Hipersensitivitas Imun: Respon Imun Tubuh Yang Berlebihan | Kata Dokter

Summary

Immune hypersensitivity occurs when the immune system overreacts to harmless substances, leading to unwanted reactions. Dr. Rocky Ramadian explains the four types of hypersensitivity: Type 1 (immediate allergic reactions), Type 2 (antibody-mediated reactions), Type 3 (immune complex-mediated reactions), and Type 4 (delayed cell-mediated reactions). Symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, and heat, and diagnosis typically involves medical tests and visual examination. Prevention includes avoiding allergens, while treatment focuses on managing symptoms with medications like steroids and reducing exposure to triggers. Understanding these mechanisms helps individuals manage and prevent hypersensitivity disorders.

Takeaways

• 😀 Immunity system protects the body from harmful substances, but sometimes it overreacts to harmless substances, leading to unwanted effects, a condition known as immune hypersensitivity.
• 😀 Immune hypersensitivity occurs when the immune system becomes overly active in response to foreign substances, whether living organisms or non-living particles.
• 😀 The immune hypersensitivity can cause uncomfortable symptoms, as the body's response becomes excessive and leads to inflammation or irritation.
• 😀 Hypersensitivity can be triggered by foreign particles like allergens, bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, which are identified by the immune system as harmful.
• 😀 There are four types of immune hypersensitivity: Type 1 (IgE-mediated, e.g., asthma and food allergies), Type 2 (IgG/IgM-mediated, e.g., autoimmune diseases like ITB or anemia), Type 3 (immune complex-mediated, affecting organs like kidneys and joints), and Type 4 (T-cell mediated, e.g., allergic reactions to vaccines).
• 😀 Type 1 hypersensitivity is triggered by IgE antibodies, commonly causing reactions like asthma or food allergies (e.g., seafood, nuts).
• 😀 Type 2 hypersensitivity involves IgM and IgG antibodies, which cause inflammation by targeting infected or damaged cells in the body, leading to autoimmune diseases like ITB and hemolytic anemia.
• 😀 Type 3 hypersensitivity involves immune complexes (IgG antibodies) binding to foreign particles, causing inflammation in organs such as the kidneys (glomerulonephritis) or joints (rheumatoid arthritis).
• 😀 Type 4 hypersensitivity is T-cell mediated and can cause delayed allergic reactions, such as those from vaccinations (e.g., BCG vaccine) or certain infections (e.g., HIV, tuberculosis).
• 😀 Common symptoms of hypersensitivity include redness, swelling, pain, heat, and impaired function at the site of inflammation. The reaction time can vary from immediate to delayed.
• 😀 Hypersensitivity can be diagnosed through visual observation of symptoms, but a consultation with a doctor is necessary to confirm the condition. Prevention involves avoiding known allergens and using protective measures like gloves or masks when necessary.
• 😀 Treatment typically involves medications to suppress the overactive immune response, such as steroids, and avoiding triggers (allergens) to prevent reactions.

Q & A

What is immune hypersensitivity?

Immune hypersensitivity refers to an overreaction of the immune system to harmless substances, such as certain foods, dust, or microbes, causing discomfort or harmful effects to the body.

How many types of immune hypersensitivity are there, and what are they?

There are four types of immune hypersensitivity: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type involves different immune mechanisms and causes distinct health conditions.

What is Type 1 hypersensitivity and what are its symptoms?

Type 1 hypersensitivity is an immediate allergic reaction caused by IgE antibodies. Symptoms include asthma, skin rashes, and anaphylaxis, often triggered by allergens such as seafood, nuts, or pollen.

Can you give an example of diseases caused by Type 1 hypersensitivity?

Examples of diseases caused by Type 1 hypersensitivity include asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies (e.g., seafood or nut allergies).

What causes Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions?

Type 2 hypersensitivity is caused by IgM and IgG antibodies. These antibodies mistakenly attack the body’s own cells, leading to conditions such as immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and hemolytic anemia.

What are some diseases associated with Type 2 hypersensitivity?

Diseases associated with Type 2 hypersensitivity include immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), hemolytic anemia, and other conditions where the immune system attacks the body's own blood cells.

What is Type 3 hypersensitivity and how does it affect the body?

Type 3 hypersensitivity involves immune complexes (antibodies and antigens) accumulating in tissues like the kidneys, joints, or blood vessels, causing inflammation. This can lead to conditions such as glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and vasculitis.

What are some examples of diseases caused by Type 3 hypersensitivity?

Examples of diseases caused by Type 3 hypersensitivity include glomerulonephritis (kidney inflammation), rheumatoid arthritis, and vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels).

What distinguishes Type 4 hypersensitivity from the other types?

Type 4 hypersensitivity is a delayed immune reaction mediated by T-cells, unlike the other types which involve antibodies. It can occur in response to vaccines or infections like tuberculosis (TB) and HIV.

What are common symptoms of immune hypersensitivity reactions?

Common symptoms of hypersensitivity include redness, swelling (edema), pain, heat, and loss of function in the affected area. These symptoms are similar to those of allergies.

How can you diagnose immune hypersensitivity?

Diagnosis involves visual inspection of symptoms, such as redness or swelling. A healthcare provider may perform tests to identify the specific allergens or causes of the hypersensitivity.

What are the preventive measures for immune hypersensitivity?

Preventive measures include identifying allergens, avoiding triggers (like dust, certain foods, or pet fur), and using protective measures like masks or gloves when necessary.

How is immune hypersensitivity treated?

Treatment involves medications such as steroids to reduce immune system overactivity and avoiding known triggers of hypersensitivity. Managing symptoms is crucial for comfort and health.

What is the main goal of treating immune hypersensitivity?

The main goal of treatment is to reduce the overactive immune response without completely suppressing it, allowing the body to protect itself while minimizing discomfort and harm.

Can you give an example of a vaccine-related hypersensitivity reaction?

A common example of a vaccine-related hypersensitivity reaction is the delayed response to the BCG vaccine, which may cause redness or swelling at the injection site (Type 4 hypersensitivity).