaitu kemampuan
dari sistem imun untuk mengenali antigen
yang berasal dari dalam tubuh akibatnya
adalah penyakit autoimun
[Musik]
hipersensitifitas dibagi menjadi empat
tipe-tipe yang pertama adalah
hipersensitivitas Tipe 1 atau immediate
hypersensitivity yang kedua
hipersensitifitas tipe 2 atau antibodi
mediated kemudian hipersensitifitas tipe
3 atau Amin kompleks mediated dan
hipersensitifitas tipe 4 atau Pistols
mediated nah pembagian ini didasarkan
jika Disney bertanggungjawab atas
terjadinya hipersensitifitas tersebut
pada video kali ini kita akan membahas
hipersensitifitas tipe satu yang pertama
adalah hipersensitivitas Tipe 1 tipe ini
juga disebut dengan image
hypersensitivity disebut time diet atau
Segera Karena reaksi ini berlangsung
cepat bahkan timbul dalam hitungan menit
setelah terpapar oleh antigen
hipersensitifitas Tipe 1 dimediasi oleh
immunoglobulin E atau yang dikenal
dengan IGM jigm memiliki struktur
seperti bentuk iye dimana pada dua
bagian atas berfungsi untuk mengikat
antigen sedangkan bagian bawahnya
berfungsi untuk mengikat pada reseptor
efektor big merupakan penyebab sebagian
besar dari alergi antigen yang
menyebabkan alergi disebut allergen
contoh dari alergen Yaitu dapat berupa
makanan obat Debu
jamur dan serbuk sari salah satu
penyakit yang berhubungan dengan
hipersensitifitas tipe 1 adalah penyakit
asma alergen seperti debu asap atau
serbuk sari dapat masuk ke dalam saluran
pernapasan dimana pada saluran
pernapasan terdapat membran mukosa nah
alergen dapat masuk ke tubuh melalui
membran mukosa ini namun didalam tubuh
terdapat sel dendritik sel dendritik ini
kemudian akan menangkap alergen dan
menuju ke kelenjar getah bening terdekat
untuk mempresentasikan alergen ini
kepada sel-t Naif akibatnya sel t Naif
akan berdiferensiasi menjadi sel
t-helper dua kemudian sel t-helper dua
ini akan menghasilkan suatu sitokin yang
disebut dengan intelegensi part
intelligent 4 ini akan berikatan pada
reseptor permukaan sel B plasma
ia sel B plasma menghasilkan antibodi
yaitu IG IG akan berikatan dengan FC
epsilon F1 yaitu reseptor spesifik
terhadap gay yang berada pada permukaan
sel Mask terbentuknya Kompleks JG dan
cemas ini disebut dengan sensitif aksi
Kompleks IG dan sel Mask akan disimpan
di dalam tubuh dimana konveksi ini Siap
teraktivasi kapanpun saat alergen
berikutnya datang atau masuk ke dalam
tubuh kemudian Kompleks IG dan sel Mas
yang telah tersensitisasi akan
teraktivasi jika suatu saat alergen yang
sama masuk kedalam tubuh alergen akan
menempel pada kompleks dan sel Mask
akibatnya sel Mas yang teraktivasi akan
terdegradasi atau pecah-pecah nya Salma
sini
mengeluarkan berbagai molekul
proinflamasi yang dikenal sebagai
mediator salah satu media terutama yang
dilepaskan adalah histamin histamin akan
berikatan pada reseptor H1 di sekitar
saluran pernapasan Hal ini menyebabkan
otot polos di sekitar bronkus
berkontraksi sehingga menyempit
akibatnya penderita asma akan sulit
bernafas Selain itu ikatan histamin
dengan reseptor H1 juga akan menyebabkan
pelebaran pembuluh darah dan peningkatan
permeabilitas dinding pembuluh darah
sehingga cairan dalam pembuluh darah
akan bocor dan masuk ke interstisium
yaitu ruang antarsel hal ini menyebabkan
edema atau pembengkakan dan urtikaria
atau gatal-gatal selain histamin ada
juga mediator yaitu prostaglandin dua
prostaglandin E2 ini menyebabkan
bronkospasme dan peningkatan sekresi
mukus
Hai kemudian ada level friend ekotren
ini menyebabkan bronkospasme dan menarik
neutrofil eosinofil dan monosit Hal ini
menyebabkan inflamasi yang terjadi akan
semakin parah pada penderita
hipersensitifitas tipe satu dapat
terjadi dua reaksi yaitu reaksi lokal
dan reaksi sistemik salah satu contoh
reaksi lokal yaitu rhinitis alergi
dimana penderitanya akan merasakan
ketidaknyamanan pada bagian hidung
Biasanya sih ditandai dengan
bersin-bersin dan pilek kemudian dan
bisa juga urtikaria yaitu kelainan pada
kulit dimana kulitnya akan menjadi
kemerahan bengkak dan terasa sangat
gatal pada reaksi sistemik salah satu
contohnya adalah penderita syok
anafilaktik yaitu reaksi alergi berat
sehingga penderita Stroke anafilaktik
membutuhkan pertolongan medis yang cepat
karena dapat membahayakan nyawanya
reaksi
akal dapat diatasi dengan obat-obatan
seperti antibiotik Amin contohnya CTM
atau klorfeniramin maleat dan Cetirizine
dapat juga diatasi dengan obat-obatan
kortikosteroid seperti metil prednison
dan deksametason kemudian antileukotrien
juga dapat digunakan seperti software
Lukas dan montelukast sedangkan pada
reaksi sistemik dapat menggunakan
injeksi epinefrin sekian untuk video
kali ini semoga teman-teman bisa
memahaminya dan nantikan video
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